EPPL 601Government Structure

Policy Formulation/Adoption

• Written (statute, rule, court decision)

• Funding (or not)

• Adopted– Administrative agencies– Courts

Legislatures

• Proposals– Chief executives– Administrative agencies– Interest groups

• Bill– Formal—sponsor, committee– Informal—politics

2010 Virginia Statistics

Type Intro Pass House

Pass Senate

Both Contd

Fail Pend-ing

Appr Veto

HB 1136 597 507 505 165 795 1 503 2

HJR 493 442 426 425 2 70 0 2 0

HR 50 48 0 48 0 2 0 0 0

SB 747 389 492 387 92 452 0 385 2

SJR 251 221 237 220 14 45 0 0 0

SR 16 0 14 14 0 2 0 0 0

Total 2693 1697 1676 1599 273 1366 1 890 4

HB = House Bill; HJR = House Joint Resolutions; HR= House Resolutions SB = Senate Bills; SJ = Senate Joint Resolutions; SR = Senate Resolutionshttp://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp504.exe?081+oth+S

TA

Funding

• Policy priorities—put your money where your mouth is

• Federal Budget– Annually– Office of Management and Budget– Presidential veto

• State Budget– Balanced budget– Line-item veto

Administrative Agencies

• Fill in the rules of policy– Fill in gaps– Define key terms– Define internal procedures

• Writing the rule– Gather information– Public participation– Review of proposed rules

Rule Making

• Federal level– 1946, Administrative Procedures Act

Standardizes– Final rules published in the Federal

Register

• State level– Varies– Role of State Department of Education

prominent

Courts

• Judges as Policy Actors– Opinions become case law– Judicial review to invalidate laws

• Reactive– Cases to court• Controversy• Adversary

– Test cases

Judges and Policy

• Trial courts—single judge• Supreme court—panel of judges– Opinion– Dissenting opinion

• States– Finance– State specific—often regional reaction

• Federal– 20th century activist– Stimulate legislative action

Influencing the Process

• Need to Know What’s Going On• Working as a Team Player– Government Relations– Relationship Building– Professional Organizations– Lobbying

Social Capital

• Connected to Social Structure• Facilitates Certain Actions (Coleman,

1988)

• Density—strength and closeness of relationships

• Centrality—how central one is to the overall structure

• Trust—evolves over time, reliability

Virginia Constitution

• Article VIII—Education– Section  1. Public schools of high quality to be maintained.

Section  2. Standards of quality; State and local support of public schools.Section  3. Compulsory education; free textbooks.Section  4. Board of Education.Section  5. Powers and duties of the Board of Education.Section  6. Superintendent of Public Instruction.Section  7. School boards.Section  8. The Literary Fund.Section  9. Other educational institutions.Section 10. State appropriations prohibited to schools or institutions of learning not owned or exclusively controlled by the State or some subdivision thereof; exceptions to rule.Section 11. Aid to nonpublic higher education.

Virginia Administrative Code

• Public Education– State Board of Education

• Higher Education– George Mason– SCHEV– Longwood University–UVA; VCU, V. Museum of Fine Arts – Virginia Polytechnic– College of William and Mary

Secretary of Education/VA

• Laura Fornash (Sec. of Ed.)– Development and implementation of

state’s education policy

• Dr. Patricia Write (Superintendent of Public Education)– Executive officer of VDOE; Secretary

Board of Education

• Peter Blake, Interim Executive Director of SCHEV, April 2011

William and Mary BOV

• 17 members• Jeffrey Trammell, Rector• Meets four times a year• President is under the authority of

BOV• Ability to create internal

policies/implementation of state policies

• Recent decisions regarding president

State Council for Higher Education in Virginia

• Coordinating body for higher ed– 15 public universities– 23 CC (40 campuses)– 1 junior college– 67 out-of-state insitutions– 70 private, non-profit– 49 private, for-profit– 153 vo-tech institutions

SCHEV

• Monitors legislation• Coordinates Resources• Conducts research/data

clearinghouse• Creates reports– Tuition and fees annually– Special topics/trends

• P-16 council/bridging K-12 and Higher ed

State Priorities

Governor McDonnell’s Education Goals

• Executive order creating the Commission on Higher Education Reform, Innovation and Investment (7 goals)

• Educational Reform—Opportunity to Learn (College Partnership Laboratory Schools; Virtual Schools)

http://www.education.virginia.gov/