GOSPEL, SOUL, and GOSPEL, SOUL, and MOTOWNMOTOWN

Chapter 19Chapter 19

SoulSoul

While the stylistic elements of soul weren’t While the stylistic elements of soul weren’t new, their application to rock music wasnew, their application to rock music was

For perhaps the first time, there was a no-For perhaps the first time, there was a no-compromise presentation of black music compromise presentation of black music for the masses, comparatively free of for the masses, comparatively free of being watered downbeing watered down

BluesBlues and and gospelgospel are the “musical are the “musical parents” of soulparents” of soul

Until the 1960s record labels selling blues Until the 1960s record labels selling blues or gospel oriented music typically calmed or gospel oriented music typically calmed down the driving beat, shouting vocal style down the driving beat, shouting vocal style and passionate emotion to broaden its and passionate emotion to broaden its market to white teenagersmarket to white teenagers

Doo-wop, still reflected the influence of Doo-wop, still reflected the influence of smoother vocal styles, like Nat King Cole smoother vocal styles, like Nat King Cole http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJLMvH92KjQ

Some R&B artists changed their lyric Some R&B artists changed their lyric subjects from oppression, poverty and subjects from oppression, poverty and general misery to cars, puppy love and general misery to cars, puppy love and nagging parentsnagging parents

Once in a while an artist would break out Once in a while an artist would break out of that mold, like Little Richardof that mold, like Little Richard

Before the term soul came to be applied to Before the term soul came to be applied to their style, artists like James Brown, Ray their style, artists like James Brown, Ray Charles and Aretha Franklin were pulling Charles and Aretha Franklin were pulling out the stops and turning their concerts out the stops and turning their concerts into revival meetingsinto revival meetings

Atlantic RecordsAtlantic Records

Was founded by Ahmet Ertegun in 1946Was founded by Ahmet Ertegun in 1946Began as a small independent label Began as a small independent label

specializing in R&B and gradually gained specializing in R&B and gradually gained success featuring crossovers like the success featuring crossovers like the Coasters and Ray CharlesCoasters and Ray Charles

In the 1960s the label specialized in the In the 1960s the label specialized in the new gospel-based form of black rock – new gospel-based form of black rock – called soul and became a major label on called soul and became a major label on par with RCA and Columbiapar with RCA and Columbia

GospelGospel

The term soul reveals the most The term soul reveals the most fundamental aspect of its style; it is the fundamental aspect of its style; it is the secular offspring of music from the black secular offspring of music from the black churchchurch

Most soul artists learned the style from Most soul artists learned the style from singing in churchsinging in church

The most important development in black The most important development in black church music in the 20th century was the church music in the 20th century was the coming of gospel music and its creator, coming of gospel music and its creator, Thomas DorseyThomas Dorsey

Thomas Dorsey Thomas Dorsey

born in Georgia, 1899born in Georgia, 1899Popular vaudeville blues composer, singer Popular vaudeville blues composer, singer

and pianist in the 1920sand pianist in the 1920sWrote somewhat ‘suggestive’ blues songsWrote somewhat ‘suggestive’ blues songsHe was the son of a minister and had He was the son of a minister and had

never fully left the churchnever fully left the church In 1929 he devoted the rest of his life to In 1929 he devoted the rest of his life to

composing and performing religious musiccomposing and performing religious music

Thomas Dorsey- Father of GospelThomas Dorsey- Father of Gospel http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=nEosw5GUCzQ v=nEosw5GUCzQ He brought into church performances the same He brought into church performances the same

intensity and instrumentation he would have intensity and instrumentation he would have used at a dance hallused at a dance hall

Obviously this was met with opposition at firstObviously this was met with opposition at first

Black religious music had long involved Black religious music had long involved shouting vocals and a driving rhythm, but shouting vocals and a driving rhythm, but Dorsey’s music was too close to the sound Dorsey’s music was too close to the sound of blues – something the faithful of blues – something the faithful considered to be the devil’s musicconsidered to be the devil’s music

Through the persistence of Dorsey and a Through the persistence of Dorsey and a number of talented singers, this music, number of talented singers, this music, which came to be known as gospel music, which came to be known as gospel music, caught oncaught on

Dorsey brought the blues style into the Dorsey brought the blues style into the church as gospel music – soul then church as gospel music – soul then brought the gospel style back into the brought the gospel style back into the world of rhythm and bluesworld of rhythm and blues

James BrownJames Brown

Born in Georgia, 1933Born in Georgia, 1933Formed the Famous Flames in the 1950sFormed the Famous Flames in the 1950sKnown many times as the “Godfather of Known many times as the “Godfather of

Soul” and the “hardest working man in Soul” and the “hardest working man in show business”show business”

I Feel Good I Feel Good http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgDrJ5Z2rKw

As a musician his goal was to “give people As a musician his goal was to “give people more than what they came for — make more than what they came for — make them tired, 'cause them tired, 'cause that'sthat's what they came what they came for.”for.”

His performances were famous for their His performances were famous for their intensity and lengthintensity and length

He worked out spectacular but precise He worked out spectacular but precise dance steps, inspiring many artists to dance steps, inspiring many artists to come, most notably Michael Jackson.come, most notably Michael Jackson.

Vocally, James Brown emulated Little Vocally, James Brown emulated Little Richard’s coarse shouting/screaming Richard’s coarse shouting/screaming style, inserting grunts and shrieks – not style, inserting grunts and shrieks – not only did these add energy, but they served only did these add energy, but they served a rhythmic purpose tooa rhythmic purpose too

He also modeled his appearance after He also modeled his appearance after Little Richard – tall hair and a flashy Little Richard – tall hair and a flashy wardrobe including shiny suits and wardrobe including shiny suits and skintight pantsskintight pants

As a bandleader, he was extremely As a bandleader, he was extremely demanding – discipline, perfection and demanding – discipline, perfection and precisionprecision

If band members weren’t wearing the If band members weren’t wearing the exact costumes, arrived to a rehearsal or exact costumes, arrived to a rehearsal or performance late or even played wrong performance late or even played wrong notes they were finednotes they were fined

A notable part of James Brown’s live show A notable part of James Brown’s live show was the cape routine. Toward the end of was the cape routine. Toward the end of the show Brown would collapse onstage, the show Brown would collapse onstage, with the MC tending to him and draping a with the MC tending to him and draping a cape over his shoulders. Just before cape over his shoulders. Just before leaving the stage he would run back out leaving the stage he would run back out and finish the song.and finish the song.

Please, Please, PleasePlease, Please, Please

Released his first hit in 1956 – “Please, Released his first hit in 1956 – “Please, Please, Please” (Cape Routine/ Please Please, Please” (Cape Routine/ Please Please Please) Please Please) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0n62J9-WP1A

Very close to a typical doo-wop song with Very close to a typical doo-wop song with piano triplets, smooth background vocals piano triplets, smooth background vocals and a passionate lead vocaland a passionate lead vocal

ThinkThink

In 1960 he released “Think” – it showed a In 1960 he released “Think” – it showed a distinct style change; the horn section acted like distinct style change; the horn section acted like background vocalists and the drum beat was background vocalists and the drum beat was more crisp and driving more crisp and driving http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgPj7GoBfHE

His style was further set in stone when he won a His style was further set in stone when he won a legal battle with his record label to gain complete legal battle with his record label to gain complete artistic control over his careerartistic control over his career

Right after this he released “Papa’s Got a Right after this he released “Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag” Brand New Bag” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6Ore48uq-4 and “I Feel Good” – his first two top 10 and “I Feel Good” – his first two top 10 hitshits

As the 1960s progressed, Brown As the 1960s progressed, Brown continued to release music that would continued to release music that would eventually influence the development of eventually influence the development of funk music in the 1970sfunk music in the 1970s

At the end of the 1960s he released “Cold At the end of the 1960s he released “Cold Sweat,” Sweat,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ni5ELUVM2eI which some consider to be the first true which some consider to be the first true funk record – it was also the first of his funk record – it was also the first of his songs to feature a drum break and a songs to feature a drum break and a mainly single chord harmonymainly single chord harmony

With in the next two years he released a With in the next two years he released a number of singles that would influence not number of singles that would influence not only funk, but hip hop and various styles of only funk, but hip hop and various styles of electronic dance musicelectronic dance music

““Funky Drummer” is notable for arguably Funky Drummer” is notable for arguably being one of the most sampled recordings being one of the most sampled recordings https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoQ4AtsFWVM

““Give It Up or Turn it a Loose” became a Give It Up or Turn it a Loose” became a popular hip hop/breakdance song popular hip hop/breakdance song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTJEu7Tngaw

Brown continued to record through the 80s Brown continued to record through the 80s 90s and early 2000s as well as appearing 90s and early 2000s as well as appearing in a number of movies and TV showsin a number of movies and TV shows

Although his singles didn’t experience Although his singles didn’t experience quite the same attention they once did, his quite the same attention they once did, his influence is undeniableinfluence is undeniable

Songs that sample James Brown Songs that sample James Brown http://www.whosampled.com/artist/James%20Brown/

He died Christmas day, 2006He died Christmas day, 2006

Ray CharlesRay Charles Born 1930 in GeorgiaBorn 1930 in Georgia At age 6 he lost his sight due to glaucomaAt age 6 he lost his sight due to glaucoma He was trained in music at a school for the deaf He was trained in music at a school for the deaf

and blind in Floridaand blind in Florida Began as a traveling musician at the age of 15, Began as a traveling musician at the age of 15,

eventually settling in Seattle, WAeventually settling in Seattle, WA His early influences were artists like Nat King His early influences were artists like Nat King

Cole, and his early music reflected thatCole, and his early music reflected that I Got A Woman (live with intro) I Got A Woman (live with intro)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81cyUwnM71U

He moved to Atlantic Records in 1952, an He moved to Atlantic Records in 1952, an independent label specializing in “soul” musicindependent label specializing in “soul” music

In 1953 he released “Mess Around,” written by In 1953 he released “Mess Around,” written by Ahmet Ertegun, president of Atlantic Records – Ahmet Ertegun, president of Atlantic Records – this song led to a string of hit singles until 1959 this song led to a string of hit singles until 1959 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3T8dJk8LjE

As he was developing his sound, he began to As he was developing his sound, he began to incorporate female background singers, dubbed incorporate female background singers, dubbed the Raelettesthe Raelettes

In 1959 he crossed over to top 40 radio In 1959 he crossed over to top 40 radio with “What’d I Say” a song that was with “What’d I Say” a song that was improvised at a concert when the planned improvised at a concert when the planned performance ended early performance ended early http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzkLs7ymZqU

Because the song was over 6 minutes Because the song was over 6 minutes long (too long for AM radio) it was split into long (too long for AM radio) it was split into two partstwo parts

Shortly after this Ray Charles left Atlantic Shortly after this Ray Charles left Atlantic to sign with ABC Records for a much more to sign with ABC Records for a much more lucrative deal – higher royalties, complete lucrative deal – higher royalties, complete artistic control and ownership of his master artistic control and ownership of his master tapestapes

He released a number of #1 singles on his He released a number of #1 singles on his first record at ABC helping his transition to first record at ABC helping his transition to pop musicpop music

For the rest of the 1960s and into the For the rest of the 1960s and into the 1970s, his releases were hit or miss1970s, his releases were hit or miss

Over the course of the next few decades, Over the course of the next few decades, he appeared in various films (The Blues he appeared in various films (The Blues Brothers), TV shows and commercials, Brothers), TV shows and commercials, increasing his recognition among young increasing his recognition among young audiencesaudiences

In 2004, In 2004, RayRay was released – a was released – a biographical movie about Charles starring biographical movie about Charles starring Jamie FoxxJamie Foxx

Foxx won an academy award for the role Foxx won an academy award for the role and the movie continued to increase a and the movie continued to increase a younger generation's awareness of Ray younger generation's awareness of Ray Charles’ career Charles’ career https://www.youtube.com/watch?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LakGqZmF-Gg v=LakGqZmF-Gg

Ray Charles died a few months before the Ray Charles died a few months before the movie was released due to liver cancer, movie was released due to liver cancer, but had been deeply involved in the but had been deeply involved in the production of the filmproduction of the film

STAX RECORDSSTAX RECORDS

By the 1960s Memphis had been home to By the 1960s Memphis had been home to popular blues and rockabilly artistspopular blues and rockabilly artists

As the fifties came to an end though, many As the fifties came to an end though, many blues singers had moved to Chicago, and blues singers had moved to Chicago, and Elvis had moved to NashvilleElvis had moved to Nashville

Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton renamed their Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton renamed their studio in 1961 – eventually Atlantic became the studio in 1961 – eventually Atlantic became the exclusive distributor of music recorded thereexclusive distributor of music recorded there

Their first hits were instrumental – soon after, Their first hits were instrumental – soon after, Otis Redding http://www.youtube.com/watch?Otis Redding http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCmUhYSr-e4 and Isaac Hayes v=UCmUhYSr-e4 and Isaac Hayes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqR4CZj0mJQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqR4CZj0mJQ began writing hits for the small record label began writing hits for the small record label

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAbYOt2_T5s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAbYOt2_T5s The studio left its original formula to compete The studio left its original formula to compete

with the slick sound of Motown but ultimately with the slick sound of Motown but ultimately failed and went bankruptfailed and went bankrupt

Aretha FranklinAretha Franklin

Born Memphis Tennessee – 1942Born Memphis Tennessee – 1942 Her father was a Baptist minister – her childhood Her father was a Baptist minister – her childhood

was spent hearing gospel musicwas spent hearing gospel music In the late fifties she decided to cross over into In the late fifties she decided to cross over into

pop musicpop music Her first record label tried to make her into a Her first record label tried to make her into a

female Nat King Cole crooner, something neither female Nat King Cole crooner, something neither the white easy listening audience nor the black the white easy listening audience nor the black R&B audience was interested inR&B audience was interested in

When her contract expired in 1967 Atlantic When her contract expired in 1967 Atlantic grabbed her, using their experience with grabbed her, using their experience with soul and gospel to bring out the best of her soul and gospel to bring out the best of her voice – they encouraged her to sing in a voice – they encouraged her to sing in a shouting gospel style and gave her control shouting gospel style and gave her control over her songs and arrangementsover her songs and arrangements

First female artist inducted into the Rock First female artist inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fameand Roll Hall of Fame

Respect http://www.youtube.com/watch?Respect http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-o1Bg7yBxQov=-o1Bg7yBxQo

Isaac HayesIsaac Hayes Born 1942 – Died 2008 TennesseeBorn 1942 – Died 2008 Tennessee Worked with people like Otis ReddingWorked with people like Otis Redding Known for his really deep voice Known for his really deep voice

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqR4CZj0mJQ “Walk on By”v=iqR4CZj0mJQ “Walk on By”

Inducted into the Rock N Roll Hall of Fame Inducted into the Rock N Roll Hall of Fame in 2002in 2002

Played a character in the show “South Played a character in the show “South Park” - ??Park” - ??

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLaglAD4iG0 Chef – “South Park” songsv=iLaglAD4iG0 Chef – “South Park” songs

Resigned from South Park for religious Resigned from South Park for religious reasons.reasons.

Motown RecordsMotown Records

Founded by Berry Gordy Jr. in Detroit, Founded by Berry Gordy Jr. in Detroit, MichiganMichigan

It was known for its ability to produce hit It was known for its ability to produce hit after hit, similar to an assembly lineafter hit, similar to an assembly line

Among the writing staff was the team H-D-Among the writing staff was the team H-D-H (Eddie and Brian Holland and Lamont H (Eddie and Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier) responsible for 28 top 20 hits in 4 Dozier) responsible for 28 top 20 hits in 4 yearsyears

Their formula’s success was undeniable Their formula’s success was undeniable and has been used ever sinceand has been used ever since

Lyrics in the verse were disposable, but Lyrics in the verse were disposable, but the chorus contained the hook line, the the chorus contained the hook line, the song’s title and was written in such a way song’s title and was written in such a way that it stuck in the listener’s headthat it stuck in the listener’s head

By exerting control over every step of the By exerting control over every step of the production process, Berry Gordy created a production process, Berry Gordy created a distinguishable “Motown sound”distinguishable “Motown sound”

A song was passed around between artists until A song was passed around between artists until the right one was found to sing itthe right one was found to sing it

The artists were well-groomed and poised, even The artists were well-groomed and poised, even when doing their distinctive dance stepswhen doing their distinctive dance steps

Lyrics were inoffensive and romantic, the beat Lyrics were inoffensive and romantic, the beat was danceable and the recording length stayed was danceable and the recording length stayed well within AM time constraintswell within AM time constraints

The music had a wholesomeness and The music had a wholesomeness and elegance unlike the aggression of Stax elegance unlike the aggression of Stax artists or James Brown, but was more artists or James Brown, but was more successful among white audiencessuccessful among white audiences

Eventually some artists grew fed up with Eventually some artists grew fed up with Berry Gordy’s control and renegotiated Berry Gordy’s control and renegotiated their contracts, leading to very unique their contracts, leading to very unique sounds coming from Motownsounds coming from Motown

Motown’s distinct sound was further Motown’s distinct sound was further helped by “The Funk Brothers” – a group helped by “The Funk Brothers” – a group of studio musicians that appeared on of studio musicians that appeared on many of Motown’s hits – Gordy knew they many of Motown’s hits – Gordy knew they had formed a unique and valuable sound had formed a unique and valuable sound and guarded them viciously – they were and guarded them viciously – they were forbidden to appear on recordings outside forbidden to appear on recordings outside Motown together or perform live together, Motown together or perform live together, even locally in Detroit under the threat of even locally in Detroit under the threat of being firedbeing fired

Artists on Motown RecordsArtists on Motown Records

Stevie WonderStevie Wonder The TemptationsThe TemptationsThe Jackson 5The Jackson 5 98 Degrees98 DegreesMarvin GayeMarvin Gaye Boyz II MenBoyz II MenThe SupremesThe Supremes Lionel RichieLionel Richie

Stevie WonderStevie Wonder

Born in DetroitBorn in DetroitAuditioned for Berry Gordy at 10 years old Auditioned for Berry Gordy at 10 years old

– he was impressed by his multi-– he was impressed by his multi-instrumentalist talent and singing ability instrumentalist talent and singing ability and was marketed as a young Ray and was marketed as a young Ray Charles (although he was blind from birth)Charles (although he was blind from birth)

As he gained success at Motown he As he gained success at Motown he eventually renegotiated his contract for eventually renegotiated his contract for higher royalties and more creative controlhigher royalties and more creative control

His later recordings show this through His later recordings show this through greater experimentation, specifically with greater experimentation, specifically with the use of synthesizers and blending the use of synthesizers and blending together a number of musical stylestogether a number of musical styles

Superstitious Superstitious http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ul7X5js1vE v=_ul7X5js1vE

Jackson 5Jackson 5

Originally a trio of the three older brothers, the Originally a trio of the three older brothers, the full lineup became Jackie, Tito, Germaine, full lineup became Jackie, Tito, Germaine, Marlon and Michael in 1964Marlon and Michael in 1964

The group was managed (and pushed to work The group was managed (and pushed to work very hard) by their fathervery hard) by their father

Once signed with Motown the group fell victim to Once signed with Motown the group fell victim to Berry Gordy’s control, going so far as to creating Berry Gordy’s control, going so far as to creating a fake discovery story – Michael’s age was a fake discovery story – Michael’s age was changed from 11 to 9 to make him appear cuterchanged from 11 to 9 to make him appear cuter

Although the group played instruments Although the group played instruments onstage and were writing and producing onstage and were writing and producing song in their home studio, Motown didn’t song in their home studio, Motown didn’t allow them to record their own allow them to record their own compositions or play their own instruments compositions or play their own instruments in the studioin the studio

A massive marketing campaign was A massive marketing campaign was launched with the group starring in TV launched with the group starring in TV specials and cartoonsspecials and cartoons

The group went on to influence the boy The group went on to influence the boy band genre, as well as bringing dances band genre, as well as bringing dances such as the “robot” into the mainstreamsuch as the “robot” into the mainstream

I Want You Back I Want You Back http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3Q80mk7bxEv=s3Q80mk7bxE

Michael Jackson Don’t Stop Til You Get Michael Jackson Don’t Stop Til You Get Enough http://www.youtube.com/watch?Enough http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bwjT8wLenEv=2bwjT8wLenE

Marvin GayeMarvin Gaye

What’s Goin On What’s Goin On http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f39Zs0gB87cv=f39Zs0gB87c

HomeworkHomework

List five songs (other than those listed List five songs (other than those listed here) for the following people – here) for the following people –

Stevie WonderStevie Wonder The TemptationsThe TemptationsThe Jackson 5The Jackson 5 98 Degrees98 DegreesMarvin GayeMarvin Gaye Boyz II MenBoyz II MenThe SupremesThe Supremes Lionel RichieLionel Richie