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Sixth StandardMarathi First Language

Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari

3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 85

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Government of Karnataka

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PrefaceThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks

according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.

NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:• Connecting knowledge to life activities • Learning to shift from rote methods• Enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks• Learning experiences for the construction of knowledge• Makingexaminationsflexibleandintegratingthemwithclassroomexperiences• Caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country• Make education relevant to the present and future needs.• Softening the subject boundaries, integrated knowledge and the joy of learning.• The child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely. Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, masters skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the total development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

Language textbooks are designed to help learners master communicative competencies,excellentcomprehension,meaningfulexpressionandefficientreferenceskills.

English is studied by most students as the second language. Teachers have to keep in mind the three fundamental approaches based on which the readers have been designed and adapt their teaching methods and help learners master language skills and competencies and help them become excellent users of English.

Schools in Karnataka offer seven languages as media of instruction and eight as firstlanguagesandtenlanguagesareofferedasthirdlanguage.Theobjectiveistohelpthelearnerstousetheselanguagesefficientlyatthecommunicativelevel.Itishopedthat at least a cross section of learners achieve competencies to use these languages at the creative level.

Teachers are expected to adapt their teaching methods not to make these textbooks just feed materials for examinations, but help learners master language competencies such as communication, comprehension, expression in writing and necessary reference skills.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks.

G S Mudambadithaya Sri. Nagendra Kumar Coordinator Managing Director Curriculum Revision and Karnataka Textbook Society® Textbook Preparation Bengaluru, Karnataka Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru, Karnataka

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Text Book Committee

Chairman :1) Sri P.K. Muchandikar, A.M., Govt. Marathi Higher Primary

School Konewadi, Belagavi.Members :1) Sri S.D. Pakhare, A.M., Govt. Marathi Higher Pry. School

Kadoli, Belagavi2) Sri J.S. Mali, H.M., Govt. Marathi Higher Pry. School, Kurli

Chikodi Dist., Belagavi.3) Sri A.S. Buvaji, A.M., Govt. Marathi Lower Pry. School,

Jainkop, Khanapur Dist. Belagavi4) Sri I.S. Patil, A.M., Govt. Marathi Higher Pry. School Tarihal,

Belagavi5) Smt. Sangeeta Deshpande, A.M., V.M. Shanbhag Marathi

School Bhagyanagar, Tilakwadi, Belagavi.Artist :6) Sri Tharakesh, Govt. High School, Bannitalpur, Gundlupete,

Dist-Chamarajanagar.Scrutinizer :7) Sri Madhav Kunte, A.M., Smt. Ushatai, Gogate Girls High

School, BelagaviChief Co-ordinator :Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, Curriculum Revision and Text Preparation, Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru.Chief Advisers :Sri Nagendra kumar, Managing Director, KTBS, Bengaluru.Sri C. Nagamani, Deputy Director, KTBS, Bengaluru.Programme Co-ordinator:Smt. Chandrakala, Assistant Director, KTBS, Bengaluru.

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2. dra amUr MÞå_mC_Úm Aa~r KmoS>çmda _m§S> R>moH$bobr Amho. hmVmV Vbdma Yabobr Amho.

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B.g. 1816 _Ü`o amOm _„gO© EH$mEH$s {ZYZ nmdbm. Ë`mZ§Va MÞå_mbmAZoH$ g§H$Q>mZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo. AmVm amÁ`mMm amOH$ma^ma MÞå_mM nmhVhmoVr. amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r amUrZo EH$m _wbmbm XÎmH$ KoVë`mMo W°H$aobm g_Obo.W°H$ao hm Ë`mdoir YmadmS>Mm H$boŠQ>a hmoVm. B§J«O gaH$maÀ`m dVrZo Vmo g§ñWmZÀ`mamÁ`H$ma^mamda bj R>odrV Ago. {H$ÎmyaÀ`m I{OÝ`mda Ë`mMr Ñï>r hmoVr. _moR>og¡Ý` KoD$Z W°H$ao {H$ÎmyaOdi R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gbm. amUr MÞå_mbm ho ê$Mbo Zmhr.{VÀ`m gaXmamZm MrS> Ambr. W°H$aoÀ`m nÌmbm amUrZo CÎmaM nmR>{dbo Zmhr. Ë`_wioW°H$aobm amJ Ambm. {H$ÎmyaÀ`m {H$ëë`mVrb gd© hmbMmbtMr _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>rË`mZo Jwáhoa Zo_bo. {H$ëë`mda h„m H$aÊ`mMr Ë`mZo V`mar Ho$br. amUrbm hr ~mV_rH$iVmM {H$ëë`mÀ`m ajUmMr {VZo gd© V`mar Ho$br.

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Ambo Zmhr. {\$VyarZo goZmnVr am`ÊUmhr nH$S>bm Jobm. eodQ>r Ë`mbmhr Z§XJS> ̀ oWo\$mer XoÊ`mV Ambr. H¡$XoVyZ gwQ>Ê`mMr amUrMr Amem _mdibr. Ë`mZ§Va {VÀ`mdaB§J«Om§Zr A{Ve` H$S>H$ ZOa R>odbr. {VZo Amnbo eodQ>Mo {Xdg EH$m§VmV Kmb{dbo.

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4. YmadmS>Mm H$boŠQ>a H$moU hmoVm?

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Am. AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$a.

1. {hV OmonmgUo.

2. R>mU _m§S>Uo.

3. Vm|S> XoUo.

4. Mod MT>Uo.

5. _mKma KoUo.

6. D$a ^ê$Z `oUo.

B. [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^a.

1. MÞå_m Am{U hmoVr.

2. W°H$aoÀ`m nÌmbm amUrZo nmR>{dbo Zmhr.

3. _„gOm©Zo Amnë`m CÎm_ {H$ÎmyaÀ`m àOoMo ào_{_i{dbo.

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4. amUrÀ`m H$amar ~mÊ`m_wio g¡Ý`mbm Mod d Ambr.

5. MÞå_mbm ̀ oWo H¡$XoV R>odbo.

B©. `mo½` OmoS>çm Owid.

A ~

1. g§Jmoir am`ÊUm amOm

2. MÞå_m gaXma

3. W°H$ao H$boŠQ>a

4. gæ`X ~mimgmho~ amUr

5. _„gO© A§JajH$

C. {déÕmWu eãX {bhr.

1. {à` ´

2. gwà{gÕ ´

3. {dñ_aU ´

4. ñVwVr ´

D$. H$moUr, H$moUmg åhQ>bo Vo gm§J.

1. ""H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrg Vm|S> XoÊ`mg V`ma ahm.''

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E. XmoZ VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.

1. amOm _„gO© àOobm H$am {à` dmQ>V Ago ?

2. W°H$aoMm _w»` hoVw H$m` hmoVm ?

3. g¡Ý`mbm bTÊ`mMr ñ\y$Vu amUr H$er XoV hmoVr ?

4. amUrMo gmhg H$moUË`m àg§JmVyZ {XgyZ `oVo?

5. amUr d g¡Ý`mg H$moUH$moUVr {ejm Pmbr?

Eo. PmerMr amUr bú_r~mB© `m§Mr H$Wm dmM d {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z g_OyZ Ko.

Amo. eyadra _{hbm ̀ moÜ`m§Mr M[aÌo {ejH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z {_idyZ dmM.

Am¡. B§J«Om{dê$Õ AmUIr H$moU H$moU bT>bo Vo {ejH$/nmbH$m§À`mH$Sy>Zg_OyZ Ko.

CnH«$_* eya `m eãXmMm g_mZmWu eãX.

* amOm `m eãXmMo qbJ ~Xbm.

* H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb ñdmV§Í`dra _{hbm

* darb eãX EH$Ì H$ê$Z V`ma hmoUmao nmR>mMo erf©H$ emoY d {bhr.

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ho AgoM {bhr- AYrZ, VÎd, XmgËd, XwadñWm, gyMZm

ì`mH$aU

dU©AmnU ^mfm {eH$VmZm Imbrb à_mUo _wimjao AmYr {eH$bmo. Ë`m§Mm

AmnU g{dñVa Aä`mg H$ê$.

ñdaA Am B B© C D$ F$ b¥ E Eo Amo Am¡ A§ A…

ì §̀OZH$ I J K L> M N> O P ÄmQ> R> S> T> U V W X Y Zn \$ ~ ^ _ ` a b d e

f g h i j kñda 12 AmhoV

ñdam§Mo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV.1) èhñd ñda 2) XrK© ñda 3) g§`wº$ ñda

A, B, C, F$, b¥ ho èhñd ñda AmhoV.

Am, B©, D$ ho$ XrK© ñda AmhoV.

E, Eo, Amo, Am¡ ho g§`wº$ ñda AmhoV.

A§ d A… `mZm ñdamXr åhUVmV.

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Imbr {Xboë`m g§̀ wº$ ñdam§À`m CËnÎmr ~Ôb OmUyZ Ko.A+B=E A+B©=E

Am+B=Eo Am+B©=Eo

A+C=Amo A+D$=Amo

Am+C=Am¡ Am+D$=Am¡

XmoZ ñda EH$Ì Amë`mZo ~ZUmè`m {Vgè`m ñdambm g§̀ wº$ ñda åhUVmV.

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nmdgmÀ`m Vm§S>d Z¥Ë`mVyZM T>Jm§Mm àM§S> H$S>H$S>mQ> hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m AJmoXaH$mhr goH$§X AmH$me bIbIË`m àH$memZo ^ê$Z OmV§. àH$memÀ`m bIbIrVZmJ_moS>r aoIm H$mhr goH$§X^a S>moù`mg_moa M_Hy$Z Zmhrem hmoVmV.

3. {ZgJm©Vrb M_ËH$ma : drO

J«rî_mVë`m bmhr bmhr H$aUmè`m EImÚm XwnmarM gJi§ AmH$me H$mù`m^moa,OS>eri T>Jm§Zr ^ê$Z OmV§. gJirH$S>o A§Ymê$Z `oV§, d ~KVm ~KVm nmdgmÀ`mQ>nmoè`m W|~m§Mm Vmem dmOm`bm gwê$dmV hmoVo.

AmH$memV bIbIrV ZmJ_moS>r Q>çy~bmB©Q> jU^a M_H$Vo Am[U àM§S> AmdmOhmoVmo. Jmam§Mm nm§T>am eŵ « gS>m nS>m`bm bmJVmo. H$emMm ~a§ AgVmo hm bIbImQ>!H$er {Z_m©U hmoVo ~a§ hr drO. Mbm Va _J AmO `m {dOo~Ôb A{YH$ _m{hVr{_idỳ m.

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{ZgJm©Vrb hr drO {Z_m©U hmoVmZm gd©àW_ dm\o$nmgyZ V`ma Pmbobo T>J OgOgoAmH$mamZo d dOZmZo dmTy> bmJVmV, VgVgm Ë`m§À`mda {dÚwV^ma O_m`bm bmJVmo.n¥Ïdrda XoIrb {dÚwV^ma AgVmoM. _mÌ hm {dÚwV^ma T>Jmda Agboë`m{dÚwV^mamÀ`m ~amo~a CbQ> AgVmo. {déÕ OmVrÀ`m {dÚwV ^mamV AmH$f©U hmoVo.Am{U drO {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m_wio àH$me, ÜdZr d àM§S> CîUVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.

nmdgmù`mV _moR>çm g§»`oZo, _moR>çm à_mUmV T>J V`ma hmoV AgVmV.Ë`m_wio `m T>Jmdarb {dÚwV^mahr _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>V OmVmo. `m doiog T>Jm§À`mdaÀ`m ^mJmda YZ {dÚwV^ma (nm°PrQ>rìh) Va ImbÀ`m ^mJmda F$U {dÚwV^ma({ZJoQ>rìh) AmOy~mOyÀ`m dmVmdaUmV \o$H$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio T>JmdaÀ`m {dÚwV^mamV d n¥ÏdrdaÀ`m {dÚwV^mamV A§Va nS>m`bm bmJVo. YZ Am{U F$U {dÚwV^maZoh_rM EH$_oH$mH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoV AgVmV. na§Vy `m {R>H$mUr `m XmoÝhr ^mam_Ü`oA§Va nS>ë`m_wio Ë`§mMr EH$_oH$mOdi OmÊ`mMr YS>nS> dmT>m`bm bmJVo.

`m YS>nS>r_YyZM EH$ doi Aer `oVo H$s {dÚwV ^mam_Yrb A§Va dmT>b§ H$s,T>Jm_YyZ BboŠQ´>m°ÝgMm EH$ àdmh dmhÿ bmJVmo. hm àdmh gmYmaUnUoŸ1 Vo 4 B§Mê§$X d 100 Vo 150 \y$Q> bm§~ AemàH$maMm EH$ {dÚwVañVm V`ma H$aVmo.`mÀ`mVM nwTo-nwT>o ̀ mbm gmaIoM AZoH$ àdmh {_giVmV. ho EH$mV EH$ {_giboboàdmh T>JmnmgyZ n¥Ïdrn`ªV EH$ bm§~M bm§~ Agm {dÚwVañVm V`ma H$aVmV.

hm {dÚwVañVm ZmJ_moS>r AgVmo. Aem `m añË`m_Ü`o n¥Ïdr d T>J hr XmoÝhrQ>moH§$ Yabr Am{U `m XmoZ Q>moH$m_Yrb {dÚwV ^mam_Ü`o e§^a Xebj ìhmoëQ>>g²BVH$m \$aH$ Pmbm H$s AmH$memV AmnU nmdgmù`mV Zoh_r ~KVmo Vr drOM_H$Vo.

Amnë`m bdbdË`m A§JH$mR>rZo AmH$me^a Z¥Ë` H$aUmar hr drO \$º$

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Vo goH$§X> EdT>çm H$_r doimV {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Zmhrerhr hmoVo. nmnUr bdm`À`mAmV hr VoOmobVm AmH$me PimiyZ bwá hmoD$Z OmVo. åhUyZM g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVdrOobm M§Mbm, Mnbm Ago g§~moYVmV.

Ooìhm drOm H$S>mS>V, M_H$V AgVmV, Voìhm Ë`m {Za{Zamù`m AmH$mamV,àH$mamV, {XgV AgVmV. `mdê$Z {dOoMo doJdoJio àH$ma nS>VmV. Vo Ago, n{hbmàH$ma åhUOo "\$sV {dÚwV' `mbmM B§½bre _Ü`o [a~Z bmB©Q>qZJ Ago åhUVmV.Xwgam àH$ma ""\$moH©$S> bmB©Q>qZJ'', {Vgam àH$ma ""Qw>bB© {dÚwV'' qH$dm H$mn}Q>bmB©Q>qZJ, Mm¡Wm àH$ma "Jmob {dÚwV' qH$dm ~m°b bmB©Q>qZJ, nmMdm àH$ma "g|Q>Eë_moMr AmJ.'

AmH$merÀ`m `m {dOoMo Zoh_r {XgUmao nU WmoS>ogo doJio àH$ma åhUOo"aoIm-{dÚwV, [a~mD§$S> bmB©Q>qZJ, _Ur {dÚwV ho hmoV.

AmnU AmH$memV nm§T>è`mew^« a§JmMr drO M_H$VmZm nmhVmo. nU Vm§~S>çm,{haì`m, nmonQ>r, {ndù`m, {Zù`m Aem doJdoJù`m drOm AZoH$m§Zr ~{KVë`mAmhoV. B§½bS>_Ü`o Va AZoH$doim {Zir drO M_H$Vo. {dOm a§JrV {XgÊ`mMo H$maUåhUOo dmVmdaUmV AZoH$ dm`y AgVmV. `m dm`y_Ü`o {dÚwVàdmhmM§ {dgO©ZPmë`m_wio Ë`m Ë`m dm`yÀ`m JwUY_m©à_mUo Ë`m§Mo AUy M_H$m`bm bmJVmV Am{UAmnë`mbm a§JrV drOm {XgVmV.

åhUOoM Zm`Q́>moOZ dm ỳ_Ü ò drO M_H$ë`mg Vr VoOñdr eŵ « {XgVo. Am°ŠgrOZdm AmoPmoZ _Ü`o M_H$ë`mg {Zù`m a§JmMr {XgVo. h¡S´>moOZ dm`yV drO M_H$ë`mgVr bmb^S>H$ qH$dm Jwbm~r a§JmMr {XgVo. dmVmdaUmV Yyi OmñV Agë`mg{ndù`m qH$dm Zma§Jr a§JmÀ`m {dOm M_H$VmV.

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{dOoMo {dÚwV-nÅ>`m_Ü`o dhZ hmoV AgVo. ho dhZ hmoV AgVmZm drO àW_Á`m Jmoï>r {dOoÀ`m gwdmhH$ AmhoV, {VWoM IoMbr OmVo Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm_åhUOo `m _mJm©V AmS>ì`m `oUmè`m Á`m Jmoï>r Ë`mZm VS>mIo ~gÊ`mV hmoVmo. `m_mJm©~mhoa Á`m dñVy AmhoV Ë`m§Zm A{O~mV Y¸$m nmohMV Zmhr.

{dOoMm \$Q>H$m VbmdmV nmohUmar _mUg§, Jmoë\$ IoiUmao IoimSy> `mZm \$mabdH$a ~gVmo. H$maU drO nmUr, gdm©V C§M dñVy, YmVyMr dñVy `mH$S>o AmH${f©brOmVo. VgoM Á`m Jmoï>r O[_ZrMm n¥ð>^mJ Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmV ì`mnVmV Ë`mH$S>o drOC§M dñVy nojmhr bdH$a AmH${f©Vo. VgoM H$mù`m qH$dm ^S>H$ a§JmH$S>ohr drOAmH${f©br OmVo.

{dOo~ÔbÀ`m H$mhr J¡ag_OyVr AmhoV, Ë`m åhUOo drO \$º$ nmdgmù`mVMM_H$Vo, drO AmH$memVyZM Imbr ̀ oVo, dmid§Q>mV drO nS>V Zmhr, EH$mM {R>H$mUrdrO nwÝhm nwÝhm nS>V Zmhr, {dOoMm VS>mIm ~gë`mZ§Va H$moUr {Od§V ahmV Zmhr.

AmH$memVë`m {dOoÀ`m M_ËH$mam§Mr _m{hVr AmnU g_OyZ KoVbr åhUOo `mdoiÀ`m nmdgmù`mV Ooìhm Vw_Mr Am{U {dOoMr ^oQ> hmoB©b (AWm©V bm§~yZM)Voìhm hr drO Vwåhmbm IynM OdiMr dmQ>ob, hmo Zm?

{ZgJm©Vrb `m {dOoMm dmna AÚmn _mZdmZo H$ê$Z KoVbm Zmhr, nU H¥$Ìr_{dOoMm emoY bmdbm Amho. `m H¥$[Ì_ {dOobmM "{dÚwV COm©' Agohr åhUVmV. hr{dÚwV COm© nmÊ`mnmgyZ, dmè`mnmgyZ, B§YZmnmgyZ {_i{dbr OmVo. gy`m©nmgyZ{_iUmè`m CO}bm gm¡a COm© Ago åhUVmV. _mZdmZo {dÚwV d gm¡a CO}Mm Cn`moJAmnë`m ^m¡{VH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Ho$bm Amho.

ZdrZ eãXmW©-

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Vmem - EH$ dmÚ {dÚwV - drO

Z¥Ë` - ZmM bwá hmoUo - Zmhrer hmoUo

ZmJ_moS>r - doS>rdmH$S>r

dmM d g_OyZ Ko.1. [a~Z bmB©Q>qZJ (\$sV {dÚwV)

drO M_H$V AgVmZm Oa dmè`m_wio T>J hbbm, Va hm {dÚwV nWhr hbm`bmbmJVmo. hm {dÚwV nW EImÚm [a~rZrÀ`m {\$VrgmaIm OmS> {XgVmo. åhUyZAem {dOobm [a~Z bmB©Q>qZJ (\$sV {dÚwV) Ago åhUVmV.

2. \$moH©$S²> bmB©Q>qZJ Ooìhm _yi {dÚwV _mJm©bm EH$ XmoZ emIm \w$Q>VmV. Voìhm Aem {dOobm \$moH©$S²>bmB©Q>qZJ Ago åhUVmV.

3. H$mn}Q> bmB©Q>qZJ gmYmaUnUo 5% T>Jmda Zoh_rnojm CbQ> {dÚwV^ma V`ma hmoVmo. dmè`mÀ`mPmoVm_wio Ago T>J Oa AmH$memVyZ BH$Sy>Z {VH$S>o {\$am`bm bmJbo Am{UË`mM doiog Oa Ë`m§À`mdaMm {dÚwV^ma Zmhrgm hmoD$Z drO M_H$brVa g§nyU© T>J àH$memZo PJ_JyZ CR>Vmo. H$mhr goH$§XmV amÌrÀ`m H$mimoImVgwÕm b»I àH$me nSy>Z OmVmo. Ë`mdoir AmH$memZo EImXr VoOñdr XwbB©nm §Kabr H$s H$m` Ago dmQ >V o åhUyZ {dOoÀ`m `m àH$mambmH$mn}Q> bmB©Q>qZJ (XwbB©-{dÚwV) Ago åhUVmV.

4. ~m°b bmB©Q>qZJ

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`m àH$mamV 2 B§M ì`mgmBVHo$ N>moQ>o N>moQ>o {dÚwV^marV Jmob {Z_m©U hmoVmV. H$YrH$Yr Va ho Jmob Vrg Mmirg \y$Q> ì`mgm BVHo$ ̂ ë`m _moR>çm AmH$mamMo AgVmV.{dOoMm M_M_mQ> Pmbm H$s Ë`mZ§Va Vo Oam doimZo dmVmdaUmV Kgê$Z ̀ oVmV hoJmob gmoZoar, {Zio, {hado, Om§^io, bmb, {ndio, nm§T>è`mew^« a§JmMo AgVmV.ho Jmob Iyn doi dmVmdaUmV ahmV ZmhrV. ~è`mM doim Ë`m§Mm ñ\$moQ> hmoD$ZhdoV J§YH$mgmaIm dmg XadiVmo.

5. g|Q> Eë_moMr AmJ nmíMmË` H$moù`m§Mr EH$ lÜXm Amho H$s Eë_mo hm g§V H$moir bmoH$m§Mm nmR>ramImAmho. hm A§YmamV ZmdmS>çmZm _mJ© XmI{dVmo. Va dmXimV Ë`m§M§ ajU H$aVmo.Am{U åhUyZM dmXimV ñdV… g§V Eë_mo `m Á`moVr noQ>dyZ H$moù`mZm _mJ©Xe©ZH$ê$Z Ë`m§M§ ajU H$aVmo.

Xwgao H$maU hm {dÚwV àH$ma Q>r.ìhr. À`m A±Q>rZmda, MM© dm _§{Xa `m§À`mH$igmda, ao{S>AmoÀ`m E[a`ëgda AY©dQ> dm nyU© Pmboë`m ~m§YH$m_mÀ`m VrúUQ>moH$mda, B_maVrda bmdboë`m C§M {dÚwV {ZdmaH$mda, S>m|Ja_mWm,PmS>mPwS>nm§Mo e|S>o, ~moQ>tÀ`m S>mobH$mR>çmda Á`moVrÀ`m ê$nmV VodVmZm {XgVmo.EHo$H$ Á`moV gw_mao nmM Vo Xhm {_ZrQ>o VodVo.

Jmob {dÚwV gmaIrM g|Q> Eë_moMr AmJ \$º$ amÌrM {XgVo.

Aä`mgA. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.

1. AmH$memV M_H$Umar drO H$moUË`m diUmMr AgVo?

2. T>J H$emnmgyZ V`ma hmoVmV?

3. Zoh_r EH$_oH$mH$S>o AmH${f©bo OmUmao {dÚwV^ma H$moUVo?

4. T>Jm_Yrb BboŠQ´>m°ÝgMm àdmh {H$Vr ê§$X AgVmo?

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Am. Imbrb [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^a.1. nmdgmù`mV T>Jm§À`mda {dÚwV^ma {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

2. AmH$memVrb drO Vo `m doioV{Z_m©U hmoVo.

3. drO Vo \y$Q> bm§~ {dÚwVañVmV`ma H$aVo.

4. {Zù`m a§JmMr drO d _Ü`oM_H$ë`mg {XgVo.

5. gw`m©nmgyZ {_iUmè`m CO}bm Ago åhUVmV.

B. Imbrb àíZm§Mr 2-3 dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.

1. drO H$er {Z_m©U hmoVo?

2. {dOoMo àH$ma {H$Vr d H$moUVo?

3. drO H$moUH$moUË`m a§JmV {XgVoŸ?

4. drO doJdoJù`m a§JmV {XgÊ`mMo H$maU H$moUVo?

5. {dOoMo dhZ H$go hmoVo? Ë`mMm n[aUm_ H$m` hmoVmo?

6. drO OmñVrV OmñV H$moR>o AmH${f©br OmVo?

7. {dOo~ÔbÀ`m J¡ag_OyVr H$moUË`m?

8. Vyåhr nm{hboë`m {dOoMo dU©Z H$a.

9. {dOonmgyZMr gmdYmZVm Vwåhr H$er ~miJmb?

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B©. Oam S>moHo$ Mmbd.Imbr Amnë`m XoemVrb à_wI AUy àH$ënm§Mr Jmdo Am{U Vr Agbobr

amÁ`o Aem OmoS>çm {Xboë`m AmhoV. {ejH$m§À`m _XVrZo Vr amÁ`o emoYyZH$mT>m. `m AUy àH$ënmVyZ Amnë`mbm bmJUmar drO {Z_m©U H$aVmV.

àH$ën amÁ`1. Vmamnya ï´>2. bmohm ñWm 3. H$ënŠb_ Vm 4. Zamoam Îm Xo 5. H$mH«$mnmam O 6. H¡$Jm Zm©

C. Imbrb Mm¡H$moZmVrb [aH$må`m OmJm ^a.

(`m [aH$må`m OmJm ^aÊ`mgmR>r VŠË`mImbr {Xboë`m dmŠ`m§Mr Vwbm_XV hmoB©b.)

g Vr

Mm Vr

am Vr

{V Vr

` Vr

1. hr {dÚoMr XodVm Amho.2. åhUOoM ZH$mo Vo CÚmoJ.

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3. gH©$erVrb {dXyfH$ H$aVmo Ë`m.4. Am§Y«àXoemVrb hm lr_§V Xod Amho.5. IoimÀ`m Vmgmbm _wbm§Zm `m H$amì`m bmJVmV.

* {dOoÀ`m A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r "_mZgr d¡Ú' `m§Mo{ZgJm©Vrb M_ËH$ma : "drO Am{U dmXi' ho nwñVH$ {_idyZ dmM.

* drO M_H$ë`mMo Ñî` n{hë`m§Xm {XgVo, Z§Va JS>JS>mQ> EoH$y `oVmo `mMo H$maU{ejH$mH$Sy>Z g_OyZ Ko.

* M_H$Umè`m {dOoMo {MÌ aoImQ>.

* ho AgoM {bhr-

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A§YH$ma, AmdVr^modVr, {ZarjU, ^modVmbr.

ì §̀OZoì`§OZm§Mm àË`oH$s EH$ dJ© Amho.

"H$' dJ© H²$ I² J² K² L²>

"M' dJ© M² N²> O² P² Äm²

"Q>' dJ© Q²> R²> S²> T²> U²

"V' dJ© V² W² X² Y² Z²

"n' dJ© n² \²$ ~² ^² _²

H$R>moa dU© : H²$, I², M², N²>, Q²>, R²>, V², W², n², \²$, hr àË`oH$ dJm©Vrb n{hbr XmoZì`§OZo Am{U e², f², g² ho H$R>moa dU© åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. ̀ mZmMAKmof dU© Agohr åhUVmV.

_¥Xy dU© : gd© ñda Am{U ì`§OZmÀ`m àË`oH$ dJm©Vrb eodQ>Mr VrZ ì`§OZo J²,K²,S²>; O², P², Äm², S²>, T²>, U², X², Y², Z², ~², ^², _² Am{U `², a², b², d², h²,i² ho _¥Xy dU© åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV ̀ mZmM Kmof dU© Agohr åhUVmV.

AZwZm{gH$ : _¥Xy dUm©Vrb L²>, Äm², U², Z², _², ̀ m§Zm AZwZm[gH$ dU© åhUyZ AmoiIboOmVo.

AY©ñda : _¥Xy dUm©Vrb ̀ ², a², b², d² ̀ m§Zm AY©ñda qH$dm A§VñW åhUyZ AmoiIboOmVo.

Cî_o : H$R>moa dUm©Vrb e², f², g² ho Cî_o åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV.ñdV§Í` : _¥Xy dUm©Vrb "i' ho ñdV§Ì Amho.

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g§̀ wº$ : j² d k `mZm g§`wº$ ì`§OZo åhUVmV.* ì`§OZmMo nwÝhm XmoZ JQ> hmoVmV.

AënàmU ì §̀OZo : H²$, J², S²>; M², O², Äm², Q²>, S²>, U², V², X², Z², n², ~², _², ̀ ², a². b²,d², i² Am{U AZwñdma ̀ m§Mm Cƒma H$aVmZm \w$ß\w$gmVyZ ̀ oUmè`mhdoMo à_mU H$_r AgVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm AënàmU ì §̀OZo åhUVmV.hr drg ì`§OZo AmhoV.

_hmàmU ì §̀OZo : I², K², N²>, P², R²>, T²>, W², Y², \²$, ^², g², f² Am{U {dgJ© `m§MmCƒma H$aVmZm \w$ß\w$gmVyZ `oUmè`m hdoMo à_mU OmñV AgVo.åhUyZ Ë`mZm _hmàmU ì §̀OZo åhUVmV. hr Mm¡Xm AmhoV.

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4$. nmD$g

nmD$g Ambm gd§JS>çmZmo, ObYmam nS>VrŸ{P_ {P_ ObYmam nS>Vr Ÿ&&Y«w&&

X`m©daMr bwQy>Z Xm¡bV, T>J S>m¡bmZo OmVr S>mobV\w$Qy>Z I{OZm dmQ>odaVr, AmoKibo _moVr Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

JdVmMr VaVarV nmVr, nhm AmoUdr hmoD$Z ÝhmVrAm{U dmhVm dmam ~KVr, WaWê$Z daVr Ÿ&& 2Ÿ&&

H$m¡bmê$À`m AmS> gmZwë`m, {M_UmVmB© XSy>Z ~gë`mS>moio {_Qy>Zr Ü`mZ Hw$UmMo, diMUrV H$aVr Ÿ&&3Ÿ&&

~mJ ~Km hm ~hê$Z Jobm, nmZmonmZr Zdm VOobmbodyZ ~gbr {hadm eobm, OUw A§JmdaVr Ÿ&&4Ÿ&&

Jwbm~ H${bH$m JmoOradmUr, gd© \w$bm§Mr hr Va amUrKoVm A§JmdaVr nmUr, H$er \w$bo ~KVr Ÿ&&5Ÿ&&

hmgy Ioiy ZmMy `m ao, {^Oy nmdgm_Ü`o gmao\w$bmà_mUo PobyZ KoD$, Obq~Xy hmVr Ÿ&&6Ÿ&&

nmD$g nS>Vm nU H$mogiwZr, H$S>mS>Vm T>J OmD$ niyZrn§I PmSy>Zr Oer nmIao, KamH$S>o CS>Vr Ÿ&&7Ÿ&&

-g§H${bV

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ZdrZ eãXmW©-X`m© - g_wÐ Xm¡bV - d¡^dAmoUdr - dmH$bobr Obq~Xy - nmÊ`mMm W|~diMU - KamÀ`m H$m¡bm§À`m AmV dibobr OmJm. ({OWo {M_Ê`m-

gmaIo N>moQ>o njr gwa{jV ~gy eH$VmV.)

ObYmam - nmdgmÀ`m Ymam H${bH$m - H$ir

Aä`mgA. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhr.

1. X`m©daMr Xm¡bV H$moU bwQy>Z ZoV Amho?2. _moVr Ho$ìhm AmoKiVmV?3. JdVmMr nmVr H$er ÝhmV AmhoV?4. {M_Ur H$moR>o XSy>Z ~gVo?5. ~mJ ~haë`m_wio H$m` Pmbo?6. Jwbm~ H$[bH$m Hw$UmMr amUr Amho?

Am. Ago H${dZo H$m åhQ>bo Vo gm§J.1. \w$Qy>Z I{OZm dmQ>odaVr, AmoKibo _moVr.2. JdVmMr VaVarV nmVr, nhm AmoUdr hmoD$Zr ÝhmVr.3. S>moio {_Qy>Zr Ü`mZ Hw$UmMo, diMUrV H$aVr.4. bodyZ ~gbr {hadm eobm, OUy A§JmdaVr>.

B. g_mZmWu eãX {bhr.Ob - T>J -dmam - nmIao -

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B©. OmoS>eãX ~ZdOgo - nmZmonmZr

H$nS>m - O_rZ -YZ - ^mOr -gmoZo - nmD$g -

C. Imbrb Amoir§Mm AW© ñnï> H$a.1. hmgy Ioiy ZmMy `mao, {^Oy nmdgm_Ü`o gmaoŸ&

\w$bmà_mUo PobyZ KoD$, Obq~Xy hmVrŸ&&

D$. Imbrb AWm©Mo H${dVoV Ambobo eãX {bhrnmZo - H$ir -

A§Kmoi - nwîn -

bnUo - IJ -

E. "nmdgmim' ̀ m {df`mda 10 Vo 15 Amoir {Z~§Y {bhr.Eo. CXmhaUmW© XmI{dë`mà_mUo _yi eãX AmoiI.

X`m©daMr - X`m©

H$m¡bmê$À`m - diMUrV -

KamH$S>o - dmQ>odaVr -

* CnH«$_ - nmdgm g§~§YrÀ`m H${dVm {_idyZ Ë`m§Mm g§J«h H$a.

* ho AgoM {bhr - AH$ami - {dH$ami, gwê$dmV, _wHw$Q>, ZmdrÝ`.

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5. ~w{Õ~i

_mZdmÀ`m OrdZmV IoimMo AZÝ` gmYmaU _hËd Amho. Ioi ho H$a_UwH$sMogmYZ Amho. Ioim_wio ghZ{ebVm, EH$Vm, ghH$m`©, gm§{KH$ ^mdZm, {ZU©`j_Vm, `wº$s ho JwU ghO dmT>rg bmJVmV. Ioim_wioM eara gwÑT> ~ZVo. _mZdr{dMmam§Zm gw`mo½` nÕVrZo dmQ>Mmb H$aÊ`mMo _mJ©Xe©Z IoiM H$aVmV.

Aem `m Ioim§Mo à_wI XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. n{hbm àH$ma åhUOo _¡XmZr Ioihmo`. `m_Ü`o H$~È>r, Imo-Imo, {H«$$Ho$Q>, hm°H$s, \w$Q>~m°b `mgmaIo Ioi IoiboOmVmV. Xwgam àH$ma åhUOo ~¡R>o Ioi hmo`. `m_Ü`o gmarnmQ>, H$°a_, ~w{Õ~iBË`mXr Ioi `oVmV. AmO AmnU ~¡R>çm IoimVrb "~w{Õ~i' `m Ioim{df`rA{YH$ _m{hVr {_idỳ m.

~w{Õ~i `m IoimbmM "eVa§O Ago åhUVmV. "eVa§O hm eãX MVwa§J'`m g§ñH¥$V eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbobm Amho. Ë`m_wio qhXwñWmZ hoM `m IoimMoCJ_ñWmZ R>aVo.

~w{Õ~imMm hm Ioi Mma-nmM hOma dfm©nmgyZ qhXwñWmZmV MmbyAmho. Á`mdoir lram_M§ÐmZr b§Ho$g Amnë`m g¡Ý`mgh doT>m {Xbm. Ë`mdoiramdUamOmMr H$a_UyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMr amUr _§XmoXar {hZo hm Ioi gwê$ Ho$bmAer X§VH$Wm Amho.

àmMrZ Vk Aa~ J«§WH$Vm© _gwXr `mZo B.g. 950 À`m gw_mamg `m IoimMmCJ_ \$ma àmMrZV_ H$mimnmgyZ Amho Ago {b{hbo Amho. ~w{Õ~i hmIoi qhXwñWmZmVyZ n{e©`mV Jobm Ago Aa~r d n{e©`Z boIH$ gm§JVmV. VoWyZnwT>o hm Ioi 8 ì`m eVH$mV Aa~ñWmZmV Jobm. 11 ì`m eVH$mV `mMm àgma`wamonI§S>mV Pmbm.

~w{Õ~imÀ`m IoimV Or goZm Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmVo Vr Mma àH$maMrAgVo. hÎmr, C§Q>, KmoS>o Am{U nm`Xi Aer Mma A§Jo `m IoimV AmhoV.`mdê$ZM `m Ioimg ""MVwa§J'' ho Zm§d {_imbo Amho.

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~w{Õ~imÀ`m `m IoimV XmoZ ~mOyMo XmoZ amOo ho Iao à{Vnjr hmoV. àË`oH$amOmMr MVwa§J goZm hr Amnë`m amOmÀ`m H¡$dmamZo à{VnjmÀ`m goZoer bT>dm`MrAgo `m IoimMo ñdê$n Amho. Amnë`m amOmÀ`m g§ajUmW© hÎmr, KmoS>m, C§Q>, AJanm`Xi ([enmB©) `mn¡H$s H$moUrhr EH$OU qH$dm Oê$a Va gmaohr Amnbo ~ir XoD$ZAmnë`m amOmMo àmU dmMdÊ`mg nmhVmV. Am{U Ë`mMdoir à{VnjmÀ`m amOmgnH$S>md`mg nmhVmV. Ë`mH$[aVm Ë`m§À`m Á`m Á`m hmbMmbr hmoVmV Ë`mVyZM~w{Õ~imMm S>md åhUOo bwQy> nwQy> Mr bT>mB© {Z_m©U hmoVo. VgoM dOrambm `m IoimVOmXm goZm§J åhUyZ KoVbobo Amho. àg§Jr dOra ñdV…Mm ~ir XoD$Z amOmMo ajUH$aVmo.

h„r `wamon d A_o[aH$m I§S>mV ~w{Õ~imMo gm_Zo Mma n«H$mam§Zr IoiboOmVmV. 1. d¡`º$sH$ 2. Zm°H$mD$Q> 3. brJ nÕV 4. gm§{KH$, `mn¡H$r n{hboVrZ àH$ma Amnë`m XoemV AmT>iyZ ̀ oVmV. h„r OmñVrVOmñV brJ nÕV H$moUË`mhrgm_Ý`mV Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmVo.

~w{Õ~imMm hm Ioi ñWimMr _`m©Xm, H$mbmMr _`m©Xm, d ~imMr _`m©Xm `mVrZ VËdm§Zm AZwgê$Z Ioimd`mMm AgVmo. hm Ioi XmoZ ì`ŠVrZr qH$dm ì`º$s g_whmZråhUOoM XmoZ njmZr Ioimd`mMm AgVmo. gma»`mM AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m 64 Kam§Mm EH$nQ> Ioim`bm dmnaVmV. Ë`mV AZwH«$_o H$mim d nm§T>am Ago a§J XoD$Z ~Îmrg H$mir d~Îmrg nm§T>ar Kao AgVmV.

àË òH$ ~mOyg 16 ̀ moÕo AgVmV. XmoÝhr ~mOy§À`m ̀ moÜX²̀ mZm Zmdo gmaIrM Am{UË`m§À`m JVr d eº$s gma»`mM _mZë`m AmhoV. àË`oH$ ~mOyÀ`m `moÜX`mV amOm hmà_wI _mZbobm AgyZ, EH$ dOra (àYmZ), XmoZ KmoS>o, XmoZ C§Q>, XmoZ hÎmr, d AmR>ß`mXr Ago gd© {_iyZ EHy $U 16 `m oÕ o AgVmV. `m `m oÕ`m §À`m

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XOm©dê$Z amOm, dOra, C§Q> Am{U KmoS>o ̀ m 8 ̀ moÜX²`mZm ~w{Õ~imV _mohmoao Aer g§kmAmho. Am{U 8 {enm`m§Zm ß`mXr Aer g§km Amho.

nQ>mda _mohmoè`m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm àË`oH$ IoimSy>Zo Amnë`m COì`m hmVmÀ`mH$monè`mg nm§T>ao Ka `oB©b Aem ~oVmZo nQ> _m§S>md`mMm AgVmo. Ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mH$S>rb ~mOyÀ`m n{hë`m nÅ>rda Amnbo AmR> _mohmoao d Xwgè`m AmS>ì`m nÅ>rdaAmR> ß`mXr _m§S>md`mMr AgVmV. XmoÝhr njm§Zr `mà_mUo Amnbo _mohmoao d ß`mXr_m§S>br åhUOo XmoÝhr njm§À`m _mohmoè`mg_moa Ë`mM XOm©Mo _mohmoao _m§S>bobo AgVmV.

n{hë`m AmS>ì`m nÅ>rda COì`m ~mOybm gd©àW_ hÎmr, KmoS>m, C§Q>, amOm,dOra, C§Q>, KmoS>m, hÎmr Aer _m§S>Ur AgVo. åhUOoM EH$m njmÀ`m amOmg_moaà{VnjmMm amOm AgVmo.

nm§T>am

H$mim

h Kmo C§ d am C§ Kmo h

g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡

g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡ g¡

h Kmo C§ d am C§ Kmo h

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`m IoimV nm§T>è`m _mohmoè`mMm IoimSy> gd©àW_ Ioimbm gwê$dmV H$aVmo. àË òH$IoimSy>Zo EH$mdoir EH$mM _mohmoè`mMr hmbMmb H$amd`mMr AgVo.

~w{Õ~imVrb Ioir

1. ß`mXo - ho EH$mdoir EH$ Ka nwT>o OmVo. _mÌ à{VnjmMo _mohao _maVmZm Ë`mbmEH$ Ka {Vanr Mmb ¿`mdr bmJVo. gwê$dmVrbm ß`mÚmbm _yiKamVyZ EH$dma 2 Kao g_moa MmbÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho. ß`mXo EH$Xm nwT>ogaH$mdë`mg Vo _mJo `oD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$moUVohr ß`mXo Amnë`mAmR>ì`m Kar nmohMë`mg IoiUmè`mÀ`m BÀN>oZwgma Ë`mMo H$moUË`mhr_mohmoè`mV ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z Ë`mM {R>H$mUr Vo Ioimd`mg KoVm `oVo.XmoÝhr nÕVrV amOmÀ`m AmR>>ì`m Kar nmohmoMboë`m ß`mÚmMm amOmhmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

2. dOra - hm gd© _mohmoè`m_Ü`o loð> XOm©Mm _moham AgVmo H$maU dOra C^m,AmS>dm {H$§dm {VaH$g H$gmhr d {H$Vrhr Kao OmD$ eH$Vmoo. H$maUË`mÀ`m A§Jr C§Q>mMo d hÎmrMo gm_Ï`© EH$dQ>bobo AgVo.

3. hÎmr - dOramÀ`m ImbmoImb _hËdmMm hm _moham Amho. `mMr Mmb AmS>drAJa Cä`m nÅ>rVyZ gai aofoV AgVo. hÎmrg_moaÀ`m Cä`m nÅ>rVñdnjmMo ß`mXo Zgë`mg Vmo hÎmr _moH$ù`m nÅ>rda Amho Ago åhUVmV.hÎmr d dOra `m§Zm _moR>o _mohao (major pieces) Ago åhUVmV.

4. C§Q> - C§Q> Zoh_r {VaH$g OmVmo. C§Q>mMo _yi Ka H$mio Agob Va Vmo Zoh_rH$mù`m KamVyZM g§Mma H$aVmo. C§Q>mMo _yi Ka nm§T>ao Agë`mg Vmonm§Tè`m KamVyZM g§MmaVmo. C§Q>, dOra d hÎmrbm EH$mMdoir {H$VrhrKao Om`Mo ñdmV§Í` Amho.

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5. KmoS>m - KmoS>²̀ mMr JVr Cä`m AWdm AmS>ì`m nÅ>rVrb XmoZ Kao d Ë`mg H$mQ>H$moZH$ê$Z AgUmao EH$ Ka Aer AS>rM Kao AgVo. EH$m KmoS>`mbm AmR>Kao EopÀN>H$ AgVmV. Aem {dbjU JVr_wio KmoS>m _mohmoè`mÀ`m qH$dmß`mX²`mÀ`m S>moH$sdê$Z nbrH$S>o CS>r Q>mHy$ eH$Vmo. hm h¸$ BVaH$moUË`mhr _mohmoè`mg ZgVmo. C§Q> d KmoS>o `m§Zm bhmZ _mohao (minorpieces) Ago åhUVmV.

6. amOm - hm _moham _mJo nwT>o {VaH$g H$gmhr, _mÌ EH$m doiobm EH$M Ka OmVmo.

~w{Õ~i IoiUmè`mZo Imbrb Jmoï>r bjmV ¿`mì`mV.

1. Oê$a VodT>`m ß`mÚm§À`m hmbMmbr H$ê$Z Amnbo _mohaohëë`mg AJa ~Mmdmg `mo½` Aem {R>H$mUr AmUUo.

2. ß`mÚm§À`m {ZaW©H$ Ioù`m Z IoiUo.

3. R>am{d>H$ doioV `mo½` Ioir IoiUo.

4. EH$mM doiobm gd© _mohmoè`m§À`m Ioir bjmV R>odUo.

ZdrZ eãXmW©-ghZerb - gmo{eH$

eVa§O - ~w{Õ~i$ `m IoimMo Zmd

ß`mXr - ~w{Õ~i `m IoimVrb g¡{ZH$

_mohao - amOm d ß`mXr `m ì`{Varº$ ~wÕr ~imVrb Xio

dOra - ~w{Õ~i `m IoimVrb àYmZ

Aä`mg

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A. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.1. Ioim§Mo _w»` àH$ma {H$Vr AmhoV?2. ~w{Õ~i hm H$moUË`m àH$maMm Ioi Amho?3. ~w{Õ~i `m Ioimbm H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV?4. ~w{Õ~imMr gwê$dmV Ho$ìhm Pmbr?

5. ~w{Õ~imV {H$Vr àH$maMr goZm Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmVo?

6. ~w{Õ~i `m IoimMr gwê$dmV H$moU H$aVmo?

7. C§Q>mMr Mmb H$er AgVo?

8. OmJ[VH$ ñVamda ^maVmMo Zmd CÁdb H$aUmè`m ~w{Õ~i IoimSy>§MrZmdo {bhr

Am. Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.1. ~w{Õ~i Ioim_wio H$moUVo JwU dmT>rg bmJVmV?

2. ~¡R>çm Ioim§Mr Mma CXmhaUo {bhr

3. _¡XmZr Ioim§Mr Mma CXmhaUo {bhr

4. ~w{Õ~i `m Ioimbm MVwa§J Ago H$m åhUVmV?

5. amOmMo ajU H$moU H$moU H$aVmV?

6. ~w{Õ~imMo gm_Zo H$moUË`m àH$mamZr Ioibo OmVmV?

7. nQ>mda _mohmoè`m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$er H$aVmV?

8. ß`mXçm§Mr Mmb H$er AgVo?

9. ~wÕr~imVrb gd©loð> _mohmoam H$moUVm d H$m ?

B. Imbrb _moH$ù`m OmJm ^a.

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1. dOrambm Agohr åhUVmV.

2. nQ>mÀ`m àË`oH$ ~mOybm _mohmoao AgVmV.

3. ~w{Õ~imÀ`m nQ>mda EdT>r Kao AgVmV.4. amOm, dOra, C§Q>, KmoS>o `m `moÜX²̀ mZm Aer g§km Amho.5. _mohmoè`m§À`m {H$dm ß`mÚm§À`m S>moH$sdê$Z hm _mohmoam CS>r

_mê$Z OmD$ eH$Vmo.

B©. Imbrb _mohao d Ë`m§Mr Mmb ̀ m§À`m OmoS>çm Owid._mohao Mmb

1. ß`mXo (g¡{ZH$) I C^m, AmS>dm2. C§Q> II. C^m, eÌybm _maVmZm {VaH$g3. KmoS>m III. C^m, AmS>dm, {VaH$g4. hÎmr IV. AS>rM Kam§Mr Mmb5. àYmZ V. \$º$ {VaH$g

H$~È>r

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C. Imbr {Xboë`m J«mD§$S>da Vy IoiV Agboë`m _¡XmZr Ioim§Mr Zmdo {bhr.

gmarnmQ>

D$. Imbr {Xboë`m {XdmUImÊ`mV Vy IoiV Agboë`m ~¡R>`m Ioim§MrZmdo {bhr.

E. Imbrb dmH²$ àMmam§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$a.1. KmoS>o _maUo -

2. ~oV H$aUo -

3. _mV H$aUo -

4. Vm|S> XoUo -

5. Mmb H$aUo -

Eo. Imbrb eãXm§Mo g_mZmWu eãX {bhr.1. H$a_UyH$ - 2. amOm -

3. àYmZ - 4. gm_Ï`© -

5. MVwa§J -

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* CnH«$_1. ~w{Õ~imMo {Z`_ OmUH$mamH$Sy>Z g_OyZ Ko.

2. Vwåhr Vw_À`m emioV IoiV Agboë`m Ioim§Mr `mXr H$am.

3. Vw_À`m emioZo H$moUH$moUË`m IoimV àm{dÊ` {_i{dbo Amho ?4. Amnë`m XoemVrb 4 ~w{Õ~i IoimSy>§Mr Zm§do {bhr.

* {ejH$m§Zm gyMZm - Vw_À`m emioV ~w{Õ~imÀ`m ñnYm© Am`m oOrVH$ê$Z _wbm§Zm àmoËgmhZ Úm.

* ho AgoM {bhr - H«$sS>m§JU, VËH$mbrZ, _§{Ì_§S>i, gmhmæ`.

dUmªMr CƒmañWmZo

dUmªMm Cƒma H$aVmZm _wImVrb {Za{Zamù`m ^mJm§Mr _XV ¿`mdr bmJVo.

Ë`m ^mJmZm ñWmZo åhUVmV.

1. A, Am, H²$, I², J², K², L²>, h Am{U {dgJm©Mm Cƒma H§$R> ñWmZmnmgyZ

hmoVmo, Ë`m§Zm H$§R>ç åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.2. B, B©, M², N²>, O², P², Äm² Am{U e² `m§Mm Cƒma Vmby ñWmZmnmgyZ hmoVmo,

Ë`m§Zm Vmbì` åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.3. F$, Q²>, R²>, S²>, T²>, U², a², f², Am{U i² `m§Mm Cƒma _yYm© ñWmZmnmgyZ

hmoVmo, Ë`m§Zm _yY©Ý` åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.4. b¥, V², W², X², Y², Z², b², g² `m§Mm Cƒma X§V ñWmZmnmgyZ hmoVmo, Ë`m§Zm

X§Ë` åhUyZ AmmoiIVmV.

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5. C, D$, n², \²$, ~², ^², _² `m§Mm Cƒma Amoð> ñWmZmnmgyZ hmoVmo. Ë`m§ZmAmoð>` åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.

6. L>², Äm², U², Z², _² Am{U AZwñdma `m§Mm Cƒma Zm{gH$m ñWmZmnmgyZhmoVmo, Ë`m§Zm AZwZm{gH$ åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.

7. E, Eo `m§Mm Cƒma H§$R> Am{U Vmby `m XmoÝhr ñWmZmnmgyZ hmoVmo. Ë`m§ZmH§$R> Vmbì` åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.

8. Amo, Am¡ `m§Mm Cƒma H§$R> Am{U Amoð> `m XmoÝhr ñWmZmnmgyZ hmoVmoË`m§Zm H§$R>moîR>ç åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.

9. "d²' `mMm Cƒma X§V Am{U Amoð>` `m XmoÝhr ñWmZmnmgyZ hmoVmo. Ë`mbmX§VmooîR>ç åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.

10. M², O², P², `m§Mm Cƒma X§V Am{U Vmby `m XmoÝhr ñWmZmnmgyZ hmoVmo,Ë`m§Zm X§V-Vmbì` åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.

1. Or^2. nS>Or^3. H$mo_b Vmby (H§$R>)4. _yYm©5. H$R>moa Vmby (Vmby)6. dËg© (X§VVmby)7. XmV8. AmoR>9. ZmH$_. Vm|S>mMr nmoH$ir (_wI{dda)Z. ZmH$mMr nmoH$ir (Zm{gH$m{dda)A. AÞZ{bH$míd. ídmgZ{bH$m

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- M², O², P² ho VrZ dU© Vmbì` Am{U X§V Vmbì` `m XmoÝhr JQ>mV `oVmVH$maU `m dUmªMo XmoZ-XmoZ Cƒma hmoVmV.

Vmbì` Cƒma X§V Vmbì` CƒmaO` (Á``) OJOZ (Á`Z) OnOb (Á`b) OmdB©OJ (Á`J) OS>On (Á`n) OÌmOodU (Á òdU) O_mdMH«$ (À`H«$) MmH$M§Ð (À`§Ð) MKiM[aÌ (À`[aÌ) MmamPob (Â`ob) PmS>PH$mg (Â`H$mg) Pam

Vmbì` eãXmVrb Cƒma Am{U X§VVmbì` eãXmVrb dUmªMm Cƒma doJimAgë`mZo Ë`m§Mm AW© Xo{Ib ~XbVmo.

CXm. OJ (Á`J) = g¥ï>r, {dídOJ = {Od§V amhm.

On (Á`n)= XodmÀ`m ZmdmMr qH$dm EImÚm _§ÌmMr nwÝhm nwÝhmHo$bobr Amd¥Vr.

On = gm§̂ mi.

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6. gË`H$m_

àmMrZ H$mimV _wbm§Zm {ejUmgmR>r F$fr_wZtÀ`m Aml_mV VnmodZmV nmR>{dboOm`Mo. EH$Xm H$m` Pmbo H$s, Jm¡V_ harÐþ_V F$ftÀ`m Aml_mV Om~mbr ZmdmMrEH$ Xmgr Amnbm _wbJm gË`H$m_ `mbm KoD$Z Ambr. d {VZo Jm¡V_ F$frZm {dZ§VrHo$br H$s Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m _wbmMm {eî` åhUyZ ñdrH$ma H$amdm. _moR>çm _ZmZoJm¡V_F$frZr Ë`m XmgrnwÌmbm Amnbm {eî` åhUyZ ñdrH$ma Ho$bm.

gË`H$m_ hm AË`§V Z_« d H$m_gyd¥ÎmrMm hmoVm. {dÚmä`mgm~amo~aË`mÀ`mH$S>o JmB© MmaÊ`mMo H$m_ {Xbo hmoVo. Amnbr O~m~Xmar Vmo AË`§V

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H$miOrnyd©H$ nma nmS>m`Mm. gH$mir CRy>Z {dÚmä`mg Pmbm H$r {Xdg^a JmB©KoD$Z amZmV OmV Ago. {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV KS>Êmmè`m àË`oH KS>m_moS>tMo ~marH$gm[aH$$$ Jmoï>r§Mo AdbmoH$Z Vmo H$arV Ago. amZmV {\$aVmZm g^modVmbr {XgUmè`mS>m|Ja, Xè`m, ZXrZmbo, PmS>o, dobr, \w$bo, nm§Iao, H¥$_r, H$sQ>H$ `m gdmªMo Vmo~maH$mB©Zo {ZarjU H$arV Ago.

~arM df} Pmë`mZ§Va Jwê$OrZm dmQ>bo H$s gË`H$m_ {eH$bm Amho. g_mOmVOrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mbm H$moUVrM AS>MU `oUma Zmhr. Voìhm Jm¡V_ F$ftZrË`mbm Kar OmÊ`mMr AZw_Vr {Xbr. Voìhm BVa {eî`mZm dmQ>bo H$s `mZo Va \$º$JmB© MmaÊ`mMo kmZ {_i{dbo Amho. Voìhm Vmo Kar OmD$Z H$m` H$arb! nU Jwê$OrZm{dídmg hmoVm.

gd© {eî`m§g_moa gË`H$m_mbm "Jwê$OrZr àíZ {dMmabm H$s, gË`H$m_m VyBVŠ`m dfm©V H$m` H$m` {eH$bmg Vo gm§J{eb H$m?

gË`H$m_ ~moby bmJbm, Jwéd ©̀ AmnU _bm Oo H$m_ {Xbo hmoVo Vo _r _ZmnmgyZHo$bo Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a `m g^modVmbÀ`m {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§Zr _bm nmoº$ ~Z{dbo._bm JmB© MmaVmZm `m d¥jmZr ñdV… CÝhmV amhÿZ gmdbr {Xbr. Ë`mZr ghZerbVm dnamonH$mamMo kmZ {Xbo. O§JbmVyZ dmhUmè`m ZXrZo OrdZmV gVV nwT>o OmÊ`mMm _mJ©{Xbm. {VÀ`m_Ü ò gd©OU Ho$aH$Mam Q>mH$VmV. _mÌ Vr gdmªZm ewÕ nmUr XoÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$aVo. Ë`mà_mUo OrdZmV g_mOmH$Sy>Z XwJw©Um§Mm AmKmV Pmbm Var gX²JwUmMoAmMaU H$aÊ`mg {eH${dbo. BWo Cä`m AgUmè`m S>m|JamZr _bm OrdZmV òUmè`mg§H$Q>mZm Y¡̀ m©Zo Vm|S> XoÊ`mg {eH${dbo. dmê$imVrb _w§½`mZr OrdZ OJÊ`mMr XyaÑï>r{Xbr. nwT>o nmdgmù`mMr Mmhÿb bmJbr H$s _w§½`m Amnë`m YmÝ`mMm gmR>m H$aVmV dnmdgmù`mVrb AÞmMr {eXmoar gmR>dy>Z R>odVmV.

BWo \w$bUmar \w$bo, Amnë`m a§JmZo, gwJ§YmZo MamMam§Mo _Z à\w$„rV H$aVmV.Xwgè`m§Zm AmZ§X {_imdm hoM Vr gwM{dVmV. {H$b{~bUmao njr _wº$nUo OrdZOJÊ`mMm _mJ© gwM{dVmV.

ho gd© OrdZ {ejU _r ̀ mM {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV amhÿZ Vw_À`m H¥$nmerdm©XmZo{_i{dbo Amho.

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ho gd© EoHy$Z \$º$ íbmoH$ nR>UmV _¾ amhÿZ {dÚmä`mg H$aUmè`m _wbm§Zm AmíM ©̀dmQ>bo. Vr IOrb Pmbr. gË`H$m_ Amnë`mnojm loð> Amho ho Ë`m§Zm g_Obo. Jwê$OrZrgË`H$m_mbm "VwPo H$ë`mU hmodmo' Agm Amerdm©X {Xbm d Kar OmÊ`mMr AZw_Vr{Xbr.

ZdrZ eãXmW©AZw_Vr - nadmZJr, g§_Vr àâ\w${bV - Q>>dQ>>drV

nmoº$ - _moR>m IOrb - ea_Uo, bmOUo

XwJw©U - dmB©Q> JwU

gX²JwU - Mm§Jbo JwU

Y¡̀ © - YmS>g

{eXmoar - AÞmMm gmR>m

MamMa - AmdVr ^modVrMm n[aga

Xya Ñï>r - nwT>Mm {dMma

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Aä`mg

A. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhr.1. gË`H$m_ hm H$moUmMm _wbJm hmoVm?2. Jm¡V_ F$frZr Ë`mÀ`mda H$moUVo H$m_ gmon{dbo hmoVo?3. gË`H$m_mMm ñd^md H$gm hmoVm?4. gË`H$m_ Jm`r amIVmZm H$m` H$aV AgoŸ?5. BVa {eî` H$moUË`m Jmoï>rH$S>o A{YH$ bj XoV AgV?

Am. Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhr.1. Vy Kar H$aV Agboë`m H$m_m§Mr `mXr H$a.2. Vwbm _m{hV Agboë`m Am¡fYr dZñnVr H$moUË`m?3. Am§~Q>JmoS> \$im§Mr Zmdo {bhr.4. nyU© JmoS> Agbobr \$io H$moUVr?5. {ndù`m a§JmÀ`m \$im§Mr Zmdo {bhr.6. {haì`m a§JmÀ`m \$im§Mr Zmdo {bhr.7. bmb a§JmMr \$io H$moUVr?8. VwÂ`m nagmV AgUmè`m PmS>m§Mr {bhr.

B. nmR>mÀ`m AmYmao OmoS>çm Owid. "A' "~'1. PmS>o AmZ§X, gwJ§Y XoVmV.2. ZXr gVV {H«$`merb, XyaÑï>rnUm R>odVo.3. S>m|Ja ñdV… CÝhmV amhÿZ Xwgè`m§Zm gmdbr XoVmV.

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4. \w$bo OrdZmV gVV nwT>o OmÊ`mMm _mJ© emoYVo.5. _w§Jr g§H$Q>mg_moa Y¡̀ m©Zo C^m amhVmo.

B©. Z_wÝ`mà_mUo OmoSy>Z `oUmao eãX emoYyZ {bhr. CXm. S>m|Ja-Xè`m.ZXr - PmS>o -\w$bo - H¥$_r -ney - D$Z -

C. {déÕmWr© eãX {bhr.àmMrZ x àíZ xH$m_gy x CnH$ma xkmZ x ewÕ x{dídmg x gwJ§Y x

D$. CXmhaUmà_mUo {bhr.XwdmªMr - OwS>r\w$bm§Mr - \w$bm§Mm -Ðmjm§Mm - Ho$ù`m§Mm -

E. Imbrb eãXm§Mm dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$a.{dÚmä`mg -O~m~Xmar -{ZarjU -ghZerbVm -Y¡̀ © -

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Eo. Imbrb AW© dmMyZ ""g'' Mm Vmam nyU© H$a.AW©: 1. nyU© - gJim

2. à^mV - àmV…H$mi3. nm¡{ï>H$ - gËd`wº$4. {MÌm§Zr - emô rd§V Ho$bobo5. Imob - ImobJQ>6. àm_m{UH$nUm

* CnH«$_* VwÂ`m g^modVmbr {ZgJm©V KS>Umè`m AX²^yV KQ>Zm§Mr `mXr H$a.* Vwbm AmT>iUmè`m a§Jr~oa§Jr \w$bm§Mr `mXr H$a.* VwÂ`m n[agamV AmT>iUmè`m nú`m§Mr Zmdo {bhr.

* ho AgoM {bhr - narjm, CËH¥$ï>, H$ñVyar, Z¡F©$Ë`.OmoS>mjao

* Imbr {Xbobo eãX dmM. Ë`mV AYmoao{IV AjamMo {ZarjU H$a.Jßnm, hÎmr, e¸$b, AÔb, nÅ>U

darb eãXmV EH$M ì`§OZ XmoZXm OmoS>bo Amho, d Ë`mV ñda {_i{dë`mghmoUmè`m OmoS>mjam§Zm {ÛÎm Ago åhUVmV.

g

H$

b

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CXm : Jßnm = n² + n² + Am = ßnmhÎmr = V² + V² + B© = Îmre¸$b = H²$ + H²$ + A = ¸$AÔb = X² + X² + A = ÔnÅ>U = Q²> + Q²> + A = Å>

ñdmÜ`m` - {ÛÎm Ajao Agbobr OmoS>mjao {bhr.

* Imbr {Xbobo eãX dmM Ë`mVrb AYmoaoIrV Ajam§Mo {ZarjU H$a.Am_À`m, CÚm, Hw$Ìm, dmñVd, CËgd

darb eãXmV XmoZ ì`§OZo EH$Ì OmoS>br AmhoV Am{U Ë`mV ñda{_gië`mg Ë`m§Zm g§̀ wº$ ì §̀OZ åhUVmV.CXm : Am_À`m - M² + `² + Am = À`m

CÚm - X² + ²̀ + Am = ÚmHw$Ìm - V² + a² + Am = ÌmdmñVd - g² + V² + A² = ñVCËgd - V + g + A = Ëg

ñdmÜ`m` - g§`wº$ ì`§OZo Agbobr OmoS>mjao {bhr.

* Imbrb OmoS>mjao dmM d {bhr.Amamo½` aº$ àëhmX ñZmZ AaÊ`Šboe OmS>çm hË`m ñ_aU ûcofßboJ JmoQ>çm Ü`mZ ê$½U níMmVAmñdmX Ooð> OÝ_ Aí_ nÙ{Oìhm Áda H$ï> àíZ ìX§ìX~«åh {MÝh H$ënZm døm _Zñdr

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7. OmV H$moUVr nwgy ZH$mOmV H$moUVr nwgy ZH$mY_© H$moUVm nwgy ZH$mCÚmZmVrb \$wbmg Ë`m§MmŸa§J H$moUVm nwgy ZH$m Ÿ&&Y¥&&

{hadm Mm\$m H$_i {ZiogwIX gw_m§Mo J§Y _ioEH$M _mir `m ~mJoMm^md V`mMo nwgy ZH$m Ÿ&&1Ÿ&&

gÕ_m©Mm EH$M Ý`m`H$ï>mMm EH$M AÜ`m`S>mì`m COì`m H$amV ZmhrŸ^oX _mZwZr \$gy ZH$mŸ&&2Ÿ&&a{h_ X`miy VgmM am__pñOX _§{Xa _§Jb Ym_OnyZ em§VrMm _§Ì _wImZoEH$ XwOmbm S>gy ZH$mŸ&&3Ÿ&&

OÝ_m Ambmo _wbo åhUwZr^maV^yÀ`m Hw$er _YyZrA ôÚ Amåhr AqOŠ` AmåhrŸ&Zmd Am_Mo nwgy ZH$m Ÿ&&4Ÿ&&

gwnyÌ ^maV _mVoMoAmåhr Odmha XoemMoOmV H$moUVr Y_© H$moUVm>gdmb Agbo H$ê$ ZH$mŸ&&5Ÿ&& * H$dr-`ed§V Xod

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ZdrZ eãXmW©-nwgUo - {dMmaUoCÚmZ - ~mJgw_m§Mo - gw_Zm§Mo `m eãXmMo N>moQ>o ê$n_pñOX - _wgb_mZm§Mo àmW©Zm ñWiXwOm - Xwgam, naH$mS>gUo - MmdUo, X§e H$aUoA^oÚ - ^oXy Z eH$Umargdmb - àíZ^y - ^y_r, O_rZ

Aä`mg

A. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.1. CÚmZmVrb \w$bmbm H$m` {dMmê$ ZH$m Ago H$dr åhUVmo?2. Mm\$m d H$_i `m§À`mV H$moUVo gmå` Amho?3. a{h_mà_mUo AmUIr H$moU X`miy Amho?4. `m H${dVoÀ`m H${dMo Zm§d {bhr?

Am. XmoZ qH$dm VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.1. Mm\$m d H$_imÀ`m ~m~V H${dZo H$moUVo ^md ì`º$ Ho$bo AmhoV?2. AmnU gd© EH$ AmhmoV `mgmR>r H${dZo H$moUVr CXm. {Xbr AmhoV?3. Zmd nwgy ZH$m Ago H$dr H$m åhUVmo?

B. n{hë`m XmoZ nXm§er g§~§Y AmoiIyZ {Vgè`m nXmer g§~§Y OwiUmam eãX{bhr.Mm\$m : {hadm : : H$_i :

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gÕ_© : Ý`m` : : H$ï> :a{h_ : _pñOX : : am_ :

B©. "nwgUo' hm eãX "{dMmaUo' ̀ m AWm©Zo Ambm Amho. VgmM "ñdÀN> H$aUo'`m AWm©Zohr `oVmo.ho AW© hmoUmar XmoZ doJdoJir dmŠ`o V`ma H$a. VgoM H$a, VZ, da, adr,\$moS,> Xa, Zmd `m eãXm§Mr doJdoJù`m AWmªMr àË òH$s 2 dmŠ ò V`ma H$a.

C. `m H${dVoVrb àmg~Õ eãX emoYyZ {bhr. CXm :{Zio - _io

D$. OmoS>çm Owid. A ~1. {h§Xy {dhma2. _wñbr_ MM©3. erI _§{Xa4. {¼íMZ JwéìXma5. ~m¡Õ _pñOX

* CnH«$_ -1. "amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm' `m {df`mda AmR> Vo Xhm Amoir {bhr.2. doJdoJir doe^yfm H$ê$Z amï´>r` gU, gm§§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_mV EH$mË_VoMo

Xe©Z KS>dm.3. AmnU gdmªZr amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm H$m Omonmgbr nm{hOo ho {ejH$mH$Sy>Z

g_OyZ Ko.* ho AgoM {bhr.

gd©OU, dmVm©ha, Xwa{^_mZ, JUdoe

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(gamZr dJm©V àdoe H$aVmM {dÚmÏ`mªMo Mohao COibo. H$maU AJmoXaÀ`m{Xder {eH${dboë`m "_mPo Ü`o`' `m {df`mda AmO MMm© hmoUma hmoVr.)

gd© {dÚmWu : (C^o amhV) gwà^mV Jwê$Or!{ejH$ : gwà^mV, gdmªZr ~gmdo.aOV : ga Vwåhr H$mb gm§[JVë`mà_mUo "_mPo Ü`o`' `m {df`mda

Amåhr MMm© H$am`bm V`mar H$ê$Z Ambmo`. AmVm MM}bm gwê$dmVH$am`Mr H$m?

{ejH$ : Aao hmo hmo, nU Vwåhr gdmªZr Amnmnbr Ü`o`o R>adyZ Ambm` Zm?gd©OU : hmo ga, Am_À`m OrdZmVrb Ü`o` Amåhr R>a{dbo Amho.

8. _mPo Ü ò̀

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{ejH$ : doXm§V àW_ Vy gm§J nmhÿ, VwPo Ü`o` H$moUVo Amho?

doXm§V : ga _bm _mÂ`m ^maV Xoem~Ôb \$ma A{^_mZ Amho. Ë`m_wio `mXoemMo g§ajU H$aUmam, àg§Jr àmUmMr AmhþVr XoUmam g¡{ZH$ìhmdogo dmQ>Vo.

{ejH$ : N>mZ, nU Ë`mgmR>r gwÑT> eara, MniVm, AmkmnmbZ, YmS>g,{OÔ ho JwU A§Jr Agm`bm hdoV.

doXm§V : hmo ga, Ë`mgmR>r _r AmVmnmgyZ XaamoO gH$mir ^anya ì`m`m_H$arV Amho. emio_Ü`o doJdoJù`m àH$maMo Ioi IoiyZ _ZmMrEH$mJ«Vm dmT>drZ. YmdUo, dOZ CMbUo, C§Mr, N>mVr, AemàH$maMr emar[aH$ V§XwéñVr Ë`m~amo~aM ~m¡ÕrH$ MmMUrhr ÚmdrbmJVo Ago Am_Mm _m_m åhUV hmoVm. Vo g¡{ZH$M AmhoV. _rË`m§À`mH$Sy>Z _mJ©Xe©Z KoB©Z.

{ejH$ : Aao dm! ho Va \$maM N>mZ Pmbo. EImXo Ü`o` gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>rË`m joÌmVrb Vk ì`º$s¨Mm g„m KoUo ho \$maM CÎm_ hmo`. lo`m Vygm§J ~a, Vwbm H$m` dmQ>Vo?

lò m : ga, _bm IoimSy> ìhmdogo dmQ>Vo. Ë`mgmR>r ^anya _ohZV ¿`m`Mr_mPr V`mar Amho.

{ejH$ : AJ§ Ë`mgmR>r àW_ VmbwH$m, {Oëhm, VgoM amÁ` nmVirdarbñnY©oV Z¡nwÊ` {_idmdo bmJob. {edm` emar[aH$ V§Xwê$ñVramImdr bmJVo.

Am ©̀Z : ga, emar[aH$ V§Xwê$ñVr åhUOo H$m` hmo?

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{ejH$ : Aao, OodUm_Ü ò g_Vmob Amhma KoUo, Ë`m{edm` XaamoOMm emar[aH$ì`m`m_ Ho$ë`mZo Amnbo eara gwÑT> ~ZVo Am{U IoimSy> ~ZÊ`mgmR>reara gwÑT> AgUo \$ma _hËdmMo AgVo.

lò m : hmo ga, _r XaamoO EH$ ½bmg XyY {nVo. {edm` gH$mir ì`m`m_hrH$aVo.

{ejH$ : emã~mg, AmVm _bm gm§J, VwPo AmXe© IoimSy> H$moU AmhoV?

lò m : nr.Q>r. Cfm, Ho$. _„oídar, gm{Z`m {_Pm©, gm`Zm Zohdmb, A§Oy_Mmon«m ̀ m gd© ̂ maVr` _{hbm IoimSy>§Mm AmXe© _mÂ`m S>moù`mg_moaAmho.

Am ©̀Z : ga, hr Zoh_r åhUV AgVo. ñÌr hr H$moUË`mM joÌmV nwéfmnojmH$_r Zmhr.

{ejH$ : Aao hmo, AJXr ~amo~a Amho {VMo. H«$rS>m joÌm~amo~aM BVa joÌmVbVm _§JoeH$a, H$ënZm Mmdbm, gw{ZVm {dë`åg, {H$aU ~oXr,B§{Xam Jm§Yr, à{V^mVmB© nmQ>rb `m ^maVr` _{hbm§Zr AmnbmR>gm C_Q>{dbm Amho.

Am ©̀Z : hmo ga, "Myb Am{U _yb' hr na§namJV MmbV Ambobr ê$T>nÕVr ~Xbbr Amho. hmo Zm?

{ejH$ : AJXr `mo½` ~mobbmg. VÝdra Vwbm H$m` dmQ>Vo?

VÝdra : ga, _bm dmQ>Vo EH$ N>mZn¡H$s ZmoH$ar H$amdr. Ë`m_wio Am_À`mKaMr J[a~r Zmhrer hmoB©b. KamVrb dmVmdaU gwYmaob. {edm`ZmoH$ar H$aV boIZ H$aUo qH$dm dmMZmMm N>§Xhr OmonmgVm `oVmo.VgoM R>am[dH$ doioZ§Va {Zdm§V amhVm `oVo.

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{ejH$ : hmo, Vwbm dmMZmMr AmdS> Amho Zm. R>rH$, d¡^d Vy gm§J nmhÿ.d¡̂ d : ga, _bm g_mO gwYmaH$ ìhmdogo dmQ>Vo. nU _bm `m~Ôb A{YH$

_m{hVr Zmhr. Vwåhr gm§JmZm.

{ejH$ : g_mOgwYmaH$mZo ñdV…Mo gwI nmhÿZ MmbV Zmhr. BVam§À`m Xw…ImMm{dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. ñdmWm©bm Ë`mJyZ na_mW© ñdrH$mamdm bmJVmo.nU Km~ê$ ZH$mog "Ho$ë`mZo hmoV Amho ao AmYr Ho$boMr nm{hOo'`mgmR>rM åhQ>bo OmVo.

d¡̂ d : g_mO gwYmaH$mZrM Amnë`m XoemMm B{Vhmg ~Xbbm Amho.hmo Zm ga?

{ejH$ : hmo, AJXr ~amo~a, _hmË_m \w$bo, AmJaH$a, amOmam_ _mohZam°`,~m~m Am_Q>o, g§V JmS>Jo ~m~m, _Xa Voaogm ̀ m§Zr g_mO gwYmaÊ`mMoÜ`o` Camer ~miJyZ Vo nyU© H$ê$Z g_mOmV H«$m§Vr KS>{dbr.

aOV : nU ga, Ë`mdoioMm H$mi doJim hmoVm. AmOÀ`m g_mOmbmg_mO gwYmaH$m§Mr IamoIaM JaO Amho H$m?

{ejH$ : aOV, O_mZm Oar ~Xbbm Agbm Var g_mO gwYmaH$m§Mr JaOAmOhr Amnë`m Xoembm AmhoM. "J«m_ ñdÀN>Vm Am§XmobZ' "{Z_©bJ«m_ `moOZm' Aem `moOZm Mmby AmhoV. nU Vwåhmbm _mhrV AmhoH$m? Hw$ð>amo½`m§Mr godm H$ê$Z d`ñH$a {ZamYmamZm AmYma XoUmao~m~m Am_Q>o, eoVH$è`m§À`m h¸$mgmR>r bT>Umè`m _oYm nmQ>H$a,amioJU{gÕr `oWrb COmS> _miamZmbm Z§XZdZmMo ê$n XoUmaoAmÊUm hOmao, Aem AZoH$ g_mOgwYmaH$m§_wioM Xoembm àJVrÀ`mdmQ>oda AmUUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. VgoM àË`oH$ gd©gm_mÝ`mZoAmnë`m narZo g_mO gwYmaH$mMr ŷ{_H$m nma nmS>m`Mr AgVo.

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gmohob : aOV Aao ~mob Zm, Vwbm H$m` ìhmdogo dmQVo?aOV : ga, _bm EImXr H$bm Omonmgmdr dmQ>Vo. nU `m joÌmV H$[a`a

H$aUo gmono Amho H$m?

{ejH$ : aOV Aao, H$bmjoÌmVM Zìho H$moUË`mhr joÌmV H$[a`a H$aUogmono Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r A{daV n[al_, H$boda {Zð>m, VgoMAmË_{dídmg `m Jmoï>tMr JaO AgVo.

aOV : nU ga, _mPo AmOmo~m åhUVmV, H$bmjoÌmVyZ g_mOà~moYZìhmdo. ho `mo½` Amho H$m?

{ejH$ : hmò aOV, H$bmjoÌmV àm{dÊ` {_i{dVmZmM Ë`mVyZ g_mO à~moYZHo$bo Va AmnU g_mOmMo F$U \o$S>ë`mgmaIo hmoVo.

gmohob : nU ga, Zo_H$s H$bm OmonmgUo åhUOo H$m` hmo?

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{ejH$ : Aao, Amnë`m AmdS>Ë`m {df`mV ag KoD$Z Ë`m_Ü òM OmñVrVOmñV nma§JV hmoUo åhUOo H$bm OmonmgUo hmo`. Vwbm dmÚdmO{dÊ`mMr AmdS> Amho Zm?

gmohob : hmo ga.{ejH$ : Ë`mVM A{YH$ nma§JV hmoV OmUo åhUOo H$bm OmonmgUo hmo`.

ehZmB© dmXH$ {~pñ_„m ImZ, {MÌH$ma E_.E\$.hþgoZ, g§JrV{X½Xe©H$ E. Ama. aoh_mZ, A{^Z` joÌmV {Xbrn Hw$_ma, A{_Vm^~ƒZ, V~bm dmXH$ PmH$sa hþgoZ, emór` Jm[`H$m J§Jw~mB©hZJb, n§. {^_goZ Omoer BË`mXr§Zr H$boVyZM Amnbo H$[a`aKS>{dbo. {edm` g_mO à~moYZ H$ê$Z g_mOmbm Zdr {Xem{Xbr.

aOV : ga, ga, hm AmZ§X åhUVmo. `mbm eoVr ì`dgm` H$am`Mm Amho.(gd© - _wbo hgVmV.)

{ejH$ : Aao, Ë`mZo `mo½` {dMma Ho$bm`. Ë`mda Ago hgy ZH$m. emã~mg!AmZ§X VwPo ~m~m eoVH$arM AmhoV Zm.

AmZ§X : hmo ga, Ë`m§Mo ~r.E. n`ªVMo {ejU nyU© Pmbobo Amho. VargwÕm VoeoVr ì`dgm`mbm H$_r _mZrV ZmhrV.

{ejH$ : AJXr ~amo~a, Aao eoVH$ar Amho åhUyZ g§nyU© OZVobm AÞYmÝ`Im`bm {_iVo. eoVr ~amo~a H$mhr Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJhr H$aVm `oVmV.

AmZ§X : ga, Am_À`m eoVm_Ü`o Amåhr newnmbZ H$aVmo. _bm H$m|~S>çm§Mr{ZJm amIm`bm åhUOoM Ë`m§Zm XmZm-nmUr H$am`bm \$ma AmdS>Vo.

doXm§V : ga, _mPo dS>rb åhUVmV, eoVrV ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$am`bmhdm. ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ åhUOo H$m` hm o ga?

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{ejH$ : N>mZ! \$º$ nmdgmÀ`m ^ademda amhÿZ eoVr Z H$aVm Amnë`meoVmV Oa nmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br Va eoVr ì`dgm` CÎm_ àH$maoH$aVm òVmo.

AmZ§X : hmo ga! Amåhr eoVmV ~moAadob _maUma AmhmoV. Ago dS>rbåhUV hmoVo.

{ejH$ : H°$WarZ AJ§. Vw H$mhr ~mobbrM Zmhrg?H°$WarZ : ga, _bm Vw_À`m gmaIoM AmXe© {e{jH$m ìhmdogo dmQ>Vo.{ejH$ : emã~mg! VwPo AmOmo~m gwÕm {ejH$ hmoVo Zm?H°$WarZ : hmo ga, VoM _bm gm§JV AgVmV. {ejH$ Pmë`mg AmOÀ`m ẁdm

{nT>rbm KS>{dVm òVo. nwT>o hrM {nT>r XoemMm AmYmañV§̂ ~ZVo.

{ejH$ : AJXr ~amo~a. H$moUË`mhr joÌmV àJVr H$amd`mMr Agë`mgJwê${edm` n`m©` Zmhr. Vw_À`mgma»`m bhmZ _wbm§Zm bhmZnUrM`mo½` {eñV Am{U {ejU {_imë`mg OJmV ^maV Xoe AìdbhmoB©b `mV e§H$mM Zmhr.

Am ©̀Z : ga, Amåhm gdmªMr Ü`o`o nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMrOê$ar Amho?

{ejH$ : _wbmZmo, AmOÀ`m {dkmZ `wJmV àË`oH$mZo àW_ Ü`o` {ZpíMV Ho$bonm{hOo. Ë`mZ§Va Vo Ü`o` JmR>Ê`mgmR>r AmË_{dídmg, {OÔ,{MH$mQ>r, Ë`mJ, EH$mJ«Vm, lÕm `m Jmoï>tMr Oê$ar Amho. Ü`o`hrZ_mUyg hm erS> Zgboë`m OhmOmgmaIm g_wX«m_Ü ò ̂ aH$Q>V AgVmo.Vwåhr H$moUVohr Ü`o` {ZpíMV H$am. nU Ë`mV BVH$s àJVr H$amH$s Vw_À`mgmaIo VwåhrM Agmb. g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$EH$_oH$mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m ghH$m`m©ZoM àJVr hmoVAgVo. hr àJVr åhUOoM XoemMr àJVr hmo`.

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AmZ§X : ga, Vwåhr Am_À`m OrdZmbm Cn`wº$ Aer _m{hVr {XbrV.Vwåhr Ho$boë`m gyMZm§Mo Amåhr Adí` nmbZ H$ê$.

gd© _wbo : YÝ`dmX ga.

ZdrZ eãXmW©-

COiUo - àH$m{eV hmoUo F$U - H$O©

AmhþVr - An©U H$aUo V§XþéñV - gwÑT>

Vk - OmUH$ma

Z¡nwÊ` - àm{dÊ`

H$[aAa - ^{dVì`, OrdZ KS>{dUo

Aä`mgA. H$moUmbm H$m` ìhmdogo dmQ>Vo Ë`m à_mUo OmoS>`m Owid.

A ~VÝdra g¡{ZH$

aOV IoimSy>

AmZ§X ZmoH$ar

doXm§V g_mOgwYmaH$

H$°WarZ H$bmjoÌ

lò m eoVr ì`dgm`

d¡̂ d {e{jH$m

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Am. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.1. dJm©V H$moUË`m {df`mda MMm© hmoUma hmoVrŸ?

2. g¡{ZH$mÀ`m A§Jr H$moUVo JwU hdoV?

3. ear[aH$ V§Xwê$ñVr åhUOo H$m`?

4. _{hbm§gmR>r na§namJV MmbV Ambobr nÕV H$moUVr?

5. Xoembm àJVrÀ`m dmQ>oda H$moUr AmUbo Amho?

6. ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$moR>o ìhm`bm hdm?

7. VwPo Ü`o` H$moUVo Amho?

B. Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.1. lo`mÀ`m S>moù`mg_moa H$moUË`m IoimSy>§Mm AmXe© Amho?

2. g_mO gwYmaH$ H$gm Agmdm Ago {ejH$ gm§JVmV?

3. H$bmjoÌmV H$[aAa H$aÊ`mg H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMr Oê$ar Amho?

4. eoVr_Ü`o ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$gm H$aVm `oB©b?

5. Amnbo Ü`o` nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMr Oê$ar Amho?

6. VwPo Ü`o` nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vy H$m` H$m` H$aerb?

B©. Imbrb dmŠ ò H$moUr H$moUmbm åhQ>br AmhoV Vo g§X^m©gh ñnï>rH$aU Xo. 1. ""_bm _mÂ`m ^maV Xoem~Ôb \$ma A{^_mZ Amho.''

2. ""_bm IoimSy> ìhmdogo dmQ>Vo.''

3. ""ñÌr hr H$moUË`mM joÌmV nwê$fmnojm H$_r Zmhr.''

4. ""H$bmjoÌmVyZ g_mO à~moYZ ìhm`bm hdo.''

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C. Imbrb [aH$må`m Mm¡H$moZmV Ë`m Ë`m joÌmVrb ì`qº$Mr nmR>mVrb Zm§do{bhr.

CXm : _mOr n§VàYmZ - B§[Xam Jm§Yr

à{gÕ Jm{`H$m -

A§Vamidra

I.P.S.A{YH$mar -

_{hbm amï´>nVr -

D$. Imbrb Ioi d IoimSy>§À`m OmoS>çm Owid d {bhr.nr.Q>r. Cfm doQ>{bâQ>tJ

Q>o{Zg A§Oy_Mmoàm

gm`Zm Zohdmb YmdnÅz>

{H«$Ho$Q> Ho$. _„oídar

gm{Z`m {_Pm© ~°S>q_Q>Z

E. "{H«$Ho$Q>' hm Ioi Vwbm IynM AmdS>Vmo Zm? Imbr ̂ maVr` {H«$Ho$Q>dram§MrZmdo {Xbr AmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m§Mo AmS>Zm§d emoY nmhÿ.1. gwZrb Jm

2. adr em

3. H${nb Xod I§

4. g{MZ V|

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{M„

a1

8

7

6

54

3

2

5. {da|Ð J

6. _h|ÐqgJ Zr

7. gm¡a^ Jm§

8. amhþb {d

9. A{Zb io

10. {damQ> H$mo

Eo. eãX Ioi.Imbrb AmH¥$VrVrb CÎmao "{M' `m AjamZo gwê$ hmoVmV. {MÌmImbr{Xbobr dmŠ ò dmM d Ë`mgmR>r n`m©̀ r eãX {MÌmVrb nmH$irV {bhr.

1. gwÅ>o n¡go.2. åhUOo ^anya ~a§ H$m!3. H$_i `mV CJdVo.

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4. ^m§S>o CMbVmZm bmJUmao gmYZ.5. H$ï>miynUm~amo~aM `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r hmhr JwU Amdí`H$ Amho.6. JmoS> nXmW© Im„o H$s hmV Ago hmoVmV.7. H$mí_ra_Ü`o ho d¥j nhmd`mg {_iVmV.8. {XdmirÀ`m \$amimV bmSy>~amo~a hm AgVmo.

* ho AgoM {bhr - eara, àmdrÊ`, nma§n[aH$, gwk.

ì`mH$aU"a' `m ì`§OZmZo V`ma hmoUmar OmoS>mjao. Imbrb OmoS>mjao dmM.

1. H«${_H$, dO«, Z_«, {à`, ghó

2. {S´>b, S´>_, S´>m°BªJ, Q´>H$, Q´>°ŠQ>a

3. AH©$, VH©$, eQ>©, H$mS>©, H$U©

4. J¥h, Z¥n, n¥Ïdr, _¥J, öX`

5. Hw$èhmS>, nm`è`m, {_è`m, gwè`m, MèhmQ>

1. H«${_H$, dO«, Z_«, {à`, ghó`m OmoS>mjamV H$mZm (C^raofm) Agboë`m ì §̀OZmbm "a' ho Aja Amë`mg

Vo ( «) Aem "aH$ma' {MÝhmZo OmoS>bo OmVo.CXm : H²$ + a =H«$

2. [S´>b, S´>_, S´>m°BªJ, Q´>H$, Q´>°ŠQ>a`m OmoS>mjamV H$mZm Zgboë`m ì`§OZmbm "a' ho Aja OmoS>md`mMoPmë`mg

Ë`m AjamÀ`m Imbr ( ´>) Aem "H$mH$nX' {MÝhmZo OmoS>bo OmVo.CXm : S²> + a = S´>

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3. AH©$, VH©$, eQ>©, H$mS>©, H$U©"a' `m ì §̀OZmbm Xwgao Aja OmoS>VmZm AmYrÀ`m AjamÀ`m Cƒmamda

Omoa òV Agob Va Xwgè`m AjamÀ`m S>moŠ`mda ( ©) Aem "ao\$' {MÝhmZoOmoS>bo AmVo.

CXm : gy`© `m eãXmMm Cƒma H$aVmZm "gy' `m Ajamda Omoa {Xbm OmVmo.åhUyZ "a' bm "`' OmoS>VmZm a²+`+A=`©

4. J¥h, Z¥n, n¥Ïdr, _¥J, öX`.F$ hm dU©_mboVrb EH$ ñda Amho. ~mamIS>r V`ma hmoVmZm H²$+A=H$,

H²$+Am=H$m, ho Ogo hmoVo. Vgo H²$+F$=H¥$, J²+F$=J¥. ho V`ma hmoVmV.Voìhm bjmV ¿`m. H¥$, J¥, _¥ hr OmoS>mjao ZgyZ Vo EH$ Aja Amho. "F$' `mñdamÀ`m EodOr Ë`mbm ( ¥) "F$H$ma' {MÝhmMm dmna H$aVmo.

5. Hw$èhmS>, nm`è`m, {_è`m, gwè`m, MèhmQ>."a' À`m _mJrb Ajamda CƒmaVmZm Omoa `oV Zgob Va "a' OmoS>VmZm

({deofV… "a' Am{U "`' gmo~V)(è) ho {MÝh dmnaVmV.

ñdmÜ`m`da {Xboë`m àË`oH$ JQ>mVrb àË`oH$s nmM OmoS>mjao {bhr.

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9. amï´>g§V VwH$S>moOr _hmamO

Amnbm Xoe àJVr nWmda ZoD$Z CÞV H$amd`mMm Agob Va àË òH$ Jmd ñd §̀nyU©Pmbo nm{hOo. Vo Jmd {ejU, Amamo½`, CÚmoJ ̀ m gd© ~m~VrV {dH${gV Pmbo nm{hOo.Ë`mgmR>r bmoH${ejU hdo, bmoH$m_Yrb Amig Kmbdbm nm{hOo Aem {dMmam§À`mVwH$S>moOr _hmamOmZr g_mOmoÞVrgmR>r AZoH$ H$m_o Ho$br.

VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ 29 E{àb 1909 amoOr A_amdVr {OëømVrb"`mdbr' ZmdmÀ`m N>moQ>çmí`m Jmdr Pmbm. ~§S>moOr R>mHy$a ~«åh^Å> ho Ë`m§Mo dS>rb.Ë`m§À`m AmB©Mo Zm§d _§OwimXodr. VwH$S>moOtMo bhmZnUrMo Zmd _m{UH$ hmoVo. _m{UH$bmbhmZnUmnmgyZM B©ídaqMVZ, ^OZ `mMr AmdS> hmoVr.

^º$ nw§S>{bH$mà_mUo AmnUhr AmB©-d{S>bm§Mr godm H$amdr åhUOo nm§Sy>a§JXe©Z XoB©b Agm {dMma _ZmV Ambm. nwT>o Vo JmdmoJmdr OmD$Z ^OZ H$ê$ bmJbo.bmoH$ Ë`m§À`m ^OZmZo à^m{dV hmoV. _m{UH$ ñdV… ^OZm§Mr aMZm H$aV Am{UåhUV. _m{UH$bm bmoH$ "Xod~m~m' åhUy bmJbo. ^OZmÀ`m {Z[_ÎmmZ§ EH$Ì

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`oUmè`m g_wXm`mbm Ë`m§À`m CÞVrgmR>r àd¥V H$amdo Ago Ë`mZr R>a{dbo.Vê$U H$m` ©H$Ë`m ªMr g §KQ >Zm V`ma H o $br. Ë`m §Zm à{ejU X oÊ`mgmR>rY_© godml_mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§À`m g§KQ>ZoVbo H$mhr H$m ©̀H$V} bmoH$mZm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aV. _JPmSy>, IamQ>o, nmQ>çm AmUyZ g\$mB©bm gwédmV hmoB©. H$Mam H$mTy>Z Jmoim H$arV AgV.bhmZ bhmZ IÈ>o ^ê$Z KoV. gm§S>nmÊ`mbm dmQ> H$ê$Z XoV. H$Mam bmoQ>V bmoQ>VJmdm~mhoa ZoV. Am{U {VWo _moR>r Ma IUyZ Ë`mV Q>mH$V. Ag§ ñdÀN>VoM H$m_ hmoB©. Ë`mñdÀN> añË`mda, Kam^modVrÀ`m ñdÀN> OmJoV eoUgS>m Q>mHy$Z gmadyZ KoV. am§JmoirH$mT>V. JmdmM§ ho ~Xbbob§ ê$n gmao {ZaIV. ñdÀN>VoMm EH$ doJim AmZ§X AZŵ dV.

ñdÀN>Vm H$ê$Z Z Wm§~Vm Ë`m H$Mè`mMm `mo½` dmna H$gm H$amdm hohr{eH$db§. ""IVmVyZ AÞ d AÞmVyZ IV''hm g§Xoe JmdmoJmdr nmohMdbm. Ë`mVyZñdÀN>VoMm AmZ§X Va {_imbmM nU CËnmXZ dmT>dyZ A{YH$ AÞ {Z{_©VrM gwIhr{_imb§. g_mOmV amoJamB© H$_r Pmbr. bmoH$m§M Amamo½` gwYmab§. ñdñWVm `oD$bmJbr. VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§À`m ñdÀN>Vm g§XoemM§ ho _hËd Amho.

ñdÀN> {Z_©i hdm, nmUr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>rM§ ho {ejU bmoH$m§Mo Amamo½` gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r\$ma Cn`moJr nS>bo. N>moQ>r N>moQ>r IoS>r hm XoemMm Iam AmYma AgVmV, eha§ gwYmê$ZIoS>r _mJmg am{hbr Va XoemMm {dH$mg hmoUma Zmhr. Voìhm ñdmdb§~Z, l_, à{Vð>m,CÚmoJ{à`Vm bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV gVV OmJ¥V R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo.

Jmd§ gj_ Pmbr nm{hOoV, ñdmdb§~r ~Zbr nm{hOoV `mgmR>r VwH$S>moOrgVV H$m_ H$aV am{hbo. boIZ H$aV am{hbo. ^OZ§ d ^mfU§ H$aV am{hbo. bmoH${ejUmM§ ho Wmoa H$m_ Ho$ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Zm ""amï´>g§V'' åhUyZ AmoiIb§ OmV§.

gÜ`m g§nyU© ^maV^a ""ñdÀN>Vm A{^`mZ'' gwê$ Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmZogwÕm IoS>r gwYmamdr `m hoVwZo "{Z_©b J«m_ ñdÀN>Vm A{^`mZ' gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.Ë`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ ghH$m`© d nwañH$mam§Mr KmofUm Ho$br Amho. VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§MmAmXe© KoD$Z Amnbm Jmd ""{Z_©b J«m_'' H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU Amnë`m KamnmgyZ,emionmgyZ, n[agamnmgyZ gwê$dmV H$ê$`m d XoemMm {dH$mg H$ê$`m.

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ZdrZ eãXmW©-CÞV - loð>, Cƒ ñd §̀nyU© - n[anyU©

àd¥Îm - V`ma, CÚwº$ g§Xoe - {Zamon

ñdmdb§~Z - ñd…VmMo H$m_ ñdV… H$aUo

{ZaIUo - nmhUo

nwañH$ma - nm[aVmo{fH$, ~jrg

Aä`mg

A. Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.1. VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§Mo nyU© Zmd H$m`?

2. _m{UH$bm bmoH$ H$moUË`m ZmdmZo ~mobdy bmJbo?

3. Y_© godml_mMr ñWmnZm H$m Ho$brŸ?

4. XoemMm Iam AmYma H$moU Amho?

5. H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmZo H$moUVo A{^`mZ gwê$ Ho$bo Amho?

6. ñdÀN>VoMr gwê$dmV H$moRy>Z Ho$br nm{hOo?

Am. Imbrb àíZm§Mr XmoZ VrZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhr.1. VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§Mm OÝ_ Ho$ìhm d H$moR>o Pmbm ?

2. JmdH$ar ñdÀN>VoMm doJim AmZ§X Ho$ìhm AZw^dV?

3. VwH$S>moOrZr JmdmoJmdr H$moUVm g§Xoe nmohM{dbm?

4. g§KQ>ZoMo H$m`©H$V©o ñdÀN>Vm H$er H$aV AgV?

5. VwH$S>moOrZm "amï´>g§V' åhUyZ H$m AmoiIbo OmVo?

6. VwH$S>moOtMo {dMma H$m` hmoVo?

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B. H§$gmVrb ̀ mo½` eãX emoYyZ [aH$må`m OmJm ̂ a.(ñdÀN>, _§OwimXodr, nwañH$mamMr, gj_, _m{UH$)

1. VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§Mo bhmZnUrMo Zmd hmoVo.2. VwH$S>moOrÀ`m AmB©Mo Zmd hmoVo.3. Jmd§ Pmbr nm{hOoV.4. H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmZo Am{W©H$ ghH$m ©̀ d KmofUm Ho$br Amho.5. AmnU XaamoO A§JU Ho$bo nm{hOo.

B©. {dê$ÜXmWu eãX {bhr.1. àJVr × 4. ñdÀN> ×2. Amier × 5. AmZ§X ×3. {dH${gV × 6. Xoe^º$ ×

C. g_mZmWu eãX {bhr.1. Xod - 4. bmoH$ -2. AmB© - 5. g\$mB© -3. eha - 6. PmSy> -

D$. Imbrb eãX Z_wÝ`mà_mUo {bhr.Z_wZm : AmB© - dS>rb1. hdm -2. Ho$a -3. gm\$ -4. AÞ -5. amoJ -6. gmYy -

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E. Imbrb eãXm§Mm AW© gm§JyZ dmŠ`mV Cn`moJ H$a.1. ghH$m`© -2. nwañH$ma -3. {Z_©b J«m_ -4. OmJ¥V -5. ñdmdb§~r -6. A{^`mZ -7. CÚmoJ -8. à{ejU -

Eo. ""IVmVyZ AÝZ d AÞmVyZ IV'' ̀ m g§XoemMm {ejH$m§À`m _XVrZo AW©ñnï> H$a.

Amo. ""Amnbm Jmd {Z_©b J«m_'' ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Vy H$m` H$aerb ̀ m {df`mdaAmR> Vo Xhm Amoir {Z~§Y {bhr.

Am¡. dmM d g_OyZ Ko.1. gJio _wgi Ho$amV.2. ehmÊ`mbm eãXmMm _ma.3. JO}b Vmo nS>ob H$m`?4. Hw$Í`mMr eonQ>r dmH$S>r Vr dmH$S>rM5. Zmd _moR>o bjU ImoQ>o.6. {^Ë`mnmR>r ~«÷amjg

* CnH«$_ - Jm§Sy>i IV {Z{_©Vr àH$ënmMr _m{hVr OmUH$mamH$Sy>Z g_OyZ Ko.

* ho AgoM {bhr - _mhmËå`, H$ê$ `m, ñdrH$ma

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eãXm§À`m OmVr_mJrb B`ÎmoV Vwåhr eãXm§À`m OmVr AmR> AmhoV. Am{U Ë`m§Mo H$maH$ eãX d

A{dH$maH$ eãX Ago XmoZ JQ> AmhoV ho {eH$bmV. H$maH$ eãXm§À`m JQ>mV Zm_,gd©Z