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GORDON WILMSMEIEREconomic Affairs OfficerInfrastructure Services Unit (ISU)Natural Resources and Infrastructure Division (NRID)
VIII CIRIAS , November 17th 2011, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Structure
1. Infrastructure and development
2. Investments and gaps
3. Infrastructure regional integration
4. Challenges and cooperation opportunities
Global experience, both theoretically and empirically analyzed, gives valuable results regarding the positive relationship between the
Transport infrastructure and development
provision of infrastructure and economic and social development. Although in the past several questions were raised about the forms of
measurement and empirical results, it is now recognized that a positive relationship exists, and that the presence of infrastructure improvements helps in explaining growth differentials among regions or countries.
The services provided based on this infrastructure complement that relationship,
Improved infrastructure services depend, among other factors, on appropriate conditions of physical infrastructure supply, thus both supporting improvements in productivity and competitiveness of a country or region, and contributing to economic growth.
In the current design, we can no longer consider infrastructure and services in a separate manner, as it was traditionally.
infrastructure services play a key role in the economic and social development.
Infrastructure services effects
Economic Growth Infrastructure services increase productivity / reduce production
costs Inequality and poverty Access to infrastructure services (including transport) has more
positive effect on income and welfare of the poorest segments. Public services and universal access.
Better access to markets (e.g. work place)Improving human capital
directly (access to safe water, sanitation) indirectly (transportation to school, hospital, entertainment,
etc.).
Infrastructure stock and economic development
AGO
ARE
ARG
AUSAUT
BDI
BEL
BENBFABGD BGR
BHR
BLR
BOL
BRA
BWA
CAF
CAN
CHE
CHL
CHN
CIVCMRCOG
COLCRI
CYP
CZEDEUDNK
DOM
DZAECU
EGYESP
ESTETH
FINFRA
GAB
GBR
GHA
GIN
GMBGNB
GRC
GTM
HKG
HND
HRVHTI
HUNIDNIND
IRL
IRN
IRQ
ISLISRITA
JAM
JOR
JPN
KAZKEN
KGZ
KOR
LBY
LKA
LTU
LUXLVAMAR
MDG
MEX
MLT
MRTMWI
MYS
NER
NGA
NIC
NLD
NOR
NPL NZL
OMN
PAK PAN
PER
PHL
POL
PRT
PRY
QAT
ROM
RUS
RWA
SAU
SDN
SEN
SGP
SLE
SLVSVK
SVNSWESYR
TCDTGO
THA
TTOTUN
TUR
TWN
TZA
UGA
UKR
URY
USA
VENYEM
YSR
ZAF
ZAR
ZMBZWE
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Infrastructure Stock Index (WB)
Gro
wth
of
rea
l G
DP
(%
)
Infrastructure stock and income inequality
ZWE
ZMBZAF
YSR
VEN
USA
URY
UKR
UGATZA
TWN
TUR
TUN
TTOTHA
SWE
SVN
SVK
SLV
SLE
SGP
SEN
RWA RUSROM
PRY
PRT
POL
PHL
PER
PAN
PAK
NZL
NPL
NOR
NLD
NICNGA
NER
MYS
MRT
MEX
MDG
MAR
LVA
LUX
LTU
LKA
KORKGZ
KEN
KAZ JPN
JOR
JAM
ITA
ISR
IRQ
IRN
IRL
INDIDN
HUNHRV
HND
HKG
GTM
GRC
GNB
GIN
GHA
GBR
FRA
FIN
ETH
EST
ESP
EGY
ECU
DZA
DOM
DNKDEU
CZECYP
CRI
COL
CIV
CHN
CHL
CHECAN
BWA
BRA
BOL
BLR
BGR
BGD
BFA
BELAUT
AUS
ARG
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Infrastructure Stock Index (WB)
Gin
i C
oe
ffic
ien
t
Source: Luis Servén 2008
the relationship between quality of infrastructure and real GDP per capita
and the inequality of income distributionexhibits similar impacts
Infrastructure, development and equity
Infrastructure, development and equity – GDP per capita and logistics performance - 2009
Diagnosis and major infrastructure challenges in LAC
Structure
1. Infrastructure and development
2. Investments and gaps
3. Infrastructure regional integration
4. Challenges and cooperation opportunities
0
50
100
150
200
250
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
p
2010
p
Brecha Efectivo NecesarioSupply DemandGap
Source: ECLAC, 2010
Estimated transport infrastructure gap in Latin America (base year 1995 = 100)
The infrastructural gap
Required investments @5.2% of the GDP @ 7.9% of the GDP
Closing gap?Currently LAC invests 2 - 2.5% of GDP in infrastructure
Logistics performance gapLogistics performance index: (1=low to 5=high)
Infrastructure, development and equity –GDP per capita and Logistics Performance - 2009
NRID/ISU - Main studies
1. World experiences on integrated policies Developed and developing economies Sub-national cases
2. LA: Public policies for and infrastructure services 13 LA countries European Union Esp. Spain
3. Infrastructure investment gaps
4. LA: Infrastructure diagnosis
NRID / ISU principal investigation themes
Time for Equality and economic and social development: Full development Equal rights
Public policies: Comprehensive vision and approach Sustainability
Sustainable transport and infrastructure services (both long and short distances, passengers and freight): Modal shift Technical regulations (emissions, fuel, engines, etc.), reaping
the benefits of technological progress Pricing and economic regulations
NRID / ISU principal investigation themes
New equation: State‐market‐society The public sphere as a forum for collective interests and not
simply for State or national matters Political agreements for a new social and intergenerational cove
nant, with specific responsibilities and accountability systems Consolidation of a culture of collective development based on to
lerance of difference and diversity Strategic internally defined long‐term vision
that promotes covenants between the stakeholders in production
Policies of State —not only of the current government or administration—channelled through institutions
PUBLIC POLICIES – INSTITUTIONS, MARKET & REGULATIONS
Structure
1. Infrastructure and development
2. Investments and gaps
3. Infrastructure regional integration
4. Challenges and cooperation opportunities
At least three ways of integration
1. Economic and trade integration
2. Political integration3. Physical integration4. ...
Subsector/sector Transport Energy CommunicationsNo. mill. USD No. mill. USD No. mill. USD
Air 24 2,690.3 Road 207 32,991.1 Rail 61 12,746.9 River 74 2,837.4 Maritime 31 3,391.2 Multimodal 15 439.7 Border Crossing 39 293.5 Energy Reg. Harmonization 1 380.4 Energy Generation 27 28,433.3 Energy Interconection 36 11,870.7 Comm. Interconection 9 44.7TOTAL 451 55,390.1 64 40,684.4 9 44.7
Infrastructure regional integration
Sectorial and sub-sectorial composition of the IIRSA Portfolio
(No of Projects and amount of investment in mill. USD)
15.6
66.5
4.5
20.4
12.1
0.2
64.0
21.4
95.3
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Transport Energy Communications
% o
f tot
al in
vest
men
t
Public Private Public-Private
Source: IIRSA (2011)
YPE OF FINANCING IN IIRSA PORTFOLIO
BY TYPE AND SECTOR IN IIRSA PORTFOLIO
Regional integration. South America infrastructure finance portfolio
Structure
1. Infrastructure and development
2. Investments and gaps
3. Infrastructure regional integration
4. Challenges and cooperation opportunities
Cooperation framework: infrastructure and policies
Source: Cipoletta (2011)
GORDON [email protected]