Googles Android

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Department Of Electronics andCommunication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the technical seminar report titled Googles New Android

Phone Aims to Replace Credit Card that is being submitted by G.ASHISH REDDY in

partial fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING by Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University Hyderabad, is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under

my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this technical seminar report have not

been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Date:

Mr. B. Kedarnath Prof .G .Laxmi Narayana(Assoc. Professor) (Head of Department)

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the results embodied in this dissertation entitled

Googles New Android Phone Aims to Replace Credit Card is carried out

by me during the year 2010 2011 for the award of B.Tech (Electronics and

Communication Engineering) from JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY(H) through Guru Nanak engineering

college. I have not submitted the same to any otheruniversity or organization

for the award of any other degree.

G.ASHISH REDDY(07B91A0426)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to remember and acknowledge the co-

operation, goodwill and support extended by several individuals out

of which this project has evolved. We shall cherish our association

with them.

We thank our Internal Guide Mr. B.Kedarnath for his

overwhelming presence in all our endeavours. We are extremely

grateful to them for their constant support.

The Electronics and Communication Engineering

department is ably headed by our HOD, Prof. G. Laxmi Narayana

who has been a pillar of support for our entire course, especially the

project. We are deeply indebted to him who has been our internal

guide for guiding us. Last, but not the least, we thank the Almighty

for showering us with his blessings which we hope will be with us

forever.

I thank our Principal for his overwhelming presence in all our

endeavours. Whenever any activity takes place in our college it

would not be without the astute guidance of our beloved Director

and our Management. We are extremely grateful to them for their

constant support.

I would like to thank my parents and friends who have been a

great support throughout my work and for judging all my works to

make them perfect.

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I would be delighted to thank all the teaching and non-teaching

staff of our department also who have given their support in our

work.

CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT ......................................................................... 6

2. INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 7

3. ANDRIOD TIMELINE............................................................. 8

4. VERSION HISTORY.............................................................. 10

5. FEATURES ........................................................................ 11

6. ANDROID ARCHITECTURE............................................... 12

7. ANDROID MARKET............................................................. 15

8. ANDROID 2.3 PLATFORMS................................................ 20

9. REPLACEMENT FOR CREDIT CARD................................ 22

10. APPLICATIONS................................................................... 23

11. CONCLUSION .................................................................. 25

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12. BIBILIOGRAPHY................................................................. 26

1. ABSTRACT

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that

includes operating system, middleware and key applications. Android

is announced as the worlds first open and complete mobile platform.

Android has been updated number of times, these updates to the baseoperating system typically fix bugs and add new features. After new

versions of android came into existence the market shares of other

mobile operating system are being decreased. Application framework

enables reuse and replacement of components by providing an open

development platform, and offers developers the ability to build

extremely rich and innovative applications. Android enables

application of speech input, search by taking a picture, mobile

payment, place dictionary for local search and instantly translate

between languages.

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2. INTRODUCTION

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operatingsystem, middleware and key applications. The Android SDKprovides the toolsnecessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using theJava programming language.

Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc.,in 2005. Android's mobile operating system is based upon a modified version of

the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliancecollaborated on Android's development and release. The Android Open SourceProject (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development ofAndroid.

In 2010 the Android operating system was the world's best-selling smart-phone platform, dethroningNokia's Symbian from the 10-year top position.Android has a large community of developers writing application programs

("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over200,000 apps available for Android. Android Market is the online app store run

by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites.Developers write primarily in the Java language, controlling the device viaGoogle-developed Java libraries.

The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 wasannounced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 79

hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open

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http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standardhttp://developer.android.com/sdk/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard


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standards for mobile devices. Google released most of the Android code underthe Apache License, a free software and open source license.

The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications

running on a Java-based, object-orientedapplication frameworkon top ofJavacore libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation.

3.ANDROID TIMELINE

(From November 5th, 2007 to October 21st, 2008)

A. Open Handset Alliance Announces Android :

(November 5th, 2007)

34 mobile and technology leaders come together to form the Open Handset

Alliance. They announce Android, the world's first truly open and complete

mobile platform. First phones scheduled to ship in second half of 2008.

B. Early look SDK released :

(November 12th, 2007)

Developers get the opportunity to provide feedback and shape the SDK's

development.

C. Android Developer Challenge :

(April 17th, 2008)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-orientedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Class_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Class_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilationhttp://www.openhandsetalliance.com/http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/http://code.google.com/http://code.google.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_licensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_stackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-orientedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_frameworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Class_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Class_Libraryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_(software)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilationhttp://www.openhandsetalliance.com/http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/http://code.google.com/


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1,788 submissions received on this date. 20 winners announced on Aug 28th. $5

million in total awarded to developers for great Android applications.

D. Android Market announced :(August 28th, 2008)

Open content distribution system to connect users and developers.

E. T-Mobile G1 :

(September 23rd, 2008)

World's first Android-powered phone announced. Phones were available to

consumers starting October 22.

F. Android 1.0 SDK release 1 available :

(September 23rd, 2008)

Developers have access to first 1.0 compatible SDK

G. Android Open Source Project :

(October 21st, 2008)

Source code is released.

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http://code.google.com/android/adc/adc_gallery/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.htmlhttp://www.t-mobileg1.com/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/http://code.google.com/android/adc/adc_gallery/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.htmlhttp://www.t-mobileg1.com/http://android-developers.blogspot.com/


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4. VERSION HISTORY

Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. Theseupdates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features.

Generally each new version of the Android operating system is developed under

a code name based on a dessert item.

The Most Recent Released Versions of Android:

2.0/2.1 (clair), which revamped the user interface and introduced HTML5 andExchange ActiveSync 2.5 support

2.2 (Froyo), which introduced speed improvements with JIT optimization andthe Chrome V8 JavaScript engine, and added Wi-Fi hotspot tethering andAdobe Flash support

2.3 (Gingerbread), which refined the user interface, improved the softkeyboard and copy/paste features, and added support for Near Field

Communication

3.0 (Honeycomb), a tablet-oriented release which supports large screen devicesand introduces many new user interface features, and supports multicore

processors and hardware acceleration for graphics. The Honeycomb SDK hasbeen released and the first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoomtablet, went on sale in February 2011.

Upcoming Versions of Android:

2.4 (Gingerbread), is an update to 2.3, anticipated to be released in April 2011.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSynchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSynchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom


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Ice-cream sandwich is a combination of 2.3 Gingerbread and 3.0 Honeycomb

into a "cohesive whole", with a possible release in mid-2011.

5. FEATURES

Application framework enables reuse and replacement of components

Dalvik virtual machine is optimized for mobile devices

Integrated browser is based on the open source Web Kit engine

Optimized graphics powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D

graphics based on the OpenGL ES 1.0 specification (hardware

acceleration optional)

SQLite for structured data storage

Media support for common audio, video, and still image formats

(MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF)

GSM Telephony (hardware dependent)

Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and Wi-Fi (hardware dependent)

Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer (hardware dependent)

Rich development environment including a device emulator, tools for

debugging, memory and performance profiling, and a plug-in for the

Eclipse IDE.

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6. ANDROID ARCHITECTURE

Applications:

Android will ship with a set of core applications including an email

client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All

applications are written using the Java programming language.

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Application Framework:

By providing an open development platform, Android offers developers

the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications. Developers are

free to take advantage of the device hardware, access location information, run

background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much,

much more. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of

components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other

application may then make use of those capabilities.

Libraries:Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of

the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the

Android application framework. Some of the core libraries are listed below:

System C library

Media Libraries Surface Manager

Lib Web Core

SGL

3D libraries

Free Type

SQLite

Android Runtime:

Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the

functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language.

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Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance

of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run

multiple VMs efficiently. The Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik

Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The

VM is register-based, and runs classes compiled by a Java language compiler

that have been transformed into the .dex format by the included "dx" tool.

The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality

such as threading and low-level memory management.

Linux Kernel:

Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as

security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver

model. The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and

the rest of the software stack.

7. ANDROID MARKET

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Market shares of different O.S.:

0.00% 10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%

Symbian

Android

Apple iPhone

RIM

Windows

Linux

Other

Symbian

Android

AppleiPhone

RIMWindo

wsLinux Other

2010 36.60 25.50 16.70 14.80 2.80% 2.10% 1.50%

2009 44.60 3.50% 17.10 20.70 7.90% 4.70% 1.50%

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Android Market is the online software store developed by Google for Android

devices. An application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on mostAndroid devices and allows users to browse and download apps published by

third-party developers, hosted on Android Market. As of December 2010 there

were about 200,000 games, applications and widgets available on the Android

Market, with an estimated 2.5 billion total downloads

Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are

allowed to preinstall Google's closed-source Android Market app and access the

Market. The Market filters the list of applications presented by the Market app

to those that are compatible with the user's device, and developers may restrict

their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons.

Google announced the Android Market on 28 August 2008, and it was

available to users on 22 October 2008. Support for paid applications wasavailable from 13 February 2009 for US and UK developers, with additional

support from 29 countries on 30 September 2010.

Marketing:

Android Logo:

The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made byAscender Corporation. Android Green is the colour of the Android Robot that

represents the Android operating system.

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Typeface:

The custom typeface of Android is called NORAD, only used in the text

logo.

Market share:

A research company by name Canalys estimated in 2009 that Android

had a 2.8% share of worldwide Smartphone shipment. By 2010 this had grown

to 33% of the market, becoming the top-selling Smartphone platform. This

estimate includes the Tapas and OMS variants of Android

In February 2010, the Android platform had 9.0% of the U.S. Smartphone

market, as measured by current mobile subscribers. This figure was up from an

earlier estimate of 5.2% in November 2009. By the end of 2010 Android's U.S.

market share had grown to 21.4 percent.

In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival

iPhone platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved

25% Smartphone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In

the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 11%, indicating that Android is

taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy

consumer demand for new competitor offerings. Furthermore, analysts pointed

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to advantages that Android has as a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which

allowed it to duplicate the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.

In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approvedsubmitters. By mid-October, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32

countries. For a complete list of countries that are allowed to sell apps and those

able to buy them see Android Market.

As of December 2010 Google said over 300,000 Android phones were

being activated daily,up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.

In February 2011, during the 2011 Mobile World Congress, Eric Schmidt

announced that Android has reached 350,000 activations per day.

Analysis of usage share:

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Platform API Level Distribution

Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) 9/10 0.8%

Android 2.2 (Froyo) 8 57.6%

Android 2.0/2.1 (clair) 7 31.4%

Android 1.6 (Donut) 4 6.3%

Android 1.5 (Cupcake) 3 3.9%


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8. ANDROID 2.3 PLATFORMS

Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) includes many new platform technologies and APIs

to help developers create great apps. Some of the highlights include:

Enhancements for Game Development:

To improve overall responsiveness, theyve added a new concurrent

garbage collector and optimized the platforms overall event handling.

Rich Multimedia:

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To provide a great multimedia environment for games and other

applications, theyve added support for the new video formats and audio effects.

New Forms of Communication:

The platform now includes support for front-facing camera and Near

Field Communications (NFC), to let developers include new capabilities in their

applications.

Simplified Debug Builds:

Developers can easily generate debug packages without having to

manually configure the applications manifest, making workflow more efficient.

Integrated ProGuard Support:

ProGuard is now packaged with the SDK Tools. Developers can now

obfuscate their code as an integrated part of a release build.

Hierarchy Viewer Improvements:

The Hierarchy-Viewer tool includes an updated UI and is now accessible

directly from the ADT Plug-in.

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9.REPLACEMENT FOR CREDIT CARD

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short range high frequency

wireless communication technology mostly used for mobile payments. New

Nexus S has a NFC Chip (called smart card) that allows the wireless

transmissions, when waved near reader module the transaction takes place. The

payment could be deducted from pre-paid account or charged to mobile or bank

account directly. Mobile payment method via NFC faces significant challenges

for wide and fast adoption. Using NFC technology the credit cards will be

replaced for payment.

The platform's support for Near Field Communications (NFC) lets

developers get started creating a whole new class of applications for Android.

Developers can create new applications that offer proximity-based information

and services to users, organizations, merchants, and advertisers. Using the NFC

API, applications can read and respond to NFC tags discovered as the user

touches an NFC-enabled device to elements embedded in stickers, smart

posters, and even other devices. When a tag of interest is collected, applications

can respond to the tag, read messages from it, and then store the messages,

prompting the user as needed. Starting from Android 2.3.3, applications can

also write to tags and set up peer-to-peer connections with other NFC

devices.NFC communication relies on wireless technology in the device

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hardware, so support for the platform's NFC features on specific devices is

determined by their manufacturers.

10. APPLICATIONS

Google Voice:

Speech input adds another dimension to stay in touch. Googles voice

search application, which is pre-installed in on many android devices, provides

powerful features like search by voice and voice shortcuts like Navigate to.

Further enhancing the voice experience, Android 2.1 introduces a voice-enabled

keyboard, which makes it even easier to stay connected.

Google Goggles:

Search by taking a picture. Goggles use image recognition technology to

recognize objects and return relevant search results. It identifies products,

famous landmarks, storefronts, artwork, and popular images found online.

Goggles can translate words in English, French, Italian, and German & Spanish.

Goggles can extract contact information from business cards.

Mobile Payments:

It is used for various payments through mobile which makes it easy for

any individuals in their daily course of time.

Google Translate:

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It lets us instantly translate between over 50 languages.

Place Dictionary for Local Search:

It makes easy to search for a landmark in any local area.

Gesture Search:

Gesture search lets you quickly find a contact, an installed application, a

bookmark or a music track from hundreds or thousands of items, by simply

drawing alphabet gestures on the touch screen.

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11. CONCLUSION

Android powered phones are up to five times faster and make it possible

to use the phone as a wireless hotspot.

Android OS is an open platform & it is free.

Any User, Developer & industries can develop new software &

applications.

Unlike Apples iPhone the Googles Android powered phones support

any kind of additional hardware and these are reusable.

Googles Android is stepping into the next level of Mobile devices.

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12. BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. Android Overview. Open Handset Alliance.

http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/android_overview.html. Retrieved

2008-09-23.

2. Android 2.3 Platform Highlights". Android Developers. 6 December

2010. http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.3-highlights.html.

Retrieved 2010-12-07.

3. http://developer.android.com

4. www.wikipedia.org
http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/android_overview.html.%20Retrieved%202008-09-23http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/android_overview.html.%20Retrieved%202008-09-23http://developer.android.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/android_overview.html.%20Retrieved%202008-09-23http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/android_overview.html.%20Retrieved%202008-09-23http://developer.android.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/

Documents

Googles Android