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What do you know about the following?!?What do you know about the following?!?

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1.1.CuneiformCuneiform

2.2.PERSIAPERSIA

3.3.MesopotamiaMesopotamia

4.4.HammurabiHammurabi

5.5.Tigris and Euphrates RiversTigris and Euphrates Rivers

Ancient Egypt

Fertile Nile River

Impact of Climate• arid climate =

• hot sun =

• large deserts =

• dry climate =

oil skinmake –up for sun protection and black paint to cut glare

obstacles to invaders

must irrigate crops

Political Organization

• pharaoh =• pharaohs had absolute power and

owned all land; however, they were expected to behave morally and were judged on good deeds.

• theocracy = • pharaoh stood at center of religion,

government, and army

government run by religious leaders

god-king

Economic System• traded agricultural surplus: wheat barley (from Nile

which provided silt)• mining of large mineral deposits of copper which

used for bronze tools. Gold and copper were mined by slaves which greatly enriched the royal treasury.

• had enough economic strength to support massive public works = Construction projects

financed by the government for the benefit and use of its citizens

Religion• polytheistic• Akhenaton forces Egyptians to worship one god (monotheism) temporarily• king believed to rule even after death; therefore, tomb more important than earthly palace

belief in many gods

Preparations for the Underworld

Preparations for the Underworld

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

Materials used in Mummification**all classes planned for their burials**

Preparation for Afterlife

Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.

Seti I1291-1278 B.

C. E.Queen Tiye,

wife of Amenhotep II

1210-1200 B. C. E.

Queen Tiye, wife of

Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Journey to the Underworld

Journey to the Underworld

A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Final JudgementThe Final Judgement

Anubis Horus Osiris Anubis Horus Osiris

slaves

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs

Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs

Thutmose III

1504-1450 B. C. E.

Thutmose III

1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II

1279-1212 B. C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Tutankhamon

1336-1327 B. C. E.

Tutankhamon

1336-1327 B. C. E.

Egyptian Priestly ClassEgyptian Priestly Class

Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe

Inventions / Innovations• hieroglyphics

• originally pictographs, but eventually pictures represented words as well as sounds

• calendar developed (365 days and 12 months)• hieroglyphics written on papyrus – •

• Math:– system of written numbers

• Science:– Set broken bones– Surgery– checked pulse

for economic, royal, and administrative info.

a paper-like writing material created from the papyrus plant that grows on the banks of the Nile.

Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols

Papyrus PlantPapyrus Plant

Hieratic Scroll PieceHieratic Scroll Piece

Papyrus => paper

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship

Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship

11 1010 100100 10001000 10,00010,000 100,000100,000 1,000,0001,000,000

What number is this?

What number is this?

Architecture• Pyramids – tombs for pharaoh's afterlife• built by peasants when Nile was flooded (not slaves)

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid ComplexGiza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Ancient Egyptian Housing

Ancient Egyptian HousingMiddle Class

HomesMiddle Class Homes

Peasant Homes

Peasant Homes

Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Making Ancient Egyptian WineMaking Ancient Egyptian Wine

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”

PerfumePerfume

WhigsWhigs

MirrorMirror

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

Treasures From Tut’s Tomb