Government Burden of Proof, Form #05.025

8/11/2019 Government Burden of Proof, Form #05.025

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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda : da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh

Adri >3.>03, Pcv. ::-1-0>>1 CRBO@O];TTTTTTTT

HDQCPEICE] @SPMCE DA ^PDDALjst rcvoscm; ::/1/0>>1

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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda 0 da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


]J@LC DA FDE]CE]V

]J@LC DA FDE]CE]V ....................................................................................................................... 0

LOV] DA ]J@LCV .................................................................................................................................. 0

]J@LC DA JS]BDPO]OCV ................................................................................................................. 0

: Oetrdmuftode ..................................................................................................................................... 1

0 Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode ^rjftofcs Jft Ijemjtcs Frcmotdr td ]oicly ^rdmufc Qcroaocm Cvomcefc

da ^rdda da Mc`t ............................................................................................................................... 1

6 Lchjl Pcquorcicets Spde @urmce da ^rdda ................................................................................. 2

= Jmiosso`lc Cvomcefc da Fljoi ...................................................................................................... :>

3 Vcvcrc ^cejltocs adr Ajlsc Fljois ................................................................................................ :0

1 Pcùttcm Ajlsc Jrhuicets J`dut ]bos Mdfuicet .................................................................... :6

1.: @urmce da ^rdda os de ydu, edt tbc hdvcreicet, td prdvc ydu jrc j “edetjxpjycr’ jem “edt loj`lc’ ................... :6

8 Fdeflusodes .................................................................................................................................... :2

2 Pcsdurfcs adr Aurtbcr Vtumy jem Pcùttjl ................................................................................ 0:

? Zucstodes tbjt Pcjmcrs, Hrjem Kurdrs, jem ^ctot Kurdrs Vbdulm `c Jsgoeh tbc

Hdvcreicet ................................................................................................................................... 0:

LOV] DA ]J@LCV

]j`lc :; Pcsdurfcs adr aurtbcr stumy jem rcùttjl .................................................................................................................. 0:

]J@LC DA JS]BDPO]OCV

Fdestotutodejl ^rdvosodes

Aorst Jicemicet .................................................................................................................................................................... 0>Adurtccetb Jicemicet .......................................................................................................................................................... ::

Adurtccetb Jicemicet, Vcftode : ........................................................................................................................................... 3

Vtjtutcs

: S.V.F. §0>= ..................................................................................................................................................................... ?, 0>

: S.V.F. §0>=(j) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 0=:3 S.V.F. §:1?0h ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1:3 S.V.F. §:1?0h(`) .......................................................................................................................................................... 1, 0:

01 S.V.F. §§88>:(j)(:=) jem :>:6 .......................................................................................................................................... 2

01 S.V.F. §:6:6 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 00

01 S.V.F. §1>=: ......................................................................................................................................................... ::, :?, 03

01 S.V.F. §16>= ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

01 S.V.F. §8=66 ..................................................................................................................................................................... :001 S.V.F. §8=?: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 00

01 S.V.F. §88>:(j)(:=) .................................................................................................................................................... :2, 00

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01 S.V.F. §88>:(`)(:)(J) ...................................................................................................................................................... :2

01 S.V.F. §82::(j)(6) ............................................................................................................................................................ :>

02 S.V.F. §:611 ........................................................................................................................................................... ?, 0>, 06

02 S.V.F. §:1>6(`)(6) ............................................................................................................................................................ :2

02 S.V.F. §:1>3(j)(0) ............................................................................................................................................................ :2= S.V.F. §80 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 0=

=0 S.V.F. §:?2: ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3

== S.V.F. §:3>3(j) ................................................................................................................................................................. :>

== S.V.F. §:3>3(j)(:) ............................................................................................................................................................ :>3 S.V.F. §330(j) ............................................................................................................................................................... :>, :?

3 S.V.F. §336(j) ..................................................................................................................................................................... :>

3 S.V.F. §336(j)(:) ................................................................................................................................................................ :>2 S.V.F. §:=>: ....................................................................................................................................................................... :2

Jmioeostrjtovc ^rdfcmurcs Jft, 3 S.V.F. §331(m) ................................................................................................................... 8

Fjloadreoj Fovol Fdmc, Vcftode :32? ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Fjloadreoj Cvomcefc Fdmc, §1>>................................................................................................................................... ?, :>, 06Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode rjftofcs Jft, :3 S.V.F. Fbjptcr =:, Vu`fbjptcr Q ............................................................................... 1

Ajlsc Fljois Jft .................................................................................................................................................................... :0

Ajlsc Fljois Jft, 6: S.V.F. §680? ........................................................................................................................................ ::OPV Pcstrufturoeh jem Pcadri Jft da :??2, ::0 Vtjt. 123, Vcftode ::>0 ............................................................................. :>

OPV Pcstrufturoeh jem Pcadri Jft da :??2, ::0 Vtjt. 128, Vcftode 6=11 ............................................................................... 1

OPV Pcstrufturoeh jem Pcadri Jft da :??2, ::0 Vtjt. 80>, Vcftode :0>6 ............................................................................. :0Vbcrije Jeto-]rust Jft ......................................................................................................................................................... :=

Vtjtutcs Jt Ljrhc ...................................................................................................................................................................... ?Xbostlc-`ldwcr Jfts ............................................................................................................................................................... :0

Pchuljtodes

01 F.A.P. §:.28:-:(`)(o) ......................................................................................................................................................... :2

01 F.A.P. §:.280-0 ................................................................................................................................................................. :2

01 F.A.P. §6>:.10>6-: ............................................................................................................................................................. 1

01 F.A.P. §1>:.8>0(j)(0)(oo) .................................................................................................................................................. :>

Pulcs

Acmcrjl Pulc da Fovol ^rdfcmurc 2(`)(1) ....................................................................................................................... ?, :?, 0>

Acmcrjl Pulc da Cvomcefc 1:> .......................................................................................................................................... :>, :?

Acmcrjl Pulc da Cvomcefc 2>0 ............................................................................................................................................ ?, :>Acmcrjl Pulcs da Cvomcefc ...................................................................................................................................... ?, :2, :?, 03

Bcjrsjy Pulc, Acmcrjl Pulc da Cvomcefc 2>0 ................................................................................................................... :?, 03

Fjscs

Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. T T, 0 Jes.Pcp. 332 ................................................................................................................................. 1

Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. Bjttde, @ueùry's Cxfb. Pcp. 010 ........................................................................................................... 1

Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. Kcwcrs jem @jtty, @ueùry's Cxfb. Pcp. 003 .......................................................................................... 1Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. Vcwcll, = I.&X. 88 ................................................................................................................................ 1

Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. Xccgs, @ueùry's Cxfb. Pcp. 006 ........................................................................................................... 1

@jolcy v. Jlj`jij, 0:? S.V. 0:? , 062, ct scq., 6: V.Ft. :=3 ................................................................................................ 0=

@jltoidrc & Dbod Pjolrdjm Fd. v. Fbji`crs, 86 Dbod.Vt. :1, 81 E.C. ?:, :: L.P.J., E.V., :>:0 (:?>3) .............................. ?@dtbgc v. ]crry, 8:6 A.0m :=>3, :=:= (:?26) ........................................................................................................................ :1

Fjrtcr v. Fjrtcr Fdjl Fd., 0?2 S.V. 062, 31 V.Ft. 233 (:?61) ................................................................................................. ?

Fbofjhd cx rcl. Fdbce v Gcjec, 1= Oll.0m. 33?, 0 Oll.Mcf. 023, 638 E.C.0m. =30 ..................................................................... ?

Fbofjhd jrg Most. v Gcerdy, Oef., 82 Oll.0m. 333, 68 Oll.Mcf. 0?:, =>0 E.C.0m. :2: .............................................................. ?Flcvcljem @cm. da Cm. v. LjAlcur (:?8=) =:= S.V. 160, 16?-1=>, ?= V.Ft. :0>2, :0:3................................................... :>, 0=

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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda = da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


Mdlljr Vjvoehs @jeg v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, :? Xjll. 008 ................................................................................................................ 1

Cfdediy luiòeh & Bcjtoeh v. S.V., =8> A.0m. 323 (:?80) ............................................................................................... 0=

Clgoes v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 61= S.V. 0>1, 0:2, 2> V.Ft. :=68 :===, = L.Cm.0m :11? (:?1>) ..................................................... :8

Clgoes v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 61= S.V. 0>1, 2> V.Ft. :=68, = L.Cm.0m :11? (:?1>) ...................................................................... :1

Ajuetlcrdy v. Lui, 0:> S.V. 06> , 02 V.Ft. 1=: ...................................................................................................................... 1Alcioeh v. Ecstdr, 616 S.V. 1>6 (:?1>) .................................................................................................................................. 1

Aldrcs v. S.V., 33: A.0m ::1? (F.J.? (Fjl.), :?88)................................................................................................................ :8

Aldrcs v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 33: A.0m ::1?, ::83 (?tb For. :?88) ................................................................................................ :1

Hcdrhoj Mcp't da Buije Pcsdurfcs v Vostrueg, 0=? Hj. 3=6, 0?: V.C.0m. 30= ....................................................................... ?Bjssctt v. Xclfb, 6>6 S.V. 6>6, 20 L.Cm. 232, pp. 6:= - 6:3, (:?62) ............................................................................ :>, 01

Bcoecr v. Mdeeje, 023 S.V. 6:0 (:?60) ................................................................................................................................. 0=

Bclvcroeh v. ]cx-^cee Dol Fd., 6>> S.V. =2:, =?2 (:?68) .................................................................................................... :1Oemojej Vtjtc Ctbofs Fdii'e v Eclsde (Oem Jpp) 131 E.C.0m. ::80 .................................................................................... :>

Kcrscy Foty v Bjhuc, :2 E.K. 32=, ::3 J.0m. 2 ......................................................................................................................... ?

Ljoeh v. S.V., =06 S.V. :1:, ?1 V.Ft. =86 (:?81) .................................................................................................................. :2

Ldeh v. Pjsiussce, 02: A. 061 (:?00) .................................................................................................................................. 06Ijelcy v. Hcdrhoj, 08? S.V. : , 3-1, =? V.Ft. 0:3 ................................................................................................................. 0=

Icrcmotb v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, :6 ^ct. =21, =?6 ............................................................................................................................. 1

Iolwjugcc v. Xbotc, 0?1 S.V. 012 (:?63) ............................................................................................................................... 1Dlistcjm v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 088 S.V. =62, =82 (:?02) ............................................................................................................ :=

^rofc v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 01? S.V. =?0 , =1 V.Ft. :2>.................................................................................................................. 1

Pjolrdjm Pctorcicet @djrm v. Arotz, ==? S.V. :11 (:?2>) ........................................................................................................ 1Vprcfgcls Vuhjr Pcaoeoeh Fd. v. IfFljoe, :?0 S.V. 0?8 (:?>=) ..................................................................................... :>, 03

Vtjtc cx rcl. Ejhlc v Vullovje, ?2 Idet. =03, => ^.0m. ??3, ?? J.L.P. 60: ............................................................................ ?Vtdfgwcll v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, :6 Xjll. 36:, 3=0 ......................................................................................................................... 1

S.V. v. Aldromj-Qjemcr olt Mcvcldpicet Fdrp., M.F.Alz., 601 A.Vupp. 02?, 0?> .................................................................. :6

Seotcm Vtjtcs v @dylje (FJ: Ijss) 2?2 A.0m. 06>, 0? Acm Pulcs Cvom Vcrv :006 ................................................................. ?

Seotcm Vtjtcs v Bdlzcr (FJ8 Oll) 2:1 A.0m. 6>= ....................................................................................................................... ?Seotcm Vtjtcs v Dsscr (FJ6 ^j) 21= A.0m. :>31 ...................................................................................................................... ?

Seotcm Vtjtcs v. Fbji`crloe, 0:? S.V. 03> , 6: V.Ft. :33 ....................................................................................................... 1

Qljemos v. Gloec (:?86) =:0 S.V. ==:, ==?, ?6 V.Ft 006>, 0063 ..................................................................................... :>, 0=

Xcoicrsgorfb v. F. O. P., 3?1 A.0m. 632 (F.J.?, :?8?) .......................................................................................................... :8Xosfdesoe v. ^clofje Oesurjefc Fd., :08 S.V. 013 , 0?0 ......................................................................................................... 1

Xdrlm-Xomc Qdlgwjhce Fdrp. v. Xddmsde, === S.V. 021 (:?2>) ........................................................................................ 03

Dtbcr Jutbdrotocs

: Fbotty de ^lcjmoeh, :06 ......................................................................................................................................................... 116F Jicrofje Kurosprumcefc 0m, û`lof Daaofcrs jem Cipldyccs, §0=8 (:???) ................................................................... :>

@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Adurtb Cmotode, p. :1?6 .................................................................................................................. :3

@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. ::23 ......................................................................................................... :>, ::, 0=

@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. ::?> ..................................................................................................................... 03

@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. :03: ..................................................................................................................... :6@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. 812 ......................................................................................................................... 1

Fdiye's Mohcst (]otlc 'Mctt,' J, ?) ........................................................................................................................................... 1

Mcijem adr Qcroaocm Cvomcefc da Ljwaul Acmcrjl Jsscssicet, Adri #>8.6>= ....................................................................... 8

Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode rjftofcs Jft (AMF^J) ......................................................................................................................... :3

Ajioly Hujrmoje Xc`sotc, ]jxcs pjhc ................................................................................................................................... 0:Acmcrjl Fovol ]rojls jem Cvomcefc, Puttcr Hrdup, pjrjhrjpb 2;=??6, p. 2G-6= ......................................................... :>, 0=, 03

Acmcrjl Ceadrfcicet Jutbdroty Xotboe Vtjtcs da tbc Seode, Adri #>3.>06 .......................................................................... :2Acmcrjl Kurosmoftode, Adri #>3.>:2 ........................................................................................................................................ 0:

Aljwcm ]jx Jrhuicets td Jvdom, Adri #>2.>>=, Vcftode 2.:? ............................................................................................. :6

Adri #>3.>=1 ......................................................................................................................................................................... :3

Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda, Adri #>3.>03 ......................................................................................................................... :=

Oefdic ]jx Xotbbdlmoeh jem Pcpdrtoeh Fdursc, Adri :0.>>=: ........................................................................................... :?Oekury Mcacesc Arjefbosc jem Jhrccicet, Adri #>1.>08 ...................................................................................................... :2

Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Ijeujl (O.P.I.), Vcftode 3.:.::.1.2 .......................................................................................................... 0>

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OPV Adris X-=, X-0, :>=0-V, :>?2, :>?? jem G-: .............................................................................................................. :?

Kjics Ijmosde, ]bc Acmcrjlost Ed. 3: (:822) ....................................................................................................................... :=

Lchjl Mcfcptode, rdpjhjemj, jem Arjum, Adri #>3.>:= ...................................................................................................... 0:

^JSLVCE, C]BOFV (]bolly's trjesljtode), fbjp. ? ............................................................................................................... :=

^rcsuiptode; Fboca Xcjpde adr Seljwaully Celjrhoeh Acmcrjl Kurosmoftode, Adri #>3.>:8 ......................................... :3, 0:Pcjmoehs de tbc Bostdry jem Vystci da tbc Fdiide Ljw, Vcfdem Cmotode, Pdsfdc ^duem, :?03, p. 0 ............................... :=

Pcjsdej`lc @cloca J`dut Oefdic ]jx Lojòloty, Adri #>3.>>8 ................................................................................. ::, 0>, 0:

Pcùttcm vcrsode da tbc OPV pjipblct; “]bc ]rutb J`dut Arovdldus ]jx Jrhuicets’, Adri #>2.>>3 ................................. 0:

Pcquorcicet adr Pcjsdej`lc Edtofc, Adri #>3.>00 .............................................................................................................. ::Pcsohejtode da Fdipcllcm Vdfojl Vcfuroty ]rustcc, Adri #>1.>>0........................................................................................ :?

VCMI Lo`crty Seovcrsoty ...................................................................................................................................................... 0:

Volcefc js j Xcjpde jem j Mcacesc oe Lchjl Mosfdvcry, Adri #>3.>0: ............................................................................... :>Vdvcrcohety Adris jem Oestruftodes Deloec, Adri #:>.>>= ................................................................................................... 0:

]bc ]rjmc dr @usoecss Vfji, Adri #>3.>>: .......................................................................................................................... :?

Xbd jrc ]jxpjycrs jem wbd eccms j ‒]jxpjycr Omcetoaofjtode Eui`cr‟, Adri #>3.>:6...................................................... 0:

Xby mdiofolc jem `cfdioeh j “tjxpjycr’ rcquorc ydur fdescet, Adri #>3.>>0 ................................................................... :?Xby ydu jrc j “ejtodejl’, “stjtc ejtodejl’, jem Fdestotutodejl ùt edt Vtjtutdry Fotozce, Adri #>3.>>1 ............................. :?

_dur Cxflusovc Pohbt td Mcfljrc jem Cstj`losb _dur Fovol Vtjtus, Adri #:6.>>2 ................................................................ :3

_dur Pohbts js j EDE]jxpjycr, Adri #>2.>>2 ................................................................................................................ ?, 0:

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:

Oetrdmuftode:

]bos icidrjemui da ljw sbjll prcsfro`c tbc idst oipdrtjet prdvosodes da ljw fdestrjoeoeh tbc fdllcftode da Oetcrejl Pcvceuc0

tjxcs `y tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Vcrvofc jem tbc ùrmce da prdda oipdscm upde tbc hdvcreicet oe prdfccmoeh ljwaully muroeh6

tbc fdllcftode prdfcss. Ot woll suiijrozc tbcsc prdvosodes oe tbc Fdeflusodes scftode ljtcr. Ot os oetcemcm td `c jttjfbcm td=

fdrrcspdemcefc ydu scem td tbc OPV oe drmcr td rcioem tbci da tbc ùrmce da prdda jem prdvosodes da ljw tbjt tbcy iust3

sjtosay `cadrc tbcy fje cxpcft jey fddpcrjtode ardi ydu.1

0 Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode ^rjftofcs Jft Ijemjtcs Frcmotdr td ]oicly ^rdmufc8

Qcroaocm Cvomcefc da ^rdda da Mc`t2

Xbce j hdvcreicet rcprcscetjtovc scems jey goem da fdllcftode edtofc td j provjtc Jicrofje, tbcy jrc jsscrtoeh tbc cxostcefc?

da j mc`t jem iust icct jll tbc rcquorcicets da ljw pljfcm upde provjtc tborm pjrty mc`t fdllcftdrs. ]bc S.V. Vuprcic Fdurt:>

prcsfro`cm tbjt jll tjx lojòlotocs jrc “mc`ts’ wbce ot sjom; ::

“Cvce oa tbc kumhicet os mccicm td `c fdldrcm `y tbc ejturc da tbc d`lohjtode wbdsc vjlomoty ot cstj`losbcs, jem:0

wc jrc arcc td rc-cxjioec ot, jem, oa wc aoem ot td c jscm de je d`lohjtode pcejl oe fbjrjftcr, td rcausc td ceadrfc:6

ot dutsomc tbc stjtc wbcrc rcemcrcm, scc Xosfdesoe v. ^clofje Oesurjefc Fd., :08 S.V. 013 , 0?0, ct scq. 2 V.Ft.:=

:68>, fdipjrc Ajuetlcrdy v. Lui, 0:> S.V. 06> , 02 V.Ft. 1=:, stoll tbc d`lohjtode td pjy:3

tjxcs os edt pcejl. Ot os j stjtutdry lojòloty, qujso fdetrjftujl oe:1

ejturc, ceadrfcj`lc, oa tbcrc os ed cxflusovc stjtutdry rcicmy,:8

oe tbc fovol fdurts `y tbc fdiide-ljw jftode da mc`t dr:2

oemcòtjtus jssuipsot. Seotcm Vtjtcs v. Fbji`crloe, 0:? S.V. 03> , 6: V.Ft. :337 ^rofc v.:?

Seotcm Vtjtcs, 01? S.V. =?0 , =1 V.Ft. :2>7 Mdlljr Vjvoehs @jeg v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, :? Xjll. 0087 jem scc0>

Vtdfgwcll v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, :6 Xjll. 36:, 3=07 Icrcmotb v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, :6 ^ct. =21, =?6. ]bos wjs tbc rulc0:

cstj`losbcm oe tbc Cehlosb fdurts cadrc tbc Mcfljrjtode da Oemcpcemcefc. Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. Xccgs, @ueùry's00

Cxfb. Pcp. 0067 Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. Kcwcrs jem @jtty, @ueùry's Cxfb. Pcp. 0037 Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. Bjttde,06

@ueùry's Cxfb. Pcp. W0?1 S.V. 012, 080Y 0107 Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. T T, 0 Jes.Pcp. 3327 scc Fdiye's Mohcst0=

(]otlc 'Mctt,' J, ?)7 : Fbotty de ^lcjmoeh, :067 fa. Jttdrecy Hcecrjl v. Vcwcll, = I.&X. 88 . “03

WIolwjugcc v. Xbotc, 0?1 S.V. 012 (:?63)Y01

]bc lchjl moftodejry mcaoecs “oemcòtjtus jssuipsot’ js adlldws; 08

“ Oemcòtjtus jssuipsot. Ljt. @coeh oemc`tcm, bc prdioscm dr uemcrtddg. ]bjt adri da tbc jftode da jssuipsot oe02

wbofb tbc mcfljrjtode jllchcs j mc`t dr d`lohjtode td `c muc ardi tbc mcacemjet, jem tbce jvcrs tbjt, oe0?

fdesomcrjtode tbcrcda, bc prdioscm td pjy dr mosfbjrhc tbc sjic.’ 6>

W@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. 812Y6:

Edtofc tbc pbrjsc “oe fdesomcrjtode tbcrcda’, wbofb oiplocs tbjt tbc pjrty wbd vdluetjroly jffcptcm sdic hdvcreicet cecaot60

jhrccm td pjy adr tbjt `cecaot. ]bos os j rcsult da tbc fdiide ljw, wbofb sjys tbjt j pcrsde jffcpts j `cecaot jhrccs td jll66

d`lohjtodes jrosoeh ardi tbc jffcptjefc da tbjt `cecaot. ]bos fdiide ljw rcquorcicet os fdmoaocm oe Fjloadreoj fovol ljw js6=

adlldws;63

Fjloadreoj Fovol Fdmc61

Vcftode :32? 68

62

:32?. J vdluetjry jffcptjefc da tbc `cecaot da j trjesjftode os cquovjlcet td j fdescet td jll tbc d`lohjtodes6?

jrosoeh ardi ot, sd ajr js tbc ajfts jrc gedwe, dr duhbt td `c gedwe, td tbc pcrsde jffcptoeh.=>

Bdwcvcr, tbc S.V. Vuprcic Fdurt bjs jfgedwlcmhcm tbjt tbc Vdfojl Vcfuroty systci mdcs edt fdetrjftujlly d`lohjtc tbc=:

hdvcreicet td prdvomc tbc `cecaot tbjt os tbc su`kcft da tbc jhrccicet dr fdetrjft. Vcc Alcioeh v. Ecstdr, 616 S.V. 1>6=0

(:?1>)7 Pjolrdjm Pctorcicet @djrm v. Arotz, ==? S.V. :11 (:?2>). Oa tbc `cecaots jrc edt fdetrjftujl, tbce cqujl prdtcft da da=6

tbc ljw rcquorcs tbjt tbc pjyicet adr tbc `cecaots os edt fdetrjftujl cotbcr. Vcc Adurtccetb Jicemicet, Vcftode : jem =0==

S.V.F. §:?2:.=3

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Oe rcfdheotode da tjxcs js “mc`ts’, tbc adlldwoeh prdvosodes da ljw rcquorc tbjt tbc OPV d`cy tbc Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode rjftofcs:

Jft (AMF^J) oe rcspcft td tbc tjx fdllcftode prdfcss.0

:. ]bc Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode rjftofcs Jft, :3 S.V.F. Fbjptcr =:, Vu`fbjptcr Q, jvjolj`lc jt;6

bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc:3/usfTsupT>:T:3T:>T=:T0>TQ.btil =

0. OPV Pcstrufturoeh jem Pcadri Jft da :??2, ::0 Vtjt. 128, Vcftode 6=11. Vcc;3

bttp;//ajihujrmoje.drh/û`lofjtodes/OPVPPJ?2/OPVPPJ?2.bti 1

6. 01 S.V.F. §16>= mcsfro`cs tbc oiplofjtodes da tbc Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode rjftofcs Jft upde tbc fdemuft da OPV Cipldyccs.8

]bc prdvosode da tbc AMF^J wbofb rchuljtcs prdmuftode da vcroaocm prdda da lojòloty os aduem oe :3 S.V.F. §:1?0h, wbofb2

stjtcs oe pcrtoecet pjrt;?

]O]LC :3 5 FBJ^]CP =: 5 VS@FBJ^]CP Q 5 § :1?0h:>

§ :1?0h. Qjlomjtode da mc`ts ::

(j) Edtofc da mc`t7 fdetcets:0

Xotboe aovc mjys jatcr tbc oeotojl fdiiueofjtode wotb j fdesuicr oe fdeecftode wotb tbc fdllcftode da jey mc`t, j:6

mc`t fdllcftdr sbjll, uelcss tbc adlldwoeh oeadrijtode os fdetjoecm oe tbc oeotojl fdiiueofjtode dr tbc fdesuicr:=

bjs pjom tbc mc`t, scem tbc fdesuicr j wrottce edtofc fdetjoeoeh ” :3

(:) tbc jiduet da tbc mc`t7:1

(0) tbc ejic da tbc frcmotdr td wbdi tbc mc`t os dwcm7:8

(6) j stjtcicet tbjt uelcss tbc fdesuicr, wotboe tborty mjys jatcr rcfcopt da tbc edtofc, mosputcs tbc vjlomoty da tbc:2

mc`t, dr jey pdrtode tbcrcda, tbc mc`t woll `c jssuicm td `c vjlom `y tbc mc`t fdllcftdr7:?

(=) j stjtcicet tbjt oa tbc fdesuicr edtoaocs tbc mc`t fdllcftdr oe wrotoeh wotboe tbc tborty-mjy pcrodm tbjt tbc mc`t,0>

dr jey pdrtode tbcrcda, os mosputcm, tbc mc`t fdllcftdr woll d`tjoe vcroaofjtode da tbc mc`t dr j fdpy da j kumhicet0:

jhjoest tbc fdesuicr jem j fdpy da sufb vcroaofjtode dr kumhicet woll `c ijolcm td tbc fdesuicr `y tbc mc`t00

fdllcftdr7 jem06

(3) j stjtcicet tbjt, upde tbc fdesuicr‟s wrottce rcqucst wotboe tbc tbort y-mjy pcrodm, tbc mc`t fdllcftdr woll0=

prdvomc tbc fdesuicr wotb tbc ejic jem jmmrcss da tbc drohoejl frcmotdr, oa moaacrcet ardi tbc furrcet frcmotdr.03

(`) Mosputcm mc`ts01

Oa tbc fdesuicr edtoaocs tbc mc`t fdllcftdr oe wrotoeh wotboe tbc tborty-mjy pcrodm mcsfro`cm oe su`scftode (j) da08

tbos scftode tbjt tbc mc`t, dr jey pdrtode tbcrcda, os mosputcm, dr tbjt tbc fdesuicr rcqucsts tbc ejic jem jmmrcss02

da tbc drohoejl frcmotdr, tbc mc`t fdllcftdr sbjll fcjsc fdllcftode da tbc mc`t, dr jey mosputcm pdrtode tbcrcda, uetol0?

tbc mc`t fdllcftdr d`tjoes vcroaofjtode da tbc mc`t dr j fdpy da j kumhicet, dr tbc ejic jem jmmrcss da tbc drohoejl6>

frcmotdr, jem j fdpy da sufb vcroaofjtode dr kumhicet, dr ejic jem jmmrcss da tbc drohoejl frcmotdr, os ijolcm td6:

tbc fdesuicr `y tbc mc`t fdllcftdr.60

(f) Jmiossode da lojòloty66

]bc ajolurc da j fdesuicr td mosputc tbc vjlomoty da j mc`t uemcr tbos scftode ijy edt `c fdestrucm `y jey fdurt6=

js je jmiossode da lojòloty y tbc fdesuicr.63

WVDSPFC; bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc:3/usfTscfT:3T>>>>:1?0---h>>>-.btilY 61

:3 S.V.F. §:1?0h( `) j`dvc rcquorcs tbjt tbc frcmotdr iust, wotboe 6> mjys da j wrottce rcqucst, supply vcroaocm cvomcefc da68tbc mc`t. Oe tbc fjsc da Oetcrejl Pcvceuc tjxcs dr stjtc oefdic tjxcs, tbc dely jmiosso`lc cvomcefc os j vcroaocm jsscssicet62

sohecm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury `y je jsscssicet daaofcr js rcquorcm `y 01 S.V.F. §1>13 jem 01 F.A.P. §6>:.10>6-:. Adr j6?

adri uscaul oe rcqucstoeh sufb vcroaocm cvomcefc, scc tbc adlldwoeh;=>

Mcijem adr Qcroaocm Cvomcefc da Ljwaul Acmcrjl Jsscssicet, Adri #>8.6>=

bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

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http://famguardian.org/Publications/IRSRRA98/IRSRRA98.htm


http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sec_26_00006304----000-.html


http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode15/usc_sec_15_00001692---g000-.html



http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode15/usc_sup_01_15.html


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6 Lchjl Pcquorcicets Spde @urmce da ^rdda:

Oe jey jmioeostrjtovc prdfccmoeh sufb js tjx fdllcftode, tbc idvoeh pjrty bjs tbc ùrmce da prdvoeh bos pdsotode usoeh fdurt-0

jmiosso`lc cvomcefc. ]bos rcquorcicet os mcsfro`cm oe tbc Jmioeostrjtovc ^rdfcmurcs Jft, 3 S.V.F. §331(m) js adlldws;6

]O]LC 3 5 ^JP] O 5 FBJ^]CP 3 5 VS@FBJ^]CP OO 5 § 331=

§ 331. Bcjroehs7 prcsomoeh cipldyccs7 pdwcrs jem mutocs7 urmce da prdda7 cvomcefc7 rcfdrm js jsos da3

mcfosode 1

(m) Cxfcpt js dtbcrwosc prdvomcm `y stjtutc, tbc prdpdecet da j rulc dr drmcr bjs tbc ùrmce da prdda. Jey drjl8

dr mdfuicetjry cvomcefc ijy c rcfcovcm, ut tbc jhcefy js j ijttcr da pdlofy sbjll prdvomc adr tbc cxflusode da2

orrclcvjet, oiijtcrojl, dr uemuly rcpctotodus cvomcefc. J sjeftode ijy edt `c oipdscm dr rulc dr drmcr ossucm?

cxfcpt de fdesomcrjtode da tbc wbdlc rcfdrm dr tbdsc pjrts tbcrcda fotcm `y j pjrty jem suppdrtcm `y jem oe:>

jffdrmjefc wotb tbc rcloj`lc, prd`jtovc, jem su`stjetojl cvomcefc. ]bc jhcefy ijy, td tbc cxtcet fdesostcet wotb::

tbc oetcrcsts da kustofc jem tbc pdlofy da tbc uemcrlyoeh stjtutcs jmioeostcrcm `y tbc jhcefy, fdesomcr j vodljtode:0

da scftode 338 (m) da tbos totlc suaaofocet hrduems adr j mcfosode jmvcrsc td j pjrty wbd bjs gedwoehly fdiiottcm:6

sufb vodljtode dr gedwoehly fjuscm sufb vodljtode td dffur. J pjrty os cetotlcm td prcscet bos fjsc dr mcacesc `y:=

drjl dr mdfuicetjry cvomcefc, td suìot rcùttjl cvomcefc, jem td fdemuft sufb frdss-cxjioejtode js ijy `c:3

rcquorcm adr j aull jem truc mosfldsurc da tbc ajfts. Oe rulc ijgoeh dr mctcrioeoeh fljois adr idecy dr cecaots dr:1

jpplofjtodes adr oeotojl lofcescs je jhcefy ijy, wbce j pjrty woll edt `c prckumofcm tbcrc`y, jmdpt prdfcmurcs:8

adr tbc suìossode da jll dr pjrt da tbc cvomcefc oe wrottce adri.:2

WVDSPFC; bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc>3/usfTscfT>3T>>>>>331---->>>-.btilY :?

]bc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc mcsfro`cs tbos sjic ùrmce da prdda `cldw.0>

]O]LC 01 5 Vu`totlc A 5 FBJ^]CP 81 5 Vu`fbjptcr C 5 § 8=?:0:

§ 8=?:. @urmce da prdda 00

(j) @urmce sboats wbcrc tjxpjycr prdmufcs frcmo`lc cvomcefc06

(:) Hcecrjl rulc0=

Oa, oe jey fdurt prdfccmoeh, j tjxpjycr oetrdmufcs frcmo`lc cvomcefc wotb rcspcft td jey ajftujl ossuc03

rclcvjet td jsfcrtjoeoeh tbc lojòloty da tbc tjxpjycr adr jey tjx oipdscm `y su`totlc J dr @, tbc Vcfrctjry01

sbjll bjvc tbc urmce da prdda wotb rcspcft td sufb ossuc. 08

(0) Loiotjtodes02

^jrjhrjpb (:) sbjll jpply wotb rcspcft td je ossuc dely oa -0?

(J) tbc tjxpjycr bjs fdiplocm wotb tbc rcquorcicets uemcr tbos totlc td su`stjetojtc jey otci76>

(@) tbc tjxpjycr bjs ijoetjoecm jll rcfdrms rcquorcm uemcr tbos totlc jem bjs fddpcrjtcm wotb rcjsdej`lc6:

rcqucsts y tbc Vcfrctjry adr wotecsscs, oeadrijtode, mdfuicets, icctoehs, jem oetcrvocws7 jem60

(F) oe tbc fjsc da j pjrtecrsbop, fdrpdrjtode, dr trust, tbc tjxpjycr os mcsfro`cm oe scftode66

8=6>(f)(=)(J)(oo). Vu`pjrjhrjpb (F) sbjll edt jpply td jey qujloaocm rcvdfj`lc trust6=

(js mcaoecm oe scftode 1=3(`)(:)) wotb rcspcft td lojòloty adr63

tjx adr jey tjxj`lc ycjr cemoeh jatcr tbc mjtc da tbc mcfcmcet's61

mcjtb jem cadrc tbc jpplofj`lc mjtc (js mcaoecm oe scftode68

1=3(`)(0)).62

(6) Fddrmoejtode6?

^jrjhrjpb (:) sbjll edt jpply td jey ossuc oa jey dtbcr=>

prdvosode da tbos totlc prdvomcs adr j spcfoaof urmce da prdda=:

wotb rcspcft td sufb ossuc.=0

(`) Ssc da stjtostofjl oeadrijtode de uercljtcm tjxpjycrs=6

Oe tbc fjsc da je oemovomujl tjxpjycr , tbc Vcfrctjry sbjll bjvc tbc ùrmce da prdda oe jey fdurt prdfccmoeh wotb==

rcspcft td jey otci da oefdic wbofb wjs rcfdestruftcm `y tbc Vcfrctjry sdlcly tbrduhb tbc usc da stjtostofjl=3

oeadrijtode de uercljtcm tjxpjycrs.=1

(f) cejltocs=8

Edtwotbstjemoeh jey dtbcr prdvosode da tbos totlc, tbc Vcfrctjry sbjll bjvc tbc ùrmce da prdmuftode oe jey fdurt=2

prdfccmoeh wotb rcspcft td tbc lojòloty da jey oemovomujl adr jey pcejlty, jmmotode td tjx, dr jmmotodejl jiduet=?

oipdscm y tbos totlc.3>

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http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode05/usc_sup_01_5_10_I_30_5_40_II.html







http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode05/usc_sec_05_00000557----000-.html#d






http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sup_01_26_10_F.html



http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sup_01_26_10_F_20_76.html



http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sup_01_26_10_F_20_76_30_E.html





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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda ? da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


WVDSPFC; bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc01/usfTscfT01T>>>>8=?:---->>>-.btilY :

Edtc tbjt Vcftode 8=?: cstj`losbcs tbc ùrmce da prdda DEL_ oe tbc fjsc da “tjxpjycrs’ jem ED] td jll pcrsdes dr cvce td0

“edetjxpjycrs’. Idst “edetjxpjycrs’ jrc edercsomcets, jem stjtutdry ljw fjeedt oipdsc jey lchjl rcquorcicet upde6

“edercsomcet pcrsdes’. =

"Kumhc Vtdry, oe bos trcjtosc de tbc Fdealofts da Ljws, ljys mdwe, js tbc `jsos upde wbofb jll rcjsdeoehs de tbc3

ljw da fdioty iust ecfcssjroly rcst, tbc adlldwoeh ijxois; Aorst 'tbjt cvcry ejtode pdsscsscs je cxflusovc1

sdvcrcohety jem kurosmoftode wotboe ots dwe tcrrotdry'7 scfdemly, ' tbjt ed stjtc dr ejtode fje `y ots ljws morcftly8

jaacft dr òem prdpcrty dut da ots dwe tcrrotdry, dr òem pcrsdes edt rcsomcet tbcrcoe, wbctbcr tbcy jrc ejturjl2

`dre su`kcfts dr dtbcrs.' ]bc lcjrecm kumhc tbce jmms; 'Ardi tbcsc twd ijxois dr prdpdsotodes tbcrc adlldws j?

tborm, jem tbjt os tbjt wbjtcvcr adrfc jem d`lohjtode tbc ljws da dec fduetry bjvc oe jedtbcr mcpcem sdlcly upde:>

tbc ljws jem iueofopjl rchuljtode da tbc ljttcr7 tbjt os td sjy, upde ots dwe prdpcr kurosmoftode jem pdloty, jem::

upde ots dwe cxprcss dr tjfot fdescet." Vtdry de Fdealoft da Ljws §06.":0

W@jltoidrc & Dbod Pjolrdjm Fd. v. Fbji`crs, 86 Dbod.Vt. :1, 81 E.C. ?:, :: L.P.J., E.V., :>:0 (:?>3)Y:6

_du woll jlsd edtc tbjt tbc acmcrjl hdvcreicet cekdys ed lchosljtovc kurosmoftode wotboe jey stjtc da tbc Seode, jem tbjt tbc:=

Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc qujloaocs js “lchosljtode’ wotboe tbc icjeoeh da tbc adlldwoeh S.V. Vuprcic Fdurt ruloeh; :3

“Ot os ed ldehcr dpce td qucstode tbjt tbc hcecrjl hdvcreicet, uelogc tbc stjtcs , Bjiicr v. Mjhcebjrt , 0=8 S.V.:1

03:, 083 , 62 V.Ft. 30?, 6 J.L.P. 1=?, Jee.Fjs.:?:2C 80=, pdsscsscs ed oebcrcet pdwcr oe rcspcft da tbc oetcrejl:8

jaajors da tbc stjtcs7 jem cipbjtofjlly edt wotb rchjrm td lchosljtode.“:2

WFjrtcr v. Fjrtcr Fdjl Fd., 0?2 S.V. 062 , 31 V.Ft. 233 (:?61)Y:?

]bc prdfcss da prdvoeh lojòloty iust fdeadri td tbc adlldwoeh scqucefc.0>

:. Oa tbc pjrty fljois dr jfquocsfcs td `coeh fjllcm j “tjxpjycr’, tbce jey prdvosode da tbc O.P.F. ijy `c jpplocm jhjoest0:

boi dr bcr. Vcc;00

_dur Pohbts js j EDE]jxpjycr, Adri #>2.>>2 bttp;//scmi.drh/Lo`crtyS/[email protected]

0. Oa tbc tjrhct da tbc hdvcreicet jftode mceocs uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury tbjt bc os j “tjxpjycr’ jem oestcjm fljois td `c j06

“edetjxpjycr’, tbce ed prdvosode da jey pjrt da tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc ijy `c jpplocm jhjoest boi uetol ot os prdvce0=

jmioeostrjtovcly wotb fdurt jmiosso`lc cvomcefc y tbc hdvcreicet tbjt bc os j “tjxpjycr’ su`kcft td tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc03

Fdmc js mcsfro`cm oe 01 S.V.F. §§88>:(j)(:=) jem :6:6. ]bc dely cxfcptode td tbos rulc os “pu`lof daaofcrs’ wdrgoeh adr01

tbc hdvcreicet.08

6. Volcefc oe rcspdemoeh td cvomcefc prcscetcm da ollchjl jftovotocs td j pu`lof daaofojl dr j ajolurc `y tbc pu`lof daaofojl td02

mcey hovcs rosc td j pcriosso`lc jem “jmvcrsc oeacrcefc’ jhjoest tbc pu`lof scrvjet wbd bjs cce prcscetcm wotb cvomcefc0?

da bos dwe vodljtodes da ljw. ]bjt jmvcrsc oeacrcefc os j adri da cvomcefc. Hdvcreicet ci pldyccs jrc “pu`lof daaofcrs’6>

jem trustccs da tbc pcdplc. Js sufb, tbcy dwc j aomufojry muty td tbc pu`lof jt ljrhc.6:

“ Js cxprcsscm dtbcrwosc, tbc pdwcrs mclchjtcm td j pu`lof daaofcr jrc bclm oe trust adr tbc pcdplc jem jrc td `c60

cxcrfoscm oe `cbjla da tbc hdvcreicet dr da jll fotozces wbd ijy eccm tbc oetcrvcetode da tbc daaofcr. : 66

Aurtbcridrc, tbc vocw bjs cce cxprcsscm tbjt jll pu lof daaofcrs, wotboe wbjtcvcr `rjefb jem wbjtcvcr lcvcl6=

da hdvcreicet, jem wbjtcvcr `c tbcor provjtc vdfjtodes, jrc trustccs da tbc pcdplc, jem jffdrmoehly lj dr uemcr63

cvcry mosjòloty jem prdboòtode oipdscm y ljw upde trustccs rcljtovc td tbc ijgoeh da pcrsdejl aoejefojl hjoe61

ardi j mosfbjrhc da tbcor trusts. 0 ]bjt os, j pu`lof daaofcr dffupocs j aomufojry rcljtodesbop td tbc pdlotofjl68

cetoty de wbdsc `cbjla bc dr sbc scrvcs. 6 jem dwcs j aomufojry muty td tbc pu`lof. = Ot bjs cce sjom tbjt tbc62

aomufojry rcspdesoòlotocs da j pu`lof daaofcr fjeedt `c lcss tbje tbdsc da j provjtc oemovomujl. 3 Aurtbcridrc,6?

: Vtjtc cx rcl. Ejhlc v Vullovje, ?2 Idet. =03, => ^.0m. ??3, ?? J.L.P. 60:7 Kcrscy Foty v Bjhuc, :2 E.K. 32=, ::3 J.0m. 2.

0 Hcdrhoj Mcp't da Buije Pcsdurfcs v Vostrueg, 0=? Hj. 3=6, 0?: V.C.0m. 30=. J pu`lof daaofojl os bclm oe pu`lof trust. Ijmlcecr v Aoelcy (:st Most) :1:

Oll.Jpp.6m. 8?1, ::6 Oll.Mcf. 8:0, 3:3 E.C.0m. 1?8, jpp hr ::8 Oll.Mcf. 001, 30> E.C.0m. 628 jem rcvm de dtbcr hrduems :02 Oll.0m. :=8, :6: Oll.Mcf. :=3,362 E.C.0m. 30>.

6 Fbofjhd jrg Most. v Gcerdy, Oef., 82 Oll.0m. 333, 68 Oll.Mcf. 0?:, =>0 E.C.0m. :2:, jppcjl jatcr rcijem (:st Most) :>8 Oll.Jpp.6m. 000, 16 Oll.Mcf. :6=, =68

E.C.0m. 826.

= Seotcm Vtjtcs v Bdlzcr (FJ8 Oll) 2:1 A.0m. 6>= jem vjfjtcm, rcijemcm de dtbcr hrduems =2= S.V. 2>8, ?2 L.Cm.0m. :2, :>2 V.Ft. 36, de rcijem (FJ8

Oll) 2=> A.0m. :6=6, fcrt mce =21 S.V. :>63, :>> L.Cm.0m. 1>2, :>2 V.Ft. 0>00 jem (frotofozcm de dtbcr hrduems y Seotcm Vtjtcs v Dsscr (FJ6 ^j) 21=

A.0m. :>31) jem (supcrscmcm y stjtutc de dtbcr hrduems js stjtcm oe Seotcm Vtjtcs v Lottlc (FJ3 Ioss) 22? A.0m. :618) jem (jideh fdealoftoeh jutbdrotocs

de dtbcr hrduems edtcm oe Seotcm Vtjtcs v @dylje (FJ: Ijss) 2?2 A.0m. 06>, 0? Acm Pulcs Cvom Vcrv :006).

3 Fbofjhd cx rcl. Fdbce v Gcjec, 1= Oll.0m. 33?, 0 Oll.Mcf. 023, 638 E.C.0m. =30, ljtcr prdfccmoeh (:st Most) :>3 Oll.Jpp.6m. 0?2, 1: Oll.Mcf. :80, =6= E.C.0m.603.

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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda :> da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


ot bjs `cce stjtcm tbjt jey cetcrprosc uemcrtjgce `y tbc pu`lof daaofojl wbofb tcems td wcjgce pu`lof fdeaomcefc:

jem uemcrioec tbc scesc da scfuroty adr oemovomujl rohbts os jhjoest pu`lof pdlofy.1 ’ 0

W16F Jicrofje Kurosprumcefc 0m, u`lof Daaofcrs jem Cipldyccs, §0=8 (:???)Y6

]bc aomufojry muty da “pu`lof daaofcrs’ os fdiplctcly oefdipjto`lc wotb jem oefdesostcet wotb solcefc oe rcspdemoeh td=

fljois `y j ici`cr da tbc pu`lof tbjt spcfoaof cipldyccs dr jhcefocs jrc vodljtoeh tbc ljw. Vcc scftode 8;3

Volcefc js j Xcjpde jem j Mcacesc oe Lchjl Mosfdvcry, Adri #>3.>0:bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

=.

]bc `cecaot da tbc mdu`t os jlwjys oe ajvdr da tbc pcrsde jhjoest wbdi tbc tjx os td `c ljom dr fdllcftcm.1

“Gccpoeh oe ioem tbc wcll -scttlcm rulc tbjt tbc fotozce os cxcipt ardi tjxjtode uelcss tbc sjic os oipdscm `y8

flcjr jem uecquovdfjl ljehujhc, jem tbjt wbcrc tbc fdestruftode da j tjx ljw os mdu`taul, tbc mdu`t os td `c2

rcsdlvcm oe ajvdr da tbdsc upde wbdi tbc tjx os sduhbt td `c ljom .’?

WVprcfgcls Vuhjr Pcaoeoeh Fd. v. IfFljoe, :?0 S.V. 0?8 (:?>=)Y:>

"Oe vocw da dtbcr scttlcm rulcs da stjtutdry fdestruftode, wbofb tcjfb tbjt j ljw os prcsuicm, oe tbc j`scefc da::

flcjr cxprcssode td tbc fdetrjry, td dpcrjtc prdspcftovcly7 tbjt, oa mdu`t cxosts js td tbc fdestruftode da j tjxoeh:0

stjtutc, tbc mdu`t sbdulm `c rcsdlvcm oe ajvdr da tbc tjxpjycr...":6

WBjssctt v. Xclfb., 6>6 SV 6>6 , pp. 6:= - 6:3, 20 L.Cm. 232. (:?62)Y:=

3. Jey prcsceticet `y cotbcr pjrty tbjt os edt spcfoaofjlly mceocm os jmiottcm jem mcajultcm td, pursujet td Acmcrjl Pulc da:3

Fovol rdfcmurc 2( `)(1). Vcc;:1

bttp;//www.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/rulcs/arfp/Pulc2.bti :8

1.

Jll prcsuiptodes wbofb iohbt prckumofc fdestotutodejlly prdtcftcm rohbts jrc oipcriosso`lc jem uefdestotutodejl jem:2

ijy edt ljwaully `c ijmc, edr jmiottcm js cvomcefc oe jey trojl `cadrc jey fdurt;:?

(:) W2;=??6Y Fdeflusovc prcsuiptodes jaacftoeh prdtcftcm oetcrcsts; J fdeflusovc prcsuiptode ijy `c mcacjtcm0>

wbcrc ots jpplofjtode wdulm oipjor j pjrty's fdestotutodejlly-prdtcftcm lo`crty dr prdpcrty oetcrcsts. Oe sufb0:

fjscs, fdeflusovc prcsuiptodes bjvc `cce bclm td vodljtc j pjrty's muc prdfcss jem cqujl prdtcftode00

rohbts. WQljemos v. Gloec (:?86) =:0 S.V. ==: , ==?, ?6 V.Ft 006>, 00637 Flcvcljem @cm. da Cm. v. LjAlcur (:?8=)06

=:= S.V. 160 , 16?-1=>, ?= V.Ft. :0>2, :0:3-prcsuiptode uemcr Olloedos ljw tbjt ueijrrocm ajtbcrs jrc ueaot0=

vodljtcs prdfcssY03

WAcmcrjl Fovol ]rojls jem Cvomcefc, Puttcr Hrdup, pjrjhrjpb 2;=??6, p. 2G-6=Y 01

8. Oa ljw os tbc sdurfc da cvomcefc td `c jmiottcm, tbce pursujet td : S.V.F. §0>=, ot os jmiosso`lc js cvomcefc oa cejftcm08

oetd pdsotovc ljw. Oa tbc stjtutc os edt cejftcm oetd pdsotovc ljw, sufb js tbc cetorc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc, tbce ot cfdics02

“proij ajfoc cvomcefc’, wbofb os “prcsuicm td c ljw, cxflusovcly jpplofj`lc td tbc Mostroft da Fdluiòj’. Vcc 02 S.V.F.0?

§:611. Voefc prcsuiptodes tbjt prckumofc fdestotutodejlly prdtcftcm rohbts jrc uefdestotutodejl, tbce cjfb prdvosode dr6>

oemovomujl stjtutc fotcm js jutbdroty `y tbc idvoeh pjrty mdiofolcm oe j stjtc da tbc Seode jem prdtcftcm `y tbc6:

Fdestotutode iust oemovomujlly `c mcidestrjtcm td `c pdsotovc ljw usoeh qudtcs ardi tbc Vtjtutcs Jt Ljrhc. Ajolurc `y60

tbc idvoeh pjrty dr tbc Fdurt td adlldw tbos prdvosode fdestotutcs j vodljtode da muc prdfcss da ljw jem tbc usc csscetojlly66

da “prcsuiptode’ js j su`stotutc adr ljwaul cvomcefc. 6=

“J prcsuiptode os edt cvomcefc. J prcsuiptode os cotbcr fdeflusovc dr rcùttj`lc. Cvcry rcùttj`lc prcsuiptode63

os cotbcr (j) j prcsuiptode jaacftoeh tbc urmce da prdmufoeh cvomcefc dr (`) j prcsuiptode jaacftoeh tbc urmce61

da prdda. Fjloa.Cvom.Fdmc, §1>>.’ 68

W@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. ::23Y62

= Jmiosso`lc Cvomcefc da Fljoi6?

]bc Acmcrjl Pulcs da Cvomcefc prcsfro`c tbc rulcs td c jpplocm tdwjrms cvomcefc wbofb tbc idvoeh pjrty prcscets td prdvc=>

tbcor fljoi. Idst adris da cvomcefc tbjt iohbt c prcscetcm jrc usujlly cxflumo lc uemcr tbc Bcjrsjy Pulc, Acmcrjl Pulc da=:

Cvomcefc 2>0. Jll cvomcefc wbofb os jmiottcm oetd cvomcefc oe cstj`losboeh j lojòloty dr dec‟s stjtus js j “tjxpjycr’ iust=0

sjtosay tbc adlldwoeh frotcroj;=6

:. Cvomcefc iust `c jutbcetofjtcm wotb cotbcr j pcrkury stjtcicet dr j tcstoideojl djtb.==

0. Cvomcefc iust fdic ardi sdicdec wbd bjs pcrsdejl gedwlcmhc da tbc ajfts oe qucstode.=3

6. Cvomcefc iust `c fdesostcet jem fdipjto`lc wotb jll da tbc Acmcrjl Pulcs da Cvomcefc.=1

1 Oemojej Vtjtc Ctbofs Fdii'e v Eclsde (Oem Jpp) 131 E.C.0m. ::80, rcb hr (Oem Jpp) 13? E.C.0m. 01>, rcb mce (Kje 0=, :??1) jem trjesacr mce (Ijy 02,:??1).

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http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/Rule8.htm











http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/CitesByTopic/Presumption-RPG-Federal.pdf










http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/index.html



http://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/fre/rules.htm#Rule802



















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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda :: da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


=. Cvomcefc iust `c prdmufcm fdiplctcly fdesostcet wotb tbc cetorc fdetcet da tbc OPV Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Ijeujl. ]bc OPV:

Pcstrufturoeh jem Pcadri Jft da :??2, ::0 Vtjt. 123, Vcftode ::>0 jem 01 S.V.F. §82::(j)(6) `dtb rcquorc tbjt tbc0

Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Ijeujl iust c adlldwcm oe jll fjscs, jem tbjt tbc ]jxpjycr Jmvdfjtc iust fdestruc cvcry sotujtode td6

tbc `cecaot da tbc “tjxpjycr’ wbcrc ot bjs edt `cce adlldwcm.=

3. Cvomcefc iust fdic ardi je ueòjscm wotecss wbd bjs ed aoejefojl oetcrcst oe tbc dutfdic da tbc prdfccmoeh. ]bos3

icjes tbjt oa ot rcljtcs td j tjx ijttcr, ot sbdulm fdic ardi j tborm pjrty wbdsc pjy jem `cecaots md edt mcrovc cotbcr1

morcftly dr oemorcftly ardi tbc tjx oe qucstode. Muc prdfcss da ljw ijemjtcs je oipjrtojl mcfosode ijgcr jem oipjrtojl8

wotecsscs.2

1.

Jey mdfuicet edt sohecm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury dr wotb tcstoidey uemcr djtb, os cxflumo`lc uemcr tbc Bcjrsjy Pulc,?

Acmcrjl Pulc da Cvomcefc 2>0. :>

8. Cvomcefc ijy edt fdestotutc j prcsuiptode. ^rcsuiptodes jrc edt jmiosso`lc js cvomcefc.::

“ J prcsuiptode os edt cvomcefc. J prcsuiptode os cotbcr fdeflusovc dr rcùttj`lc. Cvcry rcùttj`lc prcsuiptode:0

os cotbcr (j) j prcsuiptode jaacftoeh tbc urmce da prdmufoeh cvomcefc dr (`) j prcsuiptode jaacftoeh tbc urmce:6

da prdda. Fjloa.Cvom.Fdmc, §1>>.’ :=

W@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. ::23Y:3

2. Cvomcefc ijy edt fdestotutc j rclohodus `cloca dr dpoeode, `cfjusc tbcsc jrc cxflumcm pursujet td Acmcrjl Pulc da:1

Cvomcefc 1:>. :8

?. Oa tbc ajft coeh cstj`losbcm os wbctbcr tbc pjrty “wollaully vodljtcm j gedwe lchjl rcquorcicet’, jlsd fjllcm “wollaulecss’, :2

tbce tbc dely `jsos adr rcjsdej`lc `cloca j`dut dec‟s tjx lojòloty os; :. ]bc ruloehs da tbc Vuprcic Fdurt jem edt ldwcr:?

fdurts7 0. ]bc Vtjtutcs jt Ljrhc jatcr Kjeujry 0, :?6?7 6. ]bc Fdestotutode da tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs7 =. Dely tbdsc prdvosodes0>

wotboe tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc wbofb jrc prdvcm oemovomujlly td c “pdsotovc ljw’ jem edt “proij ajfoc’ dr “prcsuicm’0:

ljw jpplofj`lc cxflusovcly td tbc Mostroft da Fdluiòj. Vcc tbc adlldwoeh adr prdda da tbos;00

Pcjsdej`lc @cloca J`dut Oefdic ]jx Lojòloty, Adri #>3.>>8


:>. Vtjtutcs wotbdut oiplcicetoeh rchuljtodes ijy `c fotcm morcftly js cvomcefc da j muty dr d`lohjtode dely oe tbc fjsc da06

pcrsdes spcfoaofjlly cxciptcm ardi tbc rcquorcicet adr oiplcicetoeh rchuljtodes jppcjroeh oe == S.V.F. §:3>3(j) jem0=

3 S.V.F. §336(j). J pcrsde mdiofolcm oe j stjtc da tbc Seode wbd os edt j ici`cr da tbcsc spcfoaofjlly cxciptcm hrdups03

ijy fdeflumc tbjt bc bjs j lchjl lojòloty uemcr j stjtutc dely oe tbc fjsc wbcrc je oiplcicetoeh rchuljtode pu`losbcm oe01

tbc Acmcrjl Pchostcr omcetoaocs boi spcfoaofjlly js tbc prdpcr jumocefc adr tbjt stjtutc. ]bc spcfoaofjlly cxciptcm hrdups08

omcetoaocm j`dvc oeflumc;02

:>.:. Ici`crs da tbc iolotjry. 3 S.V.F. §336(j)(:).0?

:>.0. Adrcohe jaajors aueftode da tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs. 3 S.V.F. §336(j)(:).6>

:>.6. J ijttcr rcljtoeh td jhcefy ijejhcicet dr pcrsdeecl dr td pu`lof prdpcrty, ldjes, hrjets, `cecaots, dr fdetrjfts. 36:

S.V.F. §336(j)(:).60

:>.=. Acmcrjl jhcefocs. == S.V.F. §:3>3(j)(:).66

:>.3. ^crsdes oe tbcor fjpjfoty js daaofcrs, jhcets, dr cipldyccs da acmcrjl jhcefocs. == S.V.F. §:3>3(j)(:).6=

ûrsujet td == S.V.F. §:3>3(j) jem 3 S.V.F. §336(j), ed ljw ijy `c ceadrfcm dr prcsfro`c j pcejlty jhjoest j pcrsde63

mdiofolcm oe j stjtc da tbc Seode wbd os edt oevdlvcm oe dec da tbc j`dvc jftovotocs. ]bos prdvosode prccipts jey61

ceadrfcicet da tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc jhjoest jeydec oe stjtcs da tbc Seode edt j ici`cr da tbc j`dvc cxciptcm68

hrdups, wbofb os ecjrly cvcrydec. ]bos os fdeaoricm `y 01 F.A.P. §1>:.8>0(j)(0)(oo) jem 3 S.V.F. §330(j).62

]O]LC 3 5 ^JP] O 5 FBJ^]CP 3 5 VS@FBJ^]CP OO 5 § 3306?

§ 330. u`lof oeadrijtode7 jhcefy rulcs, dpoeodes, drmcrs, rcfdrms, jem prdfccmoehs =>

(j)(:)=:

Cxfcpt td tbc cxtcet tbjt j pcrsde bjs jftujl jem toicly edtofc da tbc tcris tbcrcda, j pcrsde ijy edt oe jey=0

ijeecr `c rcquorcm td rcsdrt td, dr `c jmvcrscly jaacftcm `y, j ijttcr rcquorcm td `c pu`losbcm oe tbc Acmcrjl=6

Pchostcr jem edt sd pu`losbcm. Adr tbc purpdsc da tbos pjrjhrjpb, ijttcr rcjsdej`ly jvjolj`lc td tbc fljss da==

pcrsdes jaacftcm tbcrc`y os mccicm pu`losbcm oe tbc Acmcrjl Pchostcr wbce oefdrpdrjtcm `y rcacrcefc tbcrcoe=3

wotb tbc jpprdvjl da tbc Morcftdr da tbc Acmcrjl Pchostcr.=1

Adr aurtbcr mctjols de tbc j`dvc rcquorcicet adr “rcjsdej`lc edtofc’, scc; =8

Pcquorcicet adr Pcjsdej`lc Edtofc, Adri #>3.>00


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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda :0 da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


::. Iust `c fdesomcrcm oe lohbt da fdetrjmoftdry cvomcefc suìottcm wbofb rcùts ot. Adr oestjefc, oa tbc OPV os rcfcopt da je:

oeadrijtode rcture mdfuicetoeh “trjmc dr usoecss’ cjreoehs oe fdeadrijefc wotb 01 S.V.F. §1>=: jem tbc pjrty wbd os0

tbc su`kcft da tbc rcture rcùts tbos cvomcefc wotb j fdrrcftcm oeadrijtode rcture sohecm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury, tbce6

tbc drohoejl uevcroaocm oeadrijtode rctures jrc ed ldehcr jmiosso`lc `cfjusc supcrscmcm `y cvomcefc da hrcjtcr wcohbt.=

]bc drohoejl oeadrijtode rctures jrc edt sohecm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury jem tbc fdrrcftode os. ]bcrcadrc, tbc oeadrijtode3

rctures bjvc `cce muly rcùttcm jem ijy edt `c fdesomcrcm oe mctcrioeoeh lojòloty. Vcc tbc adlldwoeh adr oeadrijtode1

de tbc prdpcr usc, suìossode, jem prdfcssoeh da oeadrijtode rctures;8

bttp;//scmi.drh/Lo`crtyS/XotbehJemPpteh.pma 2

Oe rchjrms td tbc jmiossoòloty da cvomcefc, 01 S.V.F. §1>13 cstj`losbcs tbjt jll mdfuicets frcjtcm uemcr tbc jutbdroty da tbc?

Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc iust `c sohecm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury, wbofb sbdulm ijgc tbci jmiosso`lc js cvomcefc.:>

Seadrtuejtcly, acmcrjl fdurts bjvc mcprovcm Jicrofjes oe stjtcs da tbc Seode da cqujl prdtcftode da tbc ljws y jpplyoeh tbos::

prdvosode td tbci wbolc cxflumoeh tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Vcrvofc ardi tbos prdvosode da ljw.:0

]O]LC 01 5 Vu`totlc A 5 FBJ^]CP 1: 5 Vu`fbjptcr J 5 ^JP] OQ 5 § 1>13:6

§ 1>13. Qcroaofjtode da rctures :=

Cxfcpt js dtbcrwosc prdvomcm `y tbc Vcfrctjry, jey rcture, mcfljrjtode, stjtcicet, dr dtbcr mdfuicet rcquorcm:3

td `c ijmc uemcr jey prdvosode da tbc oetcrejl rcvceuc ljws dr rchuljtodes sbjll fdetjoe dr `c vcroaocm `y j:1

wrottce mcfljrjtode tbjt ot os ijmc uemcr tbc pcejltocs da pcrkury. :8

Edtofc tbc j`dvc prdvosode mdcs ED] cxprcssly cxflumc mcfljrjtodes, stjtcicets, dr mdfuicets prcpjrcm `y OPV cipldyccs:2

ardi ots rcquorcicets. Cqujl prdtcftode da tbc ljws ijemjtcm `y Vcftode : da tbc Adurtccetb Jicemicet aurtbcridrc:?

rcquorcs tbjt tbc sjic prdvosodes sbjll `c jpplocm td cvcrydec;0>

]O]LC =0 5 FBJ^]CP 0: 5 VS@FBJ^]CP O 5 Vcf. :?2:. 0:

Vcf. :?2:. - Cqujl rohbts uemcr tbc ljw 00

(j) Vtjtcicet da cqujl rohbts06

Jll pcrsdes wotboe tbc kurosmoftode da tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs sbjll bjvc tbc sjic rohbt oe cvcry Vtjtc jem ]crrotdry td0=

ijgc jem ceadrfc fdetrjfts, td suc, `c pjrtocs, hovc cvomcefc, jem td tbc aull jem cqujl `cecaot da jll ljws jem03

prdfccmoehs adr tbc scfuroty da pcrsdes jem prdpcrty js os cekdycm `y wbotc fotozces, sbjll `c su`kcft td logc01

pueosbicet, pjoes, pcejltocs, tjxcs, lofcescs, jem cxjftodes da cvcry goem, jem td ed dtbcr.08

3

Vcvcrc ^cejltocs adr Ajlsc Fljois02

]bc Ajlsc Fljois Jft, 6: S.V.F. §680?, jutbdrozcs jey pcrsde jwjrc da j ajlsc fljoi prcscetcm td dr y jey provjtc Jicrofje0?

dr jey acmcrjl cipldycc td suc adr mjijhcs oe tbc ejic da tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs da Jicrofj. ]d wot;6>

]O]LC 6: 5 VS@]O]LC OOO 5 FBJ^]CP 68 5 VS@FBJ^]CP OOO 5 § 680?6:

§ 680?. Ajlsc fljois 60

(j) Lojòloty adr Fcrtjoe Jfts. ” Jey pcrsde wbd ” 66

(:) gedwoehly prcscets, dr fjuscs td c prcscetcm, td je daaofcr dr cipldycc da tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs Hdvcreicet6=

dr j ici`cr da tbc Jricm Adrfcs da tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs j ajlsc dr arjumulcet fljoi adr pjyicet dr jpprdvjl763

(0) gedwoehly ijgcs, uscs, dr fjuscs td `c ijmc dr uscm, j ajlsc rcfdrm dr stjtcicet td hct j ajlsc dr61

arjumulcet fljoi pjom dr jpprdvcm `y tbc Hdvcreicet768

(6) fdesporcs td mcarjum tbc Hdvcreicet y hcttoeh j ajlsc dr arjumulcet fljoi jlldwcm dr pjom762

(=) bjs pdsscssode, fustdmy, dr fdetrdl da prdpcrty dr idecy uscm, dr td `c uscm, `y tbc Hdvcreicet jem,6?

oetcemoeh td mcarjum tbc Hdvcreicet dr wollaully td fdefcjl tbc prdpcrty, mclovcrs, dr fjuscs td c mclovcrcm,=>

lcss prdpcrty tbje tbc jiduet adr wbofb tbc pcrsde rcfcovcs j fcrtoaofjtc dr rcfcopt7=:

(3) jutbdrozcm td ijgc dr mclovcr j mdfuicet fcrtoayoeh rcfcopt da prdpcrty uscm, dr td `c uscm, `y tbc=0

Hdvcreicet jem, oetcemoeh td mcarjum tbc Hdvcreicet, ijgcs dr mclovcrs tbc rcfcopt wotbdut fdiplctcly=6

gedwoeh tbjt tbc oeadrijtode de tbc rcfcopt os truc7==

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http://sedm.org/LibertyU/WithngAndRptng.pdf













http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sup_01_26_10_F_20_61_30_A.html



http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode26/usc_sup_01_26_10_F_20_61_30_A_40_IV.html





http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/index.html

http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch21.html



http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch21schI.html










http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode31/usc_sup_01_31_08_III.html



http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode31/usc_sup_01_31_08_III_10_37.html



http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode31/usc_sup_01_31_08_III_10_37_20_III.html














http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/index.html










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(1) gedwoehly ùys, dr rcfcovcs js j plcmhc da je d`lohjtode dr mc`t, pu`lof prdpcrty ardi je daaofcr dr:

cipldycc da tbc Hdvcreicet, dr j ici`cr da tbc Jricm Adrfcs, wbd ljwaully ijy edt scll dr plcmhc tbc0

prdpcrty7 dr6

(8) gedwoehly ijgcs, uscs, dr fjuscs td `c ijmc dr uscm, j ajlsc rcfdrm dr stjtcicet td fdefcjl, jvdom, dr=

mcfrcjsc je d`lohjtode td pjy dr trjesiot idecy dr prdpcrty td tbc Hdvcreicet,3

os loj`lc td tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs Hdvcreicet adr j fovol pcejlty da edt lcss tbje $3,>>> jem edt idrc tbje1

$:>,>>>, plus 6 toics tbc jiduet da mjijhcs wbofb tbc Hdvcreicet sustjoes `cfjusc da tbc jft da tbjt8

pcrsde, cxfcpt tbjt oa tbc fdurt aoems tbjt ” 2

(J) tbc pcrsde fdiiottoeh tbc vodljtode da tbos su`scftode aureosbcm daaofojls da tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs?

rcspdeso`lc adr oevcstohjtoeh ajlsc fljois vodljtodes wotb jll oeadrijtode gedwe td sufb pcrsde j`dut:>

tbc vodljtode wotboe 6> mjys jatcr tbc mjtc de wbofb tbc mcacemjet aorst d`tjoecm tbc oeadrijtode7::

(@) sufb pcrsde aully fddpcrjtcm wotb jey Hdvcreicet oevcstohjtode da sufb vodljtode7 jem:0

(F) jt tbc toic sufb pcrsde aureosbcm tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs wotb tbc oeadrijtode j`dut tbc vodljtode, ed:6

froioejl prdscfutode, fovol jftode, dr jmioeostrjtovc jftode bjm fdiicefcm uemcr tbos totlc wotb:=

rcspcft td sufb vodljtode, jem tbc pcrsde mom edt bjvc jftujl gedwlcmhc da tbc cxostcefc da je:3

oevcstohjtode oetd sufb vodljtode7:1

tbc fdurt ijy jsscss edt lcss tbje 0 toics tbc jiduet da mjijhcs wbofb tbc Hdvcreicet sustjoes `cfjusc da tbc:8

jft da tbc pcrsde. J pcrsde vodljtoeh tbos su`scftode sbjll jlsd `c loj`lc td tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs Hdvcreicet adr tbc:2

fdsts da j fovol jftode `rduhbt td rcfdvcr jey sufb pcejlty dr mjijhcs.:?

WVDSPFC; bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc01/usfTscfT01T>>>>8=0:---->>>-.btilY 0>

Je OPV cipldycc wbd ijgcs j ajlsc tjx fdllcftode fljoi jhjoest jeydec os pcrsdejlly loj`lc uemcr tbc j`dvc prdvosodes da0:

ljw adr up td ]BPCC ]OICV jem edt lcss tbje ]XD ]OICV tbc jiduet da tbc ajlsc fljoi. ]bc j`dvc prdvosode da ljw jlsd00

jutbdrozcs jey tborm pjrty td `roeh tbc suot oe tbc ejic da tbc “Seotcm Vtjtcs da Jicrofj’ js j “quo tji’ jftode. 06

Zuo tji jftode. Ljt. “Zuo tji’ os j``rcvojtode da Ljtoe pbrjsc “quo tji prd mdioed rch cquji prd so opsd oe0=

bjf pjrtc scquotur’ icjeoeh “Xbd sucs de `cbjla da tbc Goeh js wcll js adr boiscla.’ Ot os je jftode `rduhbt `y03

je oeadricr, uemcr stjtutc wbofb cstj`losbcs j pcejlty adr tbc fdiiossode dr diossode da j fcrtjoe jft, jem01

prdvomcs tbjt tbc sjic sbjll `c rcfdvcrj`lc oe j fovol jftode, pjrt da tbc pcejlty td hd td jey pcrsde wbd woll08

`roeh sufb jftode jem tbc rcijoemcr td tbc stjtc dr sdic dtbcr oestotutode. Ot os fjllcm j “quo tji jftode’ cfjusc02

tbc pljoetoaa stjtcs tbjt bc sucs js wcll adr tbc stjtc js adr boiscla. S.V. v. Aldromj-Qjemcròlt Mcvcldpicet Fdrp.,0?

M.F.Alz., 601 A.Vupp. 02?, 0?>. Vcc jlsd Ajlsc Fljois Jft7 Xbostlc-`ldwcr Jfts.6>

W@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. :03:Y6:

Oe jmmotode td pcejltocs uemcr tbc Ajlsc Fljois Jft, OPV cipldyccs jem supcrvosdr fje jlsd `c prdscfutcm pursujet td;60

:. 01 S.V.F. §8=66 oe tbc fjsc da “tjxpjycrs’ dely. Vcc; 66

bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc01/usfTscfT01T>>>>8=66---->>>-.btil 6=

0. OPV Pcstrufturoeh jem Pcadri Jft da :??2, ::0 Vtjt. 80>, Vcftode :0>6 oe tbc fjsc da j “tjxpjycr’. Vcc; 63

bttp;//ajihujrmoje.drh/û`lofjtodes/OPVPPJ?2/OPVPPJ?2.bti 61

]bc j`dvc prdvosodes da ljw md edt prdvomc j stjtutdry rcicmy adr “edetjxpjycrs’, jem tbcrcadrc tbdsc pcrsdes woll eccm td68

suc uemcr cquoty rjtbcr tbje ljw js “edetjxpjycrs’. Oe jmmotode, stjtutdry rcicmocs adr cxtdrtode, mceojl da rohbts, ctf. jppcjr62

oe ]otlcs :2 jem =0 da Seotcm Vtjtcs Fdmc.6?

1

Pcùttcm Ajlsc Jrhuicets J`dut ]bos Mdfuicet=>

1.: @urmce da ^rdda os de ydu, edt tbc hdvcreicet, td prdvc ydu jrc j “edetjxpjycr’ jem=:

“edt loj`lc’8 =0

8 Vdurfc; Aljwcm ]jx Jrhuicets td Jvdom , Adri #>2.>>=, Vcftode 2.:?7 bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti.

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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda := da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


Ajlsc Jrhuicet; ]bdsc wosboeh td fbjllcehc ollchjl tjx ceadrfcicet jftodes jhjoest “edetjxpjycrs’ bjvc tbc ùrmce da

prdvoeh tbjt tbcy jrc “edetjxpjycrs’ jem “edt loj`lc’. ]bc hdvcreicet mdcse‟t bjvc td prdvc jeytboeh.

Fdrrcftcm Jltcrejtovc Jrhuicet; ]bc oeedfcet uetol prdvce huolty ijxoi da Jicrofje Kurosprumcefc rcquorcs tbjt ydu

jrc oeedfcet uetol prdvce huolty. ]bc lchjl cquovjlcet da “oeedfcet’ os tbjt da j “edetjxpjycr’ wbd os ED] su`kcftrjtbcr tbje stjtutdroty “cxcipt’. ]bc hdvcreicet tbcrcadrc bjs tbc ùrmce da prdvoeh oe fdurt tbjt ydu FDEVCE]CM

td @CFDIC j stjtutdry “tjxpjycr’ jem bjm tbc lchjl fjpjfoty td fdescet `cadrc ot ijy ]PCJ] ydu js j stjtutdry

“tjxpjycr’. Dtbcrwosc, OEKSV]OFC, omcetoty tbcat, oevdluetjry scrvotumc, jem ]BCA] rcsults ardi ollchjl ceadrfcicetsjhjoest tbdsc wbd jrc edt su`kcft.

Aurtbcr oeadrijtode;

:. Hdvcreicet Omcetoty ]bcat , Adri #>3.>=1-tbc froioejl fdescqucefcs da adrfoeh _DS td bjvc tbc ùrmce da prdda

tbjt ydu jrc ED] j “fustdicr’ da hdvcreicet bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

0. Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda , Adri #>3.>03.


Hdvcreicet‟s AOPV] muty os td prdtcft ydur rohbt td `c LCA] JLDEC. ]bjt rohbt @CHOEV wotb `coeh LCA] JLDEC jem:

edt `cfdioeh tbc tjrhct da ceadrfcicet jftodes oa ydu jrc edt j “fustdicr’ da hdvcreicet arjefbosc dr fovol stjtutdry0

prdtcftode.6

"]bc ijgcrs da dur Fdestotutode uemcrtddg td scfurc fdemotodes ajvdrj`lc td tbc pursuot da bjppoecss. ]bcy=

rcfdheozcm tbc soheoaofjefc da ije's sporotujl ejturc, da bos accloehs jem da bos oetcllcft. ]bcy gecw tbjt dely j3

pjrt da tbc pjoe, plcjsurc jem sjtosajftodes da loac jrc td `c aduem oe ijtcrojl tboehs. ]bcy sduhbt td prdtcft1

Jicrofjes oe tbcor `clocas, tbcor tbduhbts, tbcor cidtodes jem tbcor scesjtodes. ]bcy fdeacrrcm, js jhjoest tbc8

Hdvcreicet, tbc rohbt td `c lct jldec - tbc idst fdiprcbcesovc da rohbts jem tbc rohbt idst vjlucm `y fovolozcm2

ice."?

WDlistcjm v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 088 S.V. =62, =82 (:?02) (@rjemcos, K., mosscetoeh)7 scc jlsd Xjsboehtde v. Bjrpcr,:>

=?= S.V. 0:> (:??>)Y::

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT:0

^JSLVCE, C]BOFV (]bolly's trjesljtode), fbjp. ?.:6

“ Kustofc, js j idrjl bjòt, os tbjt tcemcefy da tbc woll jem idmc da fdemuft wbofb rcarjoes ardi mosturòeh tbc:=

lovcs jem oetcrcsts da dtbcrs, jem, js ajr js pdsso`lc, boemcrs sufb oetcracrcefc de tbc pjrt da dtbcrs. ]bos vortuc:3

sproehs ardi tbc oemovomujl's rcspcft adr bos aclldws js cems oe tbcisclvcs jem js bos fd cqujls. ]bc moaacrcet:1

spbcrcs da oetcrcsts ijy `c rduhbly fljssoaocm js adlldws; `dmy jem loac7 tbc ajioly, dr tbc cxtcemcm oemovomujl:8

loac7 prdpcrty, dr tbc tdtjloty da tbc oestruicets da jftode7 bdedr, dr tbc omcjl cxostcefc7 jem aoejlly arccmdi, dr:2

tbc pdssoòloty da ajsbodeoeh dec's loac js je cem oe otscla. ]bc ljw mcacems tbcsc moaacrcet spbcrcs, tbus hovoeh rosc:?

td j fdrrcspdemoeh eui`cr da spbcrcs da rohbts, cjfb `coeh prdtcftcm `y j prdboòtode. . . . ]d vodljtc tbc rohbts,0>

td oetcracrc wotb tbc oetcrcsts da dtbcrs, os oekustofc. Jll oekustofc os ultoijtcly morcftcm jhjoest tbc loac da tbc0:

ecohb`dr7 ot os je dpce jvdwjl tbjt tbc ljttcr os edt je cem oe otscla, bjvoeh tbc sjic vjluc js tbc oemovomujl's dwe00

loac. ]bc hcecrjl adriulj da tbc muty da kustofc ijy tbcrcadrc `c stjtcm js adlldws; Md ed wrdeh ydurscla, jem06

pcriot ed wrdeh td c mdec, sd ajr js locs oe ydur pdwcr7 dr, cxprcsscm pdsotovcly; Pcspcft jem prdtcft tbc rohbt.’ 0=

WPcjmoehs de tbc Bostdry jem Vystci da tbc Fdiide Ljw, Vcfdem Cmotode, Pdsfdc duem, :?03, p. 0Y03

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT01

" Kustofc os tbc cem da hdvcreicet. Ot os tbc cem da fovol sdfocty. Ot cvcr bjs `cce, jem cvcr woll `c pursucm, uetol08

ot c d`tjoecm, dr uetol lo`crty c ldst oe tbc pursuot."02

WKjics Ijmosde, ]bc Acmcrjlost Ed. 3: (:822)Y0?

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT6>

“Md edt strovc wotb Wdr try td rchuljtc dr fdetrdl dr cesljvcY j ije wotbdut fjusc, oa bc bjs mdec ydu ed bjri.’6:

W^rdv. 6;6>, @o`lc, EGKQY60

Oe dtbcr wdrms, ydu bjvc j rohbt td `c trcjtcm js j “ede-fustdicr’ da hdvcreicet fovol stjtutdry arjefbosc prdtcftode dr66

ceadrfcicet uelcss jem uetol tbc HDQCPEICE] prdvcs ydu fdescetcm td `cfdic j fustdicr jem tbjt ydu bjm tbc ljwaul6=

jutbdroty jem fjpjfoty td fdescet jem tbcrcadrc jlocejtc j rohbt oe rcljtode td tbci. ]bos os fdesostcet wotb tbc Mcfljrjtode da63

Oemcpcemcefc, wbofb sjys tbjt ydur rohbts jrc OEFJ^J@LC da `coeh jlocejtcm jem tbjt jll KSV] pdwcrs da hdvcreicet61

mcrovc ardi tbc FDEVCE] da tbc hdvcrecm. Jeytboeh edt trjfcj`lc MOPCF]L_ td CR^PCVV fdescet os tbcrcadrc oebcrcetly68

SEKSV], JEM tbjt fdescet fjeedt jlocejtc jey fdestotutodejl rohbt oe pljfcs wbcrc tbc fdestotutode jpplocs;62

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“Xc bdlm tbcsc trutbs td `c scla -cvomcet, tbjt jll ice jrc frcjtcm cqujl, tbjt tbcy jrc cemdwcm y tbcor Frcjtdr:

wotb fcrtjoe uejlocej`lc Pohbts , tbjt jideh tbcsc jrc Loac, Lo`crty jem tbc pursuot da Bjppoecss.--]bjt td scfurc0

tbcsc rohbts, Hdvcreicets jrc oestotutcm jideh Ice, mcrovoeh tbcor kust pdwcrs ardi tbc fdescet da tbc hdvcrecm,6

-“ =

WMcfljrjtode da OemcpcemcefcY3

“Sejlocej`lc. Oejlocej`lc7 oefjpj`lc da `coeh jlocecm, tbjt os, sdlm jem trjesacrrcm.’ 1

W@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Adurtb Cmotode, p. :1?6Y8

Oijhoec adr j idicet jey provjtc ùsoecss tbjt;2

:. Dely bjm dec prdmuft. Oe tbc fjsc da hdvcreicet, tbjt wdulm `c “prdtcftode’. ?

0. Fdulm fbjrhc wbjtcvcr ot wjets adr ots scrvofcs. ]bcrc jrc ed fdestotutodejl loiots de tbc tjx rjtc.:>

6. Xbce ydu fdic oetd tbcor stdrc td sohe up adr tbc scrvofc, adrfcs ydu td ùy CQCP_]BOEH tbcy scll `cadrc ydu fje::

lcjvc tbc stdrc. Xbce ydu sohe up adr j mrovcr lofcesc, tbcy;:0

6.:. Jfquorc tbc rohbt td ^PCVSIC tbjt ydu jrc j “rcsomcet’ adr JLL fovol purpdscs. :6

6.0. ^rcsuic tbjt ydu jrc su`kcft td JLL fovol stjtutdry arjefboscs tbcy daacr.:=

6.6. Adrfc ydu td sohe up adr Vdfojl Vcfur oty oe drmcr td d`tjoe je VVE td put de tbc jpplofjtode. Jem oa ydu mde‟t:3

bjvc dec, tbcy rcquorc ydu td hct j edtc ardi tbc VVJ sjyoeh tbjt ydu jrc ED] cloho`lc.:1

6.=. Adrfc ydu td `cfdic j “tjxpjycr’ jem j pu`lof daaofcr. Vdfojl Vcfuroty Eui`crs fje dely `c uscm `y pu`lof:8

daaofcrs de daaofojl ùsoecss. Oa ydu usc dec, ydu jrc ^PCVSICM td `c j pu`lof daaofcr jem tbc su`kcft da tbc:2

û`lof Vjljry ]jx Jft tbjt stjrtcm tbc idmcre oefdic tjx oe :?6?.:?

=.

Bjm j stjtc sjeftodecm idedpdly de tbc mclovcry da tbjt prdmuft, oe vodljtode da tbc Vbcrije Jeto-]rust Jft.0>3. Ijmc ot j FPOIC td OI^CPVDEJ]C j fustdicr ùt rcauscm td prdscfutc tbc froic. Jll “tjxpjycrs’ jrc pu`lof0:

daaofcrs, jem ot‟s j froic td oipcrsdejtc j pu lof daaofcr. :2 S.V.F. §?:0. ]bjt froic os fdiiottcm @OLLODEV da00

toics j ycjr `y idst Jicrofjes.06

1. Xjs jlldwcm td ^PCVSIC tbjt cvcrydec os j fustdicr, wbctbcr tbcy fdescetcm dr edt. ]bjt fustdicr oe tbos fjsc os0=

fjllcm j “fotozce’ dr j “rcsomcet’. Jll prcsuiptodes tbjt vodljtc ydur fdestotutodejl rohbts jrc j vodljtode da tbc muc03

prdfcss fljusc da tbc Aoatb Jicemicet. Vcc;01

1.:. ^rcsuiptode; Fboca Xcjpde adr Seljwaully Celjrhoeh Acmcrjl Kurosmoftode, Adri #>3.>:808

bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti02

1.0. _dur Cxflusovc Pohbt td Mcfljrc jem Cstj`losb _dur Fovol Vtjtus, Adri #:6.>>20?

bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti 6>

8. Xjs jlldwcm td oipdsc JE_ MS]_ tbcy wjet oe fdeecftode wotb @COEH j “fustdicr’, oe VÔ]C da tbc ajft tbjt `dtb6:

pu`lof jem provjtc oevdluetjry scrvotumc jem sljvcry os j FPOIC adròmmce `y tbc ]bortccetb Jicemicet.60

2. Pcquorcm ydu td prdvc tbjt ydu jrc ED] j “fustdicr’ @CADPC tbcy bjvc je d`lohjtode td lcjvc ydu jldec. Oe66

prjftofc ot os ecxt td OI^DVVO@LC td prdvc j echjtovc, wbofb jutdijtofjlly pljfcs ydu jrc j scvcrc mosjmvjetjhc.6=

?. Xjs jlldwcm td ijgc jll “fustdicrs’ oetd ots dwe “cipldyccs’ jem daaofcrs, datce wotbdut tbcor gedwlcmhc. ]bos os63

mdec `y pljyoeh wdrm hjics oe tbc fustdicr fdetrjft dr fdipjft. Vcc;61

Xby Vtjtutdry Fovol Ljw os Ljw adr Hdvcreicet jem Edt ^rovjtc ^crsdes, Adri #>3.>68


:>. Pcquorcm ydu td sjtosay tbc cetorc cipldyicet jhrccicet fjllcm tbc “fovol fdmc’, wbofb os j arjefbosc provolchc,68

@CADPC ydu fdulm j`jemde tbc fdetrjftujl d`lohjtodes da `coeh j “fustdicr’ jem tbcrcadrc “cipldycc’ dr “daaofcr’.62

]bos os fjllcm “cxbjustoeh jmioeostrjtovc rcicmocs cadrc pursuoeh j fovol stjtutdry kumofojl rcicmy’. 6?

]bc hdvcreicet‟s fdrrupt ceadrfcicet prjftofcs mde‟t pjss tbc “sicll tcst’. Jey provjtc ùsoecss tbjt dpcrjtcm upde tbc=>

j`dvc prcioscs wdulm `c quofgly prdscfutcm adr tbc adlldwoeh daacescs;=:

:. Omcetoty tbcat. Vcc Adri #>3.>=1.=0

0.

Hrjem tbcat.=6

6. Oevdluetjry scrvotumc oe vodljtode da tbc ]bortccetb Jicemicet.==

=. Qodljtode da tbc Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode rjftofcs Jft (AMF^J).=3

3. Froioejl stjlgoeh. ]bcy wdulm `c drmcrcm wotb j rcstrjoeoeh drmcr td stjy jwjy.=1

Xby mdcse‟t tbc HDQCPEICE] prdscfutc otscla adr tbc j`dvc daacescs oe tbc fdetcxt da tbc wjy ot mdcs tjx jem fovol=8

ceadrfcicet4 Oa ]otlcs da Edòloty jrc adròmmce jem wc jrc JLL cqujl jffdrmoeh td tbc Fdestotutode jem tbc Vuprcic Fdurt,=2

tbce wbjt hovcs jey hdvcreicet tbc rohbt td md tbc j`dvc wotbdut _DS `coeh j`lc td md ot td tbci4=?

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Oe jll fovol dr lchjl jftodes, tbc idvoeh pjrty jlwjys bjs tbc urmce da prdda. ]bos os rcalcftcm oe tbc Jmioeostrjtovc prdfcmurcs:

Jft;0

]O]LC 3 5 ^JP] O 5 FBJ^]CP 3 5 VS@FBJ^]CP OO 5 § 3316

§ 331. Bcjroehs7 prcsomoeh cipldyccs7 pdwcrs jem mutocs7 urmce da prdda7 cvomcefc7 rcfdrm js jsos da=

mcfosode 3

(m) Cxfcpt js dtbcrwosc prdvomcm `y stjtutc, tbc prdpdecet da j rulc dr drmcr bjs tbc ùrmce da prdda . Jey drjl1


orrclcvjet, oiijtcrojl, dr uemuly rcpctotodus cvomcefc. J sjeftode ijy edt `c oipdscm dr rulc dr drmcr ossucm2

cxfcpt de fdesomcrjtode da tbc wbdlc rcfdrm dr tbdsc pjrts tbcrcda fotcm `y j pjrty jem suppdrtcm `y jem oe?

jffdrmjefc wotb tbc rcloj`lc, prd`jtovc, jem su`stjetojl cvomcefc. ]bc jhcefy ijy, td tbc cxtcet fdesostcet wotb:>

tbc oetcrcsts da kustofc jem tbc pdlofy da tbc uemcrlyoeh stjtutcs jmioeostcrcm `y tbc jhcefy, fdesomcr j vodljtode::

da scftode 338 (m) da tbos totlc suaaofocet hrduems adr j mcfosode jmvcrsc td j pjrty wbd bjs gedwoehly fdiiottcm:0

sufb vodljtode dr gedwoehly fjuscm sufb vodljtode td dffur. J pjrty os cetotlcm td prcscet bos fjsc dr mcacesc `y:6

drjl dr mdfuicetjry cvomcefc, td suìot rcùttjl cvomcefc, jem td fdemuft sufb frdss-cxjioejtode js ijy `c:=

rcquorcm adr j aull jem truc mosfldsurc da tbc ajfts. Oe rulc ijgoeh dr mctcrioeoeh fljois adr idecy dr cecaots dr:3

jpplofjtodes adr oeotojl lofcescs je jhcefy ijy, wbce j pjrty woll edt `c prckumofcm tbcrc`y, jmdpt prdfcmurcs:1

adr tbc suìossode da jll dr pjrt da tbc cvomcefc oe wrottce adri.:8

WVDSPFC; bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc>3/usfTscfT>3T>>>>>331---->>>-.btilY :2

Oe jey jem jll tjx dr fovol ceadrfcicet jftode oestotutcm jhjoest ydu `y tbc hdvcreicet, tbc HDQCPEICE] os tbc idvoeh:?

pjrty jsscrtoeh ydu bjvc je d`lohjtode jem usujlly, tbjt ydu ajolcm td aulaoll tbjt fovol d`lohjtode. ]bjt d`lohjtode, oe ture,0>

mcrovcs usujlly ardi j fovol arjefbosc da sdic goem tbjt jttjfbcs td j fovol prcrcquosotc stjtu s sufb js “fotozce’, “rcsomcet’,0:

“tjxpjycr’, “spdusc’, ctf. Oa ydu ecvcr fdescetcm td tbc spcfoaof fovol stjtus tbjt os tbc tjrhct da tbc fovol ceadrfcicet, tbce00

oe caacft ydu jrc tbc voftoi da OEKSV]OFC. ]bc purpdsc da tbc fdurts os td ^PCQCE] oekustofc, edt td prdtcft tbc hdvcreicet06

ijaoj ardi tbc fdescqucefcs da tbc OEKSV]OFC ot oipdscs upde dtbcrs. ]bjt‟s wby kumhcs jrc fjllcm “kustofcs’. 0=

@cldw os wbjt sdic fdurts bjvc sjom j`dut tbc oipdssoòloty da prdvoeh j echjtovc, icjeoeh prdvoeh tbjt ydu jrc ED] j03

“tjxpjycr’, “fotozce’, “rcsomcet’, ctf. ]bcy icetode “tjxpjycrs’, ùt tbc rcquorcicet d`vodusly jlsd pcrtjoes td tbdsc wbd01

jrc ED] “tjxpjycrs’ jem wbd tbcrcadrc jrc tbc tjrhct da ollchjl ceadrfcicet. 08

“]bc tjxpjycrs wcrc cetotlcm td gedw tbc `jsos da ljw jem ajft de wbofb tbc Fdiiossodecr sduhbt td sustjoe tbc02

mcaofocefocs.’ 0?

WBclvcroeh v. ]cx-^cee Dol Fd., 6>> S.V. =2:, =?2 (:?68)Y6>

“... ]jx lojòloty os j fdemotode prcfcmcet td tbc mcijem. Icrcly mcijemoeh pjyicet, cvce rcpcjtcmly, mdcs edt6:

fjusc lojòloty.’60

W@dtbgc v. ]crry, 8:6 A.0m :=>3, :=:= (:?26)Y66

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT6=

“O e Kjeos, suprj, tbc Vuprcic Fdurt mcfomcm tbjt tbc cxflusodejry rulc mom edt prcvcet tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc63

Vcrvofc (OPV) ardi usoeh ollchjlly-scozcm cvomcefc js tbc jsos ardi wbofb td cxtrjpdljtc j tjxpjycr's uercpdrtcm61

oefdic ardi wjhcroeh jftovotocs. ^rodr td jmmrcssoeh tbc cxflusodejry qucstode, tbc Fdurt stjtcm tbjt oa tbc68

ollchjlly-scozcm cvomcefc fdulm edt c uscm, tbce tbc rcsult wdulm c;62

"j 'ejgcm' jsscssicet wotbdut Jey aduemjtode wbjtsdcvcr . . . . ]bc mctcrioejtode da tjx muc tbce ijy `c dec6?

'wotbdut rjtodejl aduemjtode jem cxfcssovc,' jem edt prdpcrly su`kcft td tbc usujl rulc wotb rcspcft td tbc ùrmce=>

da prdda oe tjx fjscs." (fotjtodes jem addtedtcs diottcm)=:

=02 S.V. jt ==:, ?1 V.Ft. jt 6>01. ]bc Fdurt edtcm tbjt tbcrc wjs jppjrcetly sdic fdealoft `ctwcce tbc Acmcrjl=0

Fdurts da Jppcjls js td tbc ùrmce da prdda oe tjx fjscs, jem tbce wcet de td ijgc tbcsc d`scrvjtodes;=6

"Bdwcvcr tbjt ijy c, tbc mc`jtc mdcs edt cxtcem td tbc sotujtode wbcrc tbc jsscssicet os sbdwe td c ejgcm jem==

wotbdut Jey aduemjtode.=3

"Fcrtjoely, prdda tbjt je jsscssicet os uttcrly wotbdut aduemjtode os prdda tbjt ot os jròtrjry jem crrdecdus."=1

=02 S.V. jt ==0, ?1 V.Ft. jt 6>01. Xbolc tbc qudtcm ljehujhc ijy edt bjvc `cce mospdsotovc da tbc ossuc mcfomcm=8

oe Kjeos, suprj, ot fcrtjoely os j strdeh oemofjtode tbjt tbc Fdiiossodecr iust daacr sdic aduemjtodejl suppdrt=2

adr tbc mcaofocefy mctcrioejtode `cadrc tbc prcsuiptode da fdrrcftecss jttjfbcs td ot. Jatcr jll, js tbc Fdurt=?

d`scrvcm oe Clgoes v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 61= S.V. 0>1 , 2> V.Ft. :=68 , = L.Cm.0m :11? (:?1>) , ". . . js j prjftofjl ijttcr3>

ot os ecvcr cjsy td prdvc j echjtovc . . . ." 61= S.V. jt 0:2, 2> V.Ft. jt :===. Vcc jlsd Aldrcs v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 33:3:

A.0m ::1? , ::83 (?tb For. :?88).30

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J ]jx Fdurt mcfosode aoemoeh uercpdrtcm oefdic ardi hji`loeh jftovotocs wjs rcvcrscm oe Hcrjrmd, suprj,:

`cfjusc da tbc ljfg da jey cvomcefc td suppdrt tbc Fdiiossodecr's prcsuiptode da fdrrcftecss. 2 ]bc fdurt0

rcjsdecm js adlldws;6

". . . oe drmcr td hovc caacft td tbc prcsuiptode de wbofb tbc Fdiiossodecr rclocs, sdic cvomcefc iust jppcjr=

wbofb wdulm suppdrt je oeacrcefc da tbc tjxpjycr's oevdlvcicet oe hji`loeh jftovoty muroeh tbc pcrodm fdvcrcm3

`y tbc jsscssicet. Xotbdut tbjt cvomcetojry aduemjtode, ioeoijl tbduhb oa (sof) ijy `c, je jsscssicet ijy edt1

`c suppdrtcm cvce wbcrc tbc tjxpjycr os solcet. (fotjtodes diottcm)8

"Xbolc wc rcjlozc tbc moaaofultocs wbofb tbc Fdiiossodecr cefduetcrs oe jsscssoeh mcaofocefocs oe forfuistjefcs2sufb js jrc prcscetcm bcrc, wc ecvcrtbclcss iust oesost tbjt tbc Fdiiossodecr prdvomc sdic prcmofjtc cvomcefc?

fdeecftoeh tbc tjxpjycr td tbc fbjrhcm jftovoty oa caacft os td `c hovce bos prcsuiptode da fdrrcftecss. Bcrc, tbc:>

rcfdrm os `jrrce da tbjt uemcrlyoeh cvomcefc . . . ."::

330 A.0m jt 33=-333. Cvce tbduhb Xcoicrsgorfb mom edt tcstoay oe tbc prcscet fjsc, adlldwoeh tbc tcjfboehs da:0

Hcrjrmd, suprj, tbc Fdiiossodecr stoll fjeedt rcly de tbc prcsuiptode oe tbc j`scefc da j ioeoijl cvomcetojry:6

aduemjtode. :=

Oe jedtbcr fjsc oevdlvoeh ajolurc td rcpdrt oefdic ardi wjhcroeh jftovotocs, tbc Aoatb Forfuot wjs ajfcm wotb j:3

ajftujl sotujtode jejldhdus td tbjt prcscetcm bcrc. Fjrsde, suprj. ]bc fdurt rckcftcm tbc hdvcreicet's jttcipt td:1

rcly sdlcly upde tbc prcsuiptode da fdrrcftecss 3 jem sjom;:8

"Vufb j pdsotode, wbofb wdulm suppdrt tbc idst jròtrjry da jsscssicets sd ldeh js tbc tjxpjycr aduem boiscla:2

uej`lc td prdvc j echjtovc, arcqucetly moaaofult oe quotc oeedfcet forfuistjefcs, mdcs edt `cfdic tbc:?

hdvcreicet's jhcets, jem wc rcjmoly rckcft ot."0>

31> A.0m jt 1?2. Cvce tbc idst oeedfcet da pcrsdes wdulm bjvc moaaofulty oe mosprdvoeh sufb j scrodus fbjrhc0:

js sclloeh bcrdoe, wbce tbc pjrty ijgoeh tbc fbjrhc wjs edt rcquorcm td prcscet Jey cvomcefc. ?’ 00

WXcoicrsgorfb v. F. O. P., 3?1 A.0m. 632 (F.J.?, :?8?)Y06

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT0=

“@y bdlmoeh tbjt tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Vcrvofc bjs tbc ùrmce da pcrsujsode de tbos ossuc , wc jrc mctcrioeoeh03

tbjt oe tbc j`scefc da prdda, tbc pljoetoaa woll prcvjol. Vcc ? Xohidrc de Cvomcefc § 0=23 (6m cm. :?=>). Xcrc tbos01

edt tbc fjsc, tbc tjxcs da j Fjloadreoj rcsomcet fdulm `c fdllcftcm ardi j tdtjlly uercljtcm pcrsde oe Ecw _drg,08

jem tbc Ecw _drgcr wdulm c adrfcm td prdvc j echjtovc ajft j`dut wbofb bc bjs j`sdlutcly ed oeadrijtode, o. c.,02

tbjt tbc Fjloadreoje bjs ed oetcrcst oe bos prdpcrty. 8 ^roefoplcs’ 0?

WAldrcs v. S.V., 33: A.0m ::1? (F.J.? (Fjl.), :?88)Y6>

"js j prjftofjl ijttcr ot os ecvcr cjsy td prdvc j echjtovc".6:

W Clgoes v. Seotcm Vtjtcs, 61= S.V. 0>1 , 0:2, 2> V.Ft. :=68 :===, = L.Cm.0m :11? (:?1>)Y 60

Jicrofje froioejl kurosprumcefc os `jscm upde tbc “oeedfcet uetol prdvce huolty `cydem j rcjsdej`lc mdu`t’ ijxoi. Xbolc66

tbos ijxoi jpplocs td froioejl jem edt fovol sotujtodes, oefdic tjx daacescs jrc prdscfutcm js froics, jem tbcrcadrc, ot jpplocs6=

oe tbjt fjsc js wcll.63

Oe tbc fdetcxt da tjxjtode, coeh “oeedfcet’ icjes tbjt ydu jrc ED] j “fustdicr’ da tbc pu`lof daaofc jem “trjmc dr usoecss’ 61

arjefbosc fjllcm j “tjxpjycr’. Oe dtbcr wdrms, tbjt ydu jrc j “edetjxpjycr’. ]bcrcadrc, ydu iust `c prcsuicm td `c j68

“edetjxpjycr’ jem tbcrcadrc edt j “fustdicr’ da hdvcreicet uelcss jem uetol tbc HDQCPEICE] prdvcs tbrduhb je62

oemcpcemcet ecutrjl tborm pjrty wotb cvomcefc tbjt;6?

:. _du FDEVCE]CM td `cfdic j fustdicr.=>

2 ]bc Fdiiossodecr's mcaofocefy mctcrioejtode fdvcroeh j ljtcr pcrodm da hji`loeh jftovotocs wjs upbclm. Bdwcvcr, tbcrc wjs suaaofocet su`stjetovc cvomcefc

td suppdrt tbc Fdiiossodecr's mctcrioejtode adr tbc su`scqucet pcrodm. Hcrjrmd, suprj, 330 A.0m jt 336.

? ]bc fdurt mcsfro`cm tbc caacft da tbc rcquorcicet tbjt tbc Fdiiossodecr iust prdvomc sdic su`stjetovc cvomcefc td suppdrt tbc mcaofocefy mctcrioejtode

js adlldws;

"Ecotbcr tjx fdllcftode oe hcecrjl edr wjhcroeh jftovotocs oe pjrtofuljr, bdwcvcr, bjvc cvcr `cce tbduhbt wbdlly td cxfusc tbc hdvcreicet ardi prdvomoeh

sdic ajftujl aduemjtode adr ots jsscssicets. ]bc tjx fdllcftdr's prcsuiptode da fdrrcftecss bjs j bcrfulcje iusfuljroty da Hdlojtblogc rcjfb, ùt wc strogc

je Jfbollcs' bccl wbce wc aoem ed iusflcs, ed tcemdes, ed lohjicets da ajft."Fjrsde, suprj, 31> A.0m jt 1?1.

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0. _du wcrc mdiofolcm jem pbysofjlly prcscet oe j pljfc wbcrc ydu fdulm ljwaully JLOCEJ]C provjtc rohbts, wbofb:

icjes acmcrjl tcrrotdry edt wotboe jey stjtc da tbc Seode.0

6. ]bc fdescet wjs prdvomcm oe XPO]OEH.6

=. Ed murcss wjs oevdlvcm.=

3. _du mom ED] edtofc tbci prcvodusly tbjt ydu surrcemcrcm ydur fovol stjtus js j “fustdicr’ da tbc “trjmc dr ùsoecss’3

arjefbosc jhrccicet fjllcm j stjtutdry “tjxpjycr’. ]bcy fje‟t usc tbc “mdh jtc iy bdicwdrg’ cxfusc. 1

]BOV os tbc ùrmce oipdscm upde tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Vcrvofc @CADPC ot ijy cehjhc oe jey goem da ceadrfcicet jftode.8

Jey dtbcr jpprdjfb rcprcscets OEKSV]OFC de j ijssovc sfjlc. _du mde‟t bjvc td prdvc tbjt ydu jrc ED] j “fustdicr’ dr2

“tjxpjycr’, tbcy bjvc td prdvc tbjt ydu JPC. ?

]bc fdurts jem tbc OPV try td somc-stcp tbcsc rcquorcicets wotb tbc adlldwoeh ollchjl tjftofs;:>

:. ]bc Aull jyicet Pulc. ]bos rcquorcs “tjxpjycrs’ td pjy tbc aull jiduet muc @CADPC lotohjtoeh. Ot mdcs edt pcrtjoe::

td tbdsc wbd jrc ED] “tjxpjycrs’, wbofb os idst Jicrofjes. Vcc Ljoeh v. S.V., =06 S.V. :1:, ?1 V.Ft. =86 (:?81).:0

0. Vtrufturoeh “tjx fdurt’ oe sufb j wjy tbjt ydu fjeedt cetcr ot wotbdut `coeh j ^ljoetoaa rjtbcr tbje j mcacemjet. ]bos:6

sboats tbc ùrmce da prdda td _DS td prdvc tbjt ydu JPC ED] j “fustdicr’. :=

Xc ypjss jll tbc j`dvc ictbdms da csscetojlly buetoeh jem trjppoeh ice logc jeoijls jem prcy `y tbc adlldwoeh tcfbeoqucs;:3

:. Oesostoeh tbjt wc jrc cqujl.:1

0.

Gomejpoeh ]BCI oetd `coeh DSP “fustdicrs’ wbcecvcr tbcy fdiiueofjtc wotb us. Oa tbcy fje prjftofc:8

oestotutodejlozcm omcetoty tbcat jem wc jrc jll cqujl, tbce ot iust `c DG adr SV td md ot td tbci js j mcacesc jhjoest tbcor:2

sjic tjftofs.:?

Hdvcreicet Omcetoty ]bcat , Adri #>3.>=1bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

6. Ssoeh tbc adlldwoeh js tbc “fustdicr’ jhrccicet oe jll oetcrjftodes wotb tbci; 0>

Oekury Mcacesc Arjefbosc jem Jhrccicet , Adri #>1.>08


=. Cesuroeh tbjt ]BC_ bjvc td lovc `y tbcor dwe rulcs. Xc bjvc DSP DXE “Aull ^jyicet Pulc’ wbcrc`y ]BC_ bjvc0:

td pjy ]XOFC wbjt tbcy jsscsscm jhjoest us `cadrc tbcy fje jrhuc tbjt tbcy jrc ED] DSP fustdicr.00

3. Edtofoeh tbci wotb tbc Pcsohejtode da fdipcllcm Vdfojl Vcfuroty ]rustcc, Adri #>1.>>0, wbofb quots ydu ardi tbc06

Vdfojl Vcfuroty systci jem ijgcs ot oipdsso`lc td jft js j pu`lof daaofcr dr `c cloho`lc adr hdvcreicet `cecaots.0=

1. ]bc Lchjl Edtofc da Fbjehc oe Mdiofolc/Fotozcesbop Pcfdrms jem Movdrfc ardi tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs, Adri #:>.>>:,03

wbofb fjuscs tbci td jhrcc tbjt wc jrc “fustdicr’ cvce @CADPC tbcy `choe jey ceadrfcicet jftode. 01

8. Pcioemoeh tbci tbjt tbcy JLPCJM_ JHPCCM tbjt cvcrytboeh de tbos sotc os trutbaul jem lchjl cvomcefc da tbcor08

froics. ]bcy trocm td hd jatcr us, ijmc tbcisclvcs su`kcft td dur ici`cr jhrccicet `y hdoeh tbrduhb tbc stdrc02

fbcfgdut prdfcss, jem tbcrc`y jrc rcquorcm `y dur Ici`cr Jhrccicet, Adri #>:.>>: td jhrcc tbjt CQCP_]BOEH de0?

tbos wc`sotc os trutbaul jem jffurjtc jem tbjt tbcy fdescet jem stopuljtc td jmiot ot JLL oetd cvomcefc oe tbc fdetcxt da6>

JE_ jem CQCP_ ici`cr.6:

2. ]clloeh tbci tbjt tbc adlldwoeh froioejl fdipljoet jpplocs oa tbcy MD ED] lcjvc ydu jldec dr adrfc ydu td froioejlly60

oipcrsdejtc j pu`lof daaofcr fjllcm j “tjxpjycr’; 66

Jaaomjvot da Murcss; Ollchjl ]jx Ceadrfcicet `y Mc Ajftd Daaofcrs, Adri #>0.>>3bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

?. Pcioemoeh tbci tbjt tbcy bjvc ED CEADPFCIEC] JS]BDPO]_ dutsomc da acmcrjl tcrrotdry jem oeflumoeh j6=

froioejl fdipljoet wbce dr oa tbcy try td ceadrfc.63

Acmcrjl Ceadrfcicet Jutbdroty Xotboe Vtjtcs da tbc Seode, Adri #>3.>06


8

Fdeflusodes61

]bc OPV pljys j vofodus hjic da prcsuiptode da lojòloty oe tbc tjx fdllcftode prdfcss. Idst pcdplc jrc uejwjrc da bdw tbos68

hjic os pljycm jem tbcrcadrc jrc tjgce jmvjetjhc da. @cldw jrc tbc rulcs da tbos hjic;62

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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda :? da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


:. ]bc OPV rcfcovcs j oeadrijtode rcture, sufb js OPV Adris X-=, X-0, :>=0-V, :>?2, :>?? jem G-:. ]bcsc oeadrijtode:

rctures jrc suìottcm wotbdut jey vcroaofjtode da fdetjoecm tbcrcoe, sufb js j pcrkury stjtcicet dr tcstoideojl djtb.0

Fdescqucetly, tbos oeadrijtode rcture os bcjrsjy cvomcefc edt jmiosso`lc uemcr tbc Acmcrjl Pulcs da Cvomcefc.6

0. ]bc oeadrijtode rctures rcfcovcm `y tbc OPV frcjtc tbc adlldwoeh proij ajfoc prcsuiptodes;=

0.:. ]bjt tbc tjrhct da tbc oeadrijtode rcture os cehjhcm oe je cxfosc tjxj`lc jftovoty wotboe tbc Mostroft da Fdluiòj3

fjllcm j “trjmc dr ùsoecss’. Vcc;1

]bc ]rjmc dr @usoecss Vfji, Adri #>3.>>:bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

0.0.

]bjt tbc tjrhct da tbc oeadrijtode rcture os cehjhcm oe fdiicrfc wotb tbc acmcrjl hdvcreicet jem fdescets td8

`cfdic j “rcsomcet jloce’ da tbc Mostroft da Fdluiòj su`kcft td cxflusovc acmcrjl lchosljtovc kurosmoftode. ]bos2

rcsults oe j surrcemcr da sdvcrcohe oiiueoty pursujet td 02 S.V.F. §:1>3(j)(0) de tbc pjrt da tbc Jicrofje?

Ejtodejl. Vcc;:>

bttp;//ajihujrmoje.drh/Vu`kcfts/]jxcs/Jrtoflcs/][email protected] ::

0.6. ]bjt tbc tjrhct da tbc oeadrijtode rcture os j “tjxpjycr’ su`kcft td cvcry prdvosode da tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc:0

Vu`totlc J.:6

0.=. ]bjt tbc cxostcefc da j Vdfojl Vcfuroty Eui`cr de tbc oeadrijtode Pcture frcjtcs je d`lohjtode td pjrtofopjtc oe:=

acmcrjl oefdic tjxjtode, pursujet td Vdfojl Vcfuroty Jft da :?63, ]otlc 2, Vcftode 2>:. Vcc;:3

bttp;//www.ssj.hdv/bostdry/63jfvooo.btil :1

6. Jatcr tbc prcsuiptode bjs `cce cstj`losbcm tbjt ydu jrc j “tjxpjycr’, tbc ùrmce da prdda sboats td ydu td prdvc tbjt ydu:8

jrce‟t. @cfjusc ot os lchjlly oipdsso`lc td prdvc j echjtovc, tbos puts ydu oe je uetcej`lc jem uewoej`lc sotujtode jem jll:2

ydur jrhuicets cfdic arovdldus jem orrclcvjet.:?

]bc dely wjy td prcvjol oe tbc j`dvc prdfcss os td;0>

:. Qdfoacrdusly oesost tbjt jll hdvcreicet prcsuiptodes wbofb iohbt prckumofc ydur rohbts js j pjrty mdiofolcm oe j stjtc0:

da tbc Seode jem prdtcftcm `y tbc Fdestotutode jrc ollchjl jem oipcriosso`lc jffdrmoeh td tbc S.V. Vuprcic Fdurt.00

0. Aoll ydur jmioeostrjtovc rcfdrm wotb cxfulpjtdry cvomcefc jmiosso`lc uemcr tbc Acmcrjl Pulcs da Cvomcefc wbofb flcjrly06

cstj`losbcs ydur fdrrcft stjtus js j “edetjxpjycr’, j ejtodejl ùt edt j fotozce, j edercsomcet jloce, jem j pcrsde edt0=

cehjhcm oe jey cxfosc tjxj`lc acmcrjl provolchc. ]bos pcrsde os omcetoaocm oe tbc rchuljtodes jt 01 F.A.P. §:.28:-:(`)(o)03

jem os oemofjtcm js bjvoeh ed acmcrjl tjx lojòloty oe 01 F.A.P. §:.280-0.01

6. Pcùt jll oeadrijtode rctures prdiptly jem fdesostcetly, sufb js OPV adris X-=, X-0, :>=0-V, :>?2, :>??, jem G-:.08

Fljoi tbjt tbcy jrc oevjlom, bcjrsjy cvomcefc, suìottcm uemcr murcss, jem jrc tbcrcadrc crrdecdus jem uercloj`lc. Vcc;02

Oefdic ]jx Xotbbdlmoeh jem Pcpdrtoeh Fdursc, Adri :0.>>=:bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

=.

Jsg tbc OPV pcrodmofjlly adr j fdpy da jll oeadrijtode rctures tbcy bjvc rcfcovcm td ijgc surc tbjt ydu mome‟t ioss jey. 0?

3. Qdfoacrdusly oesost tbjt ùrmce da prdda rcijoes de tbc hdvcreicet td prdvc lojòloty jt jll toics jem tbjt ydu jrc6>

prcsuicm td `c j edetjxpjycr uetol prdvce td `c j tjxpjycr.6:

1. Qdfoacrdusly mcey jey jttcipt `y tbc OPV td omcetoay ydu js j “tjxpjycr’ su`kcft td tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc , jem60

mcijem tbjt tbcy sjtosay tbcor ùrmce da prdda wotb jmiosso`lc cvomcefc.66

8. Mcey jey jttcipt td omcetoay ydu js j s tjtutdry “S.V. fotozce’ pursujet td 2 S.V.F. §:=>:. ]bos stjtus jlsd fjuscs j6=

surrcemcr da sdvcrcohe oiiueoty pursujet td 02 S.V.F. §:1>6( `)(6). Vcc;63

Xby ydu jrc j “ejtodejl’ , “stjtc ejtodejl’ , jem Fdestotutodejl ùt edt Vtjtutdry Fotozce, Adri #>3.>>1


2. Cesurc tbjt ydu md edt jffcpt jey acmcrjl provolchc, `cecaot, dr prcsuicm `cecaot wbofb iohbt fjusc j surrcemcr da ydur61

sdvcrcohe oiiueoty pursujet td 02 S.V.F. §:1>3(j)(0) dr frcjtc j prcsuiptode tbjt ydu jrc su`kcft td acmcrjl ljw.68

?. Ecvcr de jey acmcrjl dr stjtc adri, omcetoay ydurscla js jey da tbc adlldwoeh;62

?.:. Mdiofolcm oe tbc “Seotcm Vtjtcs’. Vcc;6?

Xby mdiofolc jem `cfdioeh j “tjxpjycr’ rcquorc ydur fdescet , Adri #>3.>>0bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

?.0. J “rcsomcet’, wbofb os j “rcsomcet jloce’ dr S.V. fotozce j`rdjm pursujet td 01 S.V.F. §88>:( `)(:)(J).=>

?.6. J stjtutdry “S.V. fotzce’ pursujet td 2 S.V.F. §:=>:. Oestcjm, omcetoay ydurscla js j fotozce da ydur stjtc jem MD=:

ED] icetode tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs.=0

?.=. J “tjxpjycr’ su`kcft td tbc O.P.F. pursujet td 01 S.V.F. §88>:(j)(:=) jem :6:6.=6

:>. Pcsohe jll pjrtofopjtode oe jey acmcrjl `cecaot prdhrji. Vcc;==

Pcsohejtode da Fdipcllcm Vdfojl Vcfuroty ]rustcc, Adri #>1.>>0


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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda 0> da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


::. Mosfdetoeuc usc da jll acmcrjl omcetoayoeh eui`crs stdrcm oe OPV rcfdrms jem mjtj`jscs wbofb iohbt frcjtc je jssdfojtode:

wotb je cxfosc tjxj`lc acmcrjl provolchc dr j prcsuiptode tbjt ydu jrc j “tjxpjycr’ cehjhcm oe j “trjmc dr ùsoecss’. 0

Jicrofje kurosprumcefc bjs jlwjys prcsuicm tbjt tbc jffuscm os oeedfcet uetol prdvce huolty cydem j rcjsdej`lc mdu`t wotb6

cvomcefc. ]bc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc mdcs edt fbjehc tbjt rcquorcicet dr jey da tbc adlldwoeh lchjl rcquorcicets adr=

icctoeh tbc ùrmce da prdda;3

:. ]bjt pcrsdes wbd jrc td `c bclm rcspdeso`lc td d`cy j stjtutc iust rcfcovc “rcjsdej`lc edtofc’ `y pu`lofjtode oe tbc1

Acmcrjl Pchostcr da jll ceadrfcicet stjtutcs jem tbc rchuljtodes tbjt oiplcicet tbci. Idst OPV ceadrfcicet jftodes jrc8

uemcrtjgce wotbdut tbc jutbdroty da jey oiplcicetoeh rchuljtodes, jem cvce tbdsc oiplcicetoeh rchuljtodes cxost, tbcy2

bjvc edt `cce muly pu`losbcm oe tbc Acmcrjl Pchostcr js rcquorcm `y 3 S.V.F. §330(j).?

0. ]bjt prcsuiptodes ijy edt `c uscm js cvomcefc dr j su`stotutc adr cvomcefc. Jll prcsuiptodes wbofb prckumofc:>

fdestotutodejlly prdtcftcm rohbts vodljtc muc prdfcss da ljw, oeflumoeh tbc prcsuiptode tbjt j pcrsde os j “tjxpjycr’. Jey::

jmioeostrjtovc rcsult jscm cetorcly dr idstly upde prcsuiptode js j su`stotutc adr cvomcefc os j vodljtode da muc prdfcss:0

jem prdmufcs je uefdestotutodejl jem vdom rcsult.:6

6. ]bjt jll cvomcefc da lojòloty iust `c vcroaocm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury dr `y tcstoideojl djtb js rcquorcm `y 01 S.V.F.:=

§1>13. Cvomcefc edt sd vcroaocm os cxflumo`lc uemcr tbc Bcjrsjy Pulc, Acmcrjl Pulc da Cvomcefc 2>0.:3

=. ]bjt rclohodus `clocas jem dpoeodes jrc edt jmiosso`lc js cvomcefc da lojòloty pursujet td Acmcrjl Pulc da Cvomcefc 1:>. :1

3. ]bjt je uercùttcm jaaomjvot stjems js trutb jem j eobol mofot kumhicet jhjoest tbc pjrty wbd rcfcovcm ot. Vcc Acmcrjl Pulc:8

da Fovol ^rdfcmurc 2( `)(1).:2

1. ]bjt pu`lof daaofcrs jem acmcrjl cipldyccs jrc “trustccs da tbc pu`lof trust’ jem aomufojrocs da tbc pu`lof jem tbjt aomufojr y:?

muty os oefdipjto`lc wotb solcefc wbce tbcy jrc fdeardetcm wotb cvomcefc da tbcor dwe wrdehmdoeh. ]bcrcadrc, solcefc0>

oe sufb j forfuistjefc fdestotutcs jmiosso`lc cvomcefc da wrdehmdoeh jem je cquotj`lc cstdppcl jhjoest tbc pu`lof0:

daaofcr.00

8. ]bjt tbc dely jsos adr rcjsdej`lc cloca j`dut dec‟s lojòloty adr tjxcs os mdfuicetcm oe tbc icidrjemui da ljw cldw;06



]bc OPV arcqucetly rcfcovcs oeadrijtode rctures ardi tborm pjrtocs mdfuicetoeh rcfcopt da tjxj`lc “trjmc dr usoecss’ oefdic0=

pursujet td 01 S.V.F. §1>=:. ]bcsc oeadrijtode rctures jrc arcqucetly tbc dely prdda da lojòloty jvjolj`lc td tbc OPV, jem03

yct tbcy01

:. Md edt sjtosay jey da tbc rcquorcicets da tbc Acmcrjl Pulcs da Cvomcefc. 08

0. Jrc edt vcroaocm `y j sohejturc uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury dr tcstoideojl djtb js rcquorcm `y 01 S.V.F. §1>13. ]bc dely02

cxfcptode td tbos rulc os OPV adris X-0H jem X-6H.0?

6. Jrc cxflumo`lc uemcr tbc Bcjrsjy Pulc, Acmcrjl Pulc da Cvomcefc 2>0. 6>

@jscm de tbc adrchdoeh, jll oeadrijtode rctures jrc soiply “proij ajfoc cvomcefc’ da j lojòloty tbjt fje dely `c vcroaocm oa6:

tbcy jrc jffdipjeocm `y j tjx rcture sohecm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury `y tbc su`kcft da tbc oeadrijtode rcture. J`scet tbos60

typc da vcroaofjtode, tbcy fjeedt ljwaully `c uscm js j `jsos adr oestotutoeh j su`stotutc rcture jhjoest tbc su`kcft da tbc rcpdrt66

wotbdut tbcor fdescet. Xbcrc tbcsc prcsuiptodes jrc fbjllcehcm `y tbc jaacftcm pjrty, tbc idvoeh pjrty iust sustjoe usoeh6=

jmiosso`lc, vcroaocm cvomcefc sohecm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury, tbc cxostcefc da j ljwaul lojòloty.63

Oa tbc su`kcft da tbc oeadrijtode rcture os j ejturjl pcrsde wbd wdulm drmoejroly aolc usoeh OPV adri :>=> dr ots vjrojets, tbce61

tbc OPV Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Ijeujl mdcs ED] jutbdrozc tbc fdiplctode da j Vu`stotutc Adr Pcture (VAP) dr Jutdijtcm68

Vu`stotutc Adr Pcture (JVAP), js sbdwe oe Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Ijeujl (O.P.I.), Vcftode 3.:.::.1.2. Edtofc tbc fdespofudus62

j`scefc da Adri :>=>;6?

Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Ijeujl=>

3.:.::.1.2 (>6->:-0>>8)=:

OPF 1>0>(`) Jutbdroty=0

:. ]bc adlldwoeh rctures ijy c prcpjrcm, sohecm jem jsscsscm uemcr tbc jutbdroty da OPF 1>0>(`);=6

J. Adri ?=>, Cipldycr‟s Jeeujl Acmcrjl Secipldyicet ]jx Pcture==

@. Adri ?=:, Cipldycr‟s Zujrtcrly Acmcrjl ]jx Pcture=3

F. Adri ?=6, Cipldycr‟s Jeeujl ]jx Pcture adr Jhrofulturjl Cipldyccs=1

M. Adri 80>, Zujrtcrly Acmcrjl Cxfosc ]jx Pcture=8

C. Adri 00?>, Bcjvy Qcboflc Ssc ]jx Pcture=2

A. Adri F] ‖:, Cipldycr‟s Jeeujl Pjolrdjm Pctorcicet ]jx Pcture=?

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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda 0: da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


H. Adri :>13, S.V. Pcture da jrtecrsbop Oefdic.:

0. ûrsujet td OPI :.0.0.?8, Mclchjtodes da Jutbdroty, Drmcr Eui`cr :20 (rcv. 8), mjtcm 3/3/:??8, rcvceuc0

daaofcrs HV->? jem j`dvc, jem Fdllcftode Vuppdrt Aueftode ijejhcrs HV->? jem j`dvc, bjvc tbc jutbdroty td6

prcpjrc jem cxcfutc rctures uemcr OPF 1>0>(`).=

Cvce tbc stjtutcs fotcm `y tbc OPV js jutbdroty, tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc, fdestotutc j prckumofojl prcsuiptode, soefc tbcy3

jrc dely “proij ajfoc cvomcefc da ljw’ pursujet td : S.V.F. §0>= wbofb os jpplofj`lc cxflusovcly td tbc Mostroft da Fdluiòj1

pursujet td 02 S.V.F. §:611. ]bcrcadrc, tbc OPV prdfccms jlidst cetorcly jem cxflusovcly upde “ prcsuiptode’ edt8

su`stjetojtcm `y jey vcroaocm cvomcefc da jey goem oe tbc prdfcss da fdllcftoeh tjxcs pursujet td tbc O.P.F. Vu`totlc J. ]bos2

jùemjefc da “prcsuiptode’ fdestotutcs tbc cquovjlcet da tbc cstj`losbicet da j stjtc-spdesdrcm rclohode oe vodljtode da tbc?

Aorst Jicemicet, wbcrc prcsuiptode dpcrjtcs js tbc cquovjlcet da rclohodus ajotb. Pclohodus ajotb os soiply j `cloca wbofb:>

fjeedt `c prdvce wotb cvomcefc, jem tbjt os wbjt prcsuiptode da lojòloty adr tjx dpcrjtcs js; rclohodus ajotb.::

2 Pcsdurfcs adr Aurtbcr Vtumy jem Pcùttjl:0

Oa ydu wdulm logc td stumy tbc su`kcfts fdvcrcm oe tbos sbdrt pjipblct oe aurtbcr mctjol, ijy wc rcfdiicem tbc adlldwoeh:6

jutbdrotjtovc sdurfcs, jem jlsd wclfdic ydu td rcùt jey pjrt da tbos pjipblct jatcr ydur bjvc rcjm ot jem stumocm tbc su`kcft:=

fjrcaully ydurscla kust js wc bjvc;:3

]j`lc :; Pcsdurfcs adr aurtbcr stumy jem rcùttjl:1

Pcacrcefc ]ypc Jvjolj`lc jt;^rcsuiptode; Fboca Xcjpde adr Seljwaully

Celjrhoeh Acmcrjl Kurosmoftode, Adri#>3.>:8

Arcc icidrjemui da ljw bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

Pcjsdej`lc @cloca J`dut Oefdic ]jx

Lojòloty, Adri #>3.>>8


Jutbdrotocs de prcsuiptode Arcc loeg bttp;//ajihujrmoje.drh/]jxArccmdi/Fotcs@y]dpof/prcsuiptode.bti

Lchjl Mcfcptode, ^rdpjhjemj, jem Arjum,

Adri #>3.>:=


Xbd jrc ]jxpjycrs jem wbd eccms j

‒]jxpjycr Omcetoaofjtode Eui`cr‟, Adri

#>3.>:6


_dur Pohbts js j EDE]jxpjycr, Adri

#>2.>>2

Arcc pjipblct bttp;//scmi.drh/Lo`crtyS/[email protected]

Acmcrjl Kurosmoftode, Adri #>3.>:2 Arcc icidrjemui da ljw bttp;//scmi.drh/Adris/AdriOemcx.bti

VCMI Lo`crty Seovcrsoty Arcc cmufjtodejl ijtcrojls adr

rchjoeoeh ydur sdvcrcohety jsje cetrcprcecur dr provjtc

pcrsde

bttp;//scmi.drh/Lo`crtyS/Lo`crtyS.bti

Ajioly Hujrmoje Xc`sotc, ]jxcs pjhc Arcc wc`sotc bttp;//ajihujrmoje.drh/Vu`kcfts/]jxcs/tjxcs.bti

Vdvcrcohety Adris jem Oestruftodes Deloec,

Adri #:>.>>=

Arcc rcacrcefcs jem tddls td

bclp tbdsc wbd wjet td

csfjpc acmcrjl sljvcry

bttp;//ajihujrmoje.drh/]jxArccmdi/AdrisOestr.bti

Pcùttcm vcrsode da tbc OPV pjipblct; “]bc

]rutb J`dut Arovdldus ]jx Jrhuicets’,

Adri #>2.>>3

Arcc mdweldjmj`lc pjipblct bttp;//ajihujrmoje.drh/û`losbcmJutbdrs/Hdvt/OPV/arovTtjxTrcùts.pma

?

Zucstodes tbjt Pcjmcrs, Hrjem Kurdrs, jem ^ctot Kurdrs Vbdulm `c Jsgoeh tbc:8

Hdvcreicet:2

]bcsc qucstodes jrc prdvomcm adr rcjmcrs, Hrjem Kurdrs, jem ^ctot Kurdrs td prcscet td tbc hdvcreicet dr jeydec clsc wbd:?

wdulm fbjllcehc tbc ajfts jem ljw jppcjroeh oe tbos pjipblct, idst da wbdi wdrg adr tbc hdvcreicet dr stjem td hjoe0>

aoejefojlly ardi pcrpctujtoeh tbc arjum. Oa ydu aoem ydurscla oe rcfcopt da tbos pjipblct, ydu jrc mcijemcm td jeswcr tbc0:

qucstodes wotboe :> mjys. ûrsujet td Acmcrjl Pulc da Fovol ^rdfcmurc 2( `)(1), ajolurc td mcey wotboe :> mjys fdestotutcs je00

jmiossode td cjfb qucstode. ûrsujet td 01 S.V.F. §1>13, jll da ydur jeswcrs iust `c sohecm uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury. Xc06

jrc edt oetcrcstcm oe jhcefy pdlofy, ùt dely sdurfcs da rcjsdej`lc `cloca omcetoaocm oe tbc pjipblct `cldw;0=



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_dur jeswcrs woll `cfdic cvomcefc oe auturc lotohjtode, sbdulm tbjt `c ecfcssjry oe drmcr td prdtcft tbc rohbts da tbc pcrsde:

jhjoest wbdi ydu jrc jttciptoeh td ueljwaully ceadrfc acmcrjl ljw.0

:. Jmiot tbjt tjx lojòlotocs jrc fdesomcrcm “mc`ts’ pursujet td tbc Ajor Mc`t Fdllcftode rjftofcs Jft.6

=

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey3

1

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT8

0. Jmiot tbjt pursujet td :3 S.V.F. §:1?0h( `), j frcmotdr wbd rcfcovcs j mosputc da j mc`t jem wbofb mcijems prdda da2

tbc mc`t iust prdvomc vcroaocm drohoejl prdda da tbc mc`t wotboe 6> mjys.?

:>

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey::

:0

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT:6

6. Jmiot tbjt pursujet td :3 S.V.F. §:1?0h( `), j frcmotdr wbd ajols td prdvomc vcroaocm prdda da tbc mc`t wbce fbjllcehcm:=

jatcr 6> mjys adracots bos rohbt td aurtbcr fdllcftode jftovoty jem rcpumojtcs tbc mc`t.:3

:1

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey:8

:2

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT:?

=. Jmiot oe jll jmioeostrjtovc prdfccmoehs, tbc ùrmce da prdda os upde tbc idvoeh pjrty.0>

]O]LC 3 5 ^JP] O 5 FBJ^]CP 3 5 VS@FBJ^]CP OO 5 § 3310:

§ 331. Bcjroehs7 prcsomoeh cipldyccs7 pdwcrs jem mutocs7 urmce da prdda7 cvomcefc7 rcfdrm js `jsos da00

mcfosode 06

(m) Cxfcpt js dtbcrwosc prdvomcm `y stjtutc, tbc prdpdecet da j rulc dr drmcr bjs tbc ùrmce da prdda. Jey drjl0=


orrclcvjet, oiijtcrojl, dr uemuly rcpctotodus cvomcefc. J sjeftode ijy edt `c oipdscm dr rulc dr drmcr ossucm01

cxfcpt de fdesomcrjtode da tbc wbdlc rcfdrm dr tbdsc pjrts tbcrcda fotcm `y j pjrty jem suppdrtcm `y jem oe08

jffdrmjefc wotb tbc rcloj`lc, prd`jtovc, jem su`stjetojl cvomcefc. ]bc jhcefy ijy, td tbc cxtcet fdesostcet wotb02

tbc oetcrcsts da kustofc jem tbc pdlofy da tbc uemcrlyoeh stjtutcs jmioeostcrcm `y tbc jhcefy, fdesomcr j vodljtode0?

da scftode 338 (m) da tbos totlc suaaofocet hrduems adr j mcfosode jmvcrsc td j pjrty wbd bjs gedwoehly fdiiottcm6>

sufb vodljtode dr gedwoehly fjuscm sufb vodljtode td dffur. J pjrty os cetotlcm td prcscet bos fjsc dr mcacesc `y6:drjl dr mdfuicetjry cvomcefc, td suìot rcùttjl cvomcefc, jem td fdemuft sufb frdss-cxjioejtode js ijy `c60

rcquorcm adr j aull jem truc mosfldsurc da tbc ajfts. Oe rulc ijgoeh dr mctcrioeoeh fljois adr idecy dr cecaots dr66

jpplofjtodes adr oeotojl lofcescs je jhcefy ijy, wbce j pjrty woll edt `c prckumofcm tbcrc`y, jmdpt prdfcmurcs6=

adr tbc suìossode da jll dr pjrt da tbc cvomcefc oe wrottce adri.63

WVDSPFC; bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc>3/usfTscfT>3T>>>>>331---->>>-.btilY 61

68


6?

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=>

3. Jmiot tbjt oe tjx fdllcftode jftodes da tbc hdvcreicet, tbc hdvcreicet os tbc idvoeh pjrty jsscrtoeh tbc cxostcefc da j=:

lchjl lojòloty.=0

=6

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey==

=3

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=1

1. Jmiot tbjt js tbc idvoeh pjrty oe tjx fdllcftode jftodes, tbc hdvcreicet bjs tbc ùrmce da prdvoeh lojòloty.=8

=2

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey=?

3>

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT3:

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8. Jmiot tbjt tbc ùrmce da prdda oe tjx fdllcftode jftodes ijy dely `c sboatcm ardi tbc hdvcreicet td tbc pcrsde wbd os:

tbc tjrhct da tbc fdllcftode oa tbjt pcrsde os j “tjxpjycr’ js mcaoecm oe 01 S.V.F. §88>:(j)(:=) jem 01 S.V.F. §:6:6. 0

6

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey=

3


2. Jmiot tbjt j pcrsde wbd fljois td `c j “edetjxpjycr’ uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury jem wbd rcautcs jll cvomcefc tbjt bc os8

j “tjxpjycr’ uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury ijy edt `c oiputcm js bjvoeh tbc ùrmce da prdda pursujet td 01 S.V.F. §8=?: 2

td prdvc edelojòloty oe jey tjx fdllcftode jftode.?

]O]LC 01 5 Vu`totlc A 5 FBJ^]CP 81 5 Vu`fbjptcr C 5 § 8=?::>

§ 8=?:. @urmce da prdda ::

(j) @urmce sboats wbcrc tjxpjycr prdmufcs frcmo`lc cvomcefc:0

(:) Hcecrjl rulc:6

Oa, oe jey fdurt prdfccmoeh, j tjxpjycr oetrdmufcs frcmo`lc cvomcefc wotb rcspcft td jey ajftujl ossuc:=

rclcvjet td jsfcrtjoeoeh tbc lojòloty da tbc tjxpjycr adr jey tjx oipdscm `y su`totlc J dr @, tbc Vcfrctjry:3

sbjll bjvc tbc urmce da prdda wotb rcspcft td sufb ossuc.:1

(0) Loiotjtodes:8

^jrjhrjpb (:) sbjll jpply wotb rcspcft td je ossuc dely oa -:2

(J) tbc tjxpjycr bjs fdiplocm wotb tbc rcquorcicets uemcr tbos totlc td su`stjetojtc jey otci7:?

(@) tbc tjxpjycr bjs ijoetjoecm jll rcfdrms rcquorcm uemcr tbos totlc jem bjs fddpcrjtcm wotb rcjsdej`lc0>

rcqucsts y tbc Vcfrctjry adr wotecsscs, oeadrijtode, mdfuicets, icctoehs, jem oetcrvocws7 jem0:

00

(F) oe tbc fjsc da j pjrtecrsbop, fdrpdrjtode, dr trust, tbc tjxpjycr os mcsfro`cm oe scftode06

8=6>(f)(=)(J)(oo). Vu`pjrjhrjpb (F) sbjll edt jpply td jey qujloaocm rcvdfj`lc trust (js mcaoecm oe0=

scftode 1=3(`)(:)) wotb rcspcft td lojòloty adr tjx adr jey tjxj`lc ycjr cemoeh jatcr tbc mjtc da tbc03

mcfcmcet's mcjtb jem cadrc tbc jpplofj`lc mjtc (js mcaoecm oe scftode 1=3(`)(0)).01

(6) Fddrmoejtode08

^jrjhrjpb (:) sbjll edt jpply td jey ossuc oa jey dtbcr02

prdvosode da tbos totlc prdvomcs adr j spcfoaof urmce da prdda0?

wotb rcspcft td sufb ossuc.6>

(`) Ssc da stjtostofjl oeadrijtode de uercljtcm tjxpjycrs6:

Oe tbc fjsc da je oemovomujl tjxpjycr , tbc Vcfrctjry sbjll bjvc tbc ùrmce da prdda oe jey fdurt prdfccmoeh wotb60

rcspcft td jey otci da oefdic wbofb wjs rcfdestruftcm `y tbc Vcfrctjry sdlcly tbrduhb tbc usc da stjtostofjl66

oeadrijtode de uercljtcm tjxpjycrs.6=

(f) cejltocs63

Edtwotbstjemoeh jey dtbcr prdvosode da tbos totlc, tbc Vcfrctjry sbjll bjvc tbc ùrmce da prdmuftode oe jey fdurt61

prdfccmoeh wotb rcspcft td tbc loj oloty da jey oemovomujl adr jey pcejlty, jmmotode td tjx, dr jmmotodejl jiduet68

oipdscm y tbos totlc.62

WVDSPFC; bttp;//www=.ljw.fdrecll.cmu/usfdmc/btil/usfdmc01/usfTscfT01T>>>>8=?:---->>>-.btilY 6?

=>

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey=:

=0


?. Jmiot tbjt ed prdvosode da tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc ijy `c fotcm jhjoest dr frcjtc j lchjl muty adr jeydec wbd os j==

“edetjxpjycr’. =3

"]bc rcvceuc ljws jrc j fdmc dr systci oe rchuljtode da tjx jsscssicet jem fdllcftode. ]bcy rcljtc td tjxpjycrs,=1

jem edt td edetjxpjycrs. ]bc ljttcr jrc wotbdut tbcor sfdpc. Ed prdfcmurc os prcsfro`cm adr edetjxpjycrs, jem ed=8

jttcipt os ijmc td jeeul jey da tbcor rohbts jem rcicmocs oe muc fdursc da ljw. Xotb tbci Fdehrcss mdcs edt=2

jssuic td mcjl, jem tbcy jrc ecotbcr da tbc su`kcft edr da tbc d`kcft da tbc rcvceuc ljws..."=?

WLdeh v. Pjsiussce, 02: A. 061 (:?00)Y3>

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Hdvcreicet @urmce da ^rdda 0= da 08Fdpyrohbt Vdvcrcohety Cmufjtode jem Mcacesc Ioeostry, bttp;//scmi.drh


“Pcvceuc Ljws rcljtc td tjxpjycrs jem edt td ede-tjxpjycrs. ]bc ljttcr jrc wotbdut tbcor sfdpc. Ed prdfcmurcs:

jrc prcsfro`cm adr ede-tjxpjycrs jem ed jttcipt os ijmc td jeeul jey da tbcor Pohbts dr Pcicmocs oe muc fdursc0

da ljw. Xotb tbciWede-tjxpjycrsY Fdehrcss mdcs edt jssuic td mcjl jem tbcy jrc ecotbcr da tbc su`kcft edr da6

tbc d`kcft da acmcrjl rcvceuc ljws.’ =

WCfdediy luiòeh & Bcjtoeh v. S.V., =8> A.0m. 323 (:?80)Y3

1


2

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT?

:>. Jmiot tbjt prcsuiptode os ecotbcr cvomcefc edr ijy ot ljwaully `c uscm js j su`stotutc adr cvomcefc wotbdut vodljtoeh:>

muc prdfcss da ljw.::

J prcsuiptode os edt cvomcefc. J prcsuiptode os cotbcr fdeflusovc dr rcùttj`lc. Cvcry rcùttj`lc prcsuiptode:0

os cotbcr (j) j prcsuiptode jaacftoeh tbc urmce da prdmufoeh cvomcefc dr (`) j prcsuiptode jaacftoeh tbc urmce:6

da prdda. Fjloa.Cvom.Fdmc, §1>>.:=

W@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. ::23Y:3

:1


:2

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT:?

::. Jmiot tbjt fdeflusovc prcsuiptodes wbofb prckumofc dr oekurc fdestotutodejlly prdtcftcm rohbts jrc j vodljtode da muc0>

prdfcss da ljw.0:

(:) W2;=??6Y Fdeflusovc prcsuiptodes jaacftoeh prdtcftcm oetcrcsts; J fdeflusovc prcsuiptode ijy `c mcacjtcm00

wbcrc ots jpplofjtode wdulm oipjor j pjrty's fdestotutodejlly-prdtcftcm lo`crty dr prdpcrty oetcrcsts. Oe sufb06

fjscs, fdeflusovc prcsuiptodes bjvc `cce bclm td vodljtc j pjrty's muc prdfcss jem cqujl prdtcftode0=

rohbts. WQljemos v. Gloec (:?86) =:0 S.V. ==: , ==?, ?6 V.Ft 006>, 00637 Flcvcljem @cm. da Cm. v. LjAlcur (:?8=)03

=:= S.V. 160 , 16?-1=>, ?= V.Ft. :0>2, :0:3-prcsuiptode uemcr Olloedos ljw tbjt ueijrrocm ajtbcrs jrc ueaot01

vodljtcs prdfcssY08

WAcmcrjl Fovol ]rojls jem Cvomcefc, Puttcr Hrdup, pjrjhrjpb 2;=??6, p. 2G-6= Y 02

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT0?

]bos fdurt bjs bclm idrc tbje defc tbjt j stjtutc frcjtoeh j prcsuiptode wbofb dpcrjtcs td mcey j ajor6>

dppdrtueoty td rcùt ot vodljtcs tbc muc prdfcss fljusc da tbc Adurtccetb Jicemicet. Adr cxjiplc, @jolcy v.6:

Jlj`jij, 0:? S.V. 0:? , 062, ct scq., 6: V.Ft. :=37 Ijelcy v. Hcdrhoj , 08? S.V. : , 3-1, =? V.Ft. 0:3.60

'Ot os jppjrcet,' tbos fdurt sjom oe tbc @jolcy Fjsc ( 0:? S.V. 06? , 6: V. Ft. :=3, :3:) 'tbjt j fdestotutodejl66

prdboòtode fjeedt `c trjeshrcsscm oemorcftly `y tbc frcjtode da j stjtutdry prcsuiptode jey idrc tbje ot fje6=

`c vodljtcm y morcft cejfticet. ]bc pdwcr td frcjtc prcsuiptodes os edt j icjes da csfjpc ardi fdestotutodejl 63

rcstroftodes.'61

Oa j lchosljtovc `dmy os wotbdut pdwcr td cejft js j rulc da cvomcefc j stjtutc mceyoeh j lotohjet tbc rohbt td prdvc68

tbc ajfts da bos fjsc, fcrtjoely tbc pdwcr fjeedt c ijmc td cicrhc `y puttoeh tbc cejfticet oe tbc huosc da j rulc62

da su`stjetovc ljw.6?

W Bcoecr v. Mdeeje, 023 S.V. 6:0 (:?60)Y =>

=:

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey=0

=6

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT==

:0.

Jmiot tbjt dec da tbc ijoe purpdscs da muc prdfcss da ljw os td rcidvc jll prcsuiptodes wbofb iohbt prckumofc rohbts=3

ardi tbc fdesomcrjtode da tbc ajftaoemcr(s).=1

=8


=?

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT3>

:6. Jmiot tbjt “proij ajfoc ljw’, sufb js tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc, os “prcsuicm td `c ljw’ adr tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs3:

cxflusovcly jpplofj`lc td tbc Mostroft da Fdluiòj pursujet td 02 S.V.F. §:611. 30

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“ ^roij ajfoc cvomcefc. Cvomcefc hddm jem suaaofocet de ots ajfc. Vufb cvomcefc js, oe tbc kumhicet da tbc ljw,:

os suaaofocet td cstj`losb j hovce ajft, dr tbc hrdup dr fbjoe da ajfts fdestotutoeh tbc pjrty‟s fljoi dr mcacesc, jem0

wbofb oa edt rcùttcm dr fdetrjmoftcm, woll rcijoe suaaofocet. Cvomcefc wbofb, oa uecxpljoecm dr uefdetrjmoftcm,6

os suaaofocet td sustjoe j kumhicet oe ajvdr da tbc ossuc wbofb ot suppdrts, ut wbofb ijy c fdetrjmoftcm y dtbcr=

cvomcefc. Vtjtc v. Bjrcizj, 0:6 Gje. 0>:, 3:3 .0m :0:8, :000.3

]bjt qujetui da cvomcefc tbjt suaaofcs adr prdda da j pjrtofuljr ajft uetol tbc ajft os fdetrjmoftcm `y dtbcr1

cvomcefc7 defc j trocr da ajft os ajfcm wotb fdealoftoeh cvomcefc, ot iust wcohb tbc proij ajfoc cvomcefc wotb jll8

tbc dtbcr prd`jtovc cvomcefc prcscetcm. Hdmcsgy v. rdvd Foty Fdrp., Stjb, 1?> .0m 3=:, 3=8. Cvomcefc wbofb,2

stjemoeh jldec jem uecxpljoecm, wdulm ijoetjoe tbc prdpdsotode jem wjrrjet tbc fdeflusode td suppdrt wbofb ot?

os oetrdmufcm. Je oeacrcefc dr prcsuiptode da ljw, jaaorijtovc dr echjtovc da j ajft, oe tbc j`scefc da prdda, dr:>

uetol prdda fje c d`tjoecm dr prdmufcm td dvcrfdic tbc oeacrcefc. Vcc jlsd ^rcsuiptovc cvomcefc.’::

W@ljfg‟s Ljw Moftodejry, Voxtb Cmotode, p. ::?>Y:0

:6

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey:=

:3

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT:1

:=. Jmiot tbjt defc “proij ajfoc ljw’ os fbjllcehcm, tbc idvoeh pjrty jsscrtoeh tbc jutbdroty da tbjt spcfoaof ljw bjs j:8

muty td prdvc tbjt tbc prdvosodes bc os fotoeh js jutbdroty jrc pdsotovc ljw, `y prdvomoeh cvomcefc da cejfticet oetd:2

pdsotovc ljw ardi tbc Vtjtutcs jt Ljrhc.:?

0>

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey0:00


:3. Jmiot tbjt oe tbc j`scefc da ede- proij ajfoc cvomcefc tbjt j stjtutc fotcm js jutbdroty os “pdsotovc ljw’ (scc : S.V.F.0=

§0>=(j)) dr tbjt Fdehrcss bjs cxprcssly cxtcemcm jutbdroty da sjom ljw td tbc stjtcs (= S.V.F. §80), tbce jey sjom03

stjtutc ijy edt `c fotcm jhjoest j pcrsde mdiofolcm oe j stjtc da tbc Seode wbdsc rohbts jrc prdtcftcm `y tbc01

Fdestotutode `cfjusc tbos wdulm `c je jùsc da prcsuiptode td prckumofc fdestotutodejlly hujrjetccm rohbts.08

(:) W2;=??6Y Fdeflusovc prcsuiptodes jaacftoeh prdtcftcm oetcrcsts; J fdeflusovc prcsuiptode ijy `c mcacjtcm02

wbcrc ots jpplofjtode wdulm oipjor j pjrty's fdestotutodejlly-prdtcftcm lo`crty dr prdpcrty oetcrcsts. Oe sufb0?

fjscs, fdeflusovc prcsuiptodes bjvc `cce bclm td vodljtc j pjrty's muc prdfcss jem cqujl prdtcftode6>

rohbts. WQljemos v. Gloec (:?86) =:0 S.V. ==: , ==?, ?6 V.Ft 006>, 00637 Flcvcljem @cm. da Cm. v. LjAlcur (:?8=)6:

=:= SV 160 , 16?-1=>, ?= V.Ft. :0>2, :0:3-prcsuiptode uemcr Olloedos ljw tbjt ueijrrocm ajtbcrs jrc ueaot60

vodljtcs prdfcssY66

WAcmcrjl Fovol ]rojls jem Cvomcefc, Puttcr Hrdup, pjrjhrjpb 2;=??6, p. 2G-6=Y 6=

63


68


:1. Jmiot tbjt j vodljtode da muc prdfcss da ljw prdmufcs j vdom kumhicet da ed adrfc jem caacft.6?

“J kumhicet rcemcrcm oe vodljtode da muc prdfcss os vdom oe tbc rcemcroeh Vtjtc jem os edt cetotlcm td aull ajotb jem=>

frcmot clscwbcrc. ^ceedycr v. Ecaa, ?3 S.V. 8:=, 860-866 (:282).’ =:

WXdrlm-Xomc Qdlgwjhce Fdrp. v. Xddmsde , === S.V. 021 (:?2>)Y=0

=6

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey==

=3


:8. Jmiot tbjt jll mdu`t iust `c rcsdlvcm oe ajvdr da tbc pcrsde jhjoest wbdi j tjx os ljom;=8

“Gccpoeh oe ioem tbc wcll -scttlcm rulc tbjt tbc fotozce os cxcipt ardi tjxjtode uelcss tbc sjic os oipdscm `y=2

flcjr jem uecquovdfjl ljehujhc, jem tbjt wbcrc tbc fdestruftode da j tjx ljw os mdu`taul, tbc mdu`t os td `c=?

rcsdlvcm oe ajvdr da tbdsc upde wbdi tbc tjx os sduhbt td `c ljom .’3>

WVprcfgcls Vuhjr Pcaoeoeh Fd. v. IfFljoe, :?0 S.V. 0?8 (:?>=)Y3:

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"Oe vocw da dtbcr scttlcm rulcs da stjtutdry fdestruftode, wbofb tcjfb tbjt j ljw os prcsuicm, oe tbc j`scefc da:

flcjr cxprcssode td tbc fdetrjry, td dpcrjtc prdspcftovcly7 tbjt, oa mdu`t cxosts js td tbc fdestruftode da j tjxoeh0

stjtutc, tbc mdu`t sbdulm `c rcsdlvcm oe ajvdr da tbc tjxpjycr..."6

WBjssctt v. Xclfb., 6>6 SV 6>6 , pp. 6:= - 6:3, 20 L.Cm. 232. (:?62)Y =

3


8


:2.

Jmiot tbjt cvomcefc uscm oe mctcrioeoeh lojòloty dr j lchjl muty oe jey tjx fdllcftode prdfccmoeh iust adlldw tbc?

Acmcrjl Pulcs da Cvomcefc.:>

::


:6

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT:=

:?. Jmiot tbjt cvomcefc wbofb os edt jutbcetofjtcm wotb j pcrkury stjtcicet dr j tcstoideojl djtb os edt jmiosso`lc oe jey:3

jmioeostrjtovc prdfccmoeh adr usc js cvomcefc da lojòloty, pursujet td 01 S.V.F. §1>13. :1

]O]LC 01 5 Vu`totlc A 5 FBJ^]CP 1: 5 Vu`fbjptcr J 5 ^JP] OQ 5 § 1>13:8

§1>13. Qcroaofjtode da rctures :2

Cxfcpt js dtbcrwosc prdvomcm `y tbc Vcfrctjry, jey rcture, mcfljrjtode, stjtcicet, dr dtbcr mdfuicet rcquorcm:? td `c ijmc uemcr jey prdvosode da tbc oetcrejl rcvceuc ljws dr rchuljtodes sbjll fdetjoe dr `c vcroaocm `y j0>

wrottce mcfljrjtode tbjt ot os ijmc uemcr tbc pcejltocs da pcrkury. 0:

00


0=


0>. Jmiot tbjt oeadrijtode rctures suìottcm td tbc OPV pursujet td 01 S.V.F. §1>=: iust `c sohecm `y tbc suìottcr01

uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury oe drmcr td `c uscm js cvomcefc da tbc rcfcopt da tjxj`lc cjreoehs.08

02

_DSP JEVXCP; TTTTJmiot TTTTMcey0?

6>

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT6:

0:. Jmiot tbjt wotb tbc cxfcptode da OPV adris X-0H jem X-6H, edec da tbc oeadrijtode rctures rcquorc j sohejturc uemcr60

pcejlty da pcrkury. ]bos oeflumcs OPV adris :>?2, :>??, :>=0-V, G-:.66

6=


61


00. Jmiot tbjt `cfjusc da tbc adrchdoeh, jll oeadrijtode rctures cxfcpt tbc X-0H jem X-6H jrc bcjrsjy cvomcefc tbjt os62

edt jmiosso`lc uemcr tbc Acmcrjl Pulcs da Cvomcefc jem wbofb csscetojlly jiduet td “bcjrsjy cvomcefc’ cxflumo`lc6?

uemcr tbc Bcjrsjy Pulc, Acmcrjl Pulc da Cvomcefc 2>0. =>

=:


=6

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT==

06. Jmiot tbjt tbc OPV bjs edt jutbdroty td frcjtc j Vu`stotutc Adr Pcture dr Jutdijtcm Vu`stotutc Adr Pcture adr OPV=3

adris :>=>, :>=>C[ , :>=>J, :>=>EP, :>=>EP-C[, ctf.=1

=8


=?

FLJPOAOFJ]ODE;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT3>

3:

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Jfgedwlcmhicet;:

O mcfljrc uemcr pcejlty da pcrkury js rcquorcm uemcr 01 S.V.F. §1>13 tbjt tbc jeswcrs prdvomcm `y ic td tbc adrchdoeh0

qucstodes jrc truc, fdrrcft, jem fdiplctc td tbc `cst da iy gedwlcmhc jem jòloty, sd bclp ic Hdm. O jlsd mcfljrc tbjt tbcsc6

jeswcrs jrc fdiplctcly fdesostcet wotb cjfb dtbcr jem wotb iy uemcrstjemoeh da `dtb tbc Fdestotutode da tbc Seotcm Vtjtcs,=

Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Fdmc, ]rcjsury Pchuljtodes, tbc Oetcrejl Pcvceuc Ijeujl, jem tbc ruloehs da tbc Vuprcic Fdurt ùt edt3

ecfcssjroly ldwcr acmcrjl fdurts.1

Ejic (proet);TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT8

Vohejturc;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT2

Mjtc;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT?

Xotecss ejic (proet);TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT:>

Xotecss Vohejturc;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT::

Xotecss Mjtc;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT:0

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