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Golden Eagle 1

Golden Eagle

Golden Eagle

Adult Golden Eagle (North American subspecies) Aquila chrysaetos canadensis

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Subclass: Neornithes

Infraclass: Neognathae

Superorder: Neoaves

Order: Accipitriformes

Family: Accipitridae

Genus:  Aquila

Species:  A. chrysaetos

Binomial name

 Aquila chrysaetos

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Light green = Breeding onlyBlue = Wintering only

Dark green = All-yearSynonyms

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Golden Eagle 2

 Falco chrysaëtos Linnaeus, 1758

The Golden Eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos) is one of the best known birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. Like all

eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae. Once widespread across the Holarctic, it has disappeared from many of 

the more heavily populated areas. Despite being locally extinct or uncommon, the species is still fairly ubiquitous,

being present in Eurasia, North America and parts of Africa. The highest density of nesting Golden Eagles in the

world lies in southern Alameda County, California.[1] [2] [3]

These birds are dark brown, with lighter golden-brown plumage on their heads and necks. Their wingspan averages

over 2 m (7 ft) and their length 1 m (3 ft).

Golden Eagles use their agility and speed combined with extremely powerful talons to snatch up prey including

rabbits, marmots, ground squirrels and many other prey and large mammals such as fox, wild and domestic cats,

mountain goats, ibex, and young deer. They will also eat carrion if prey is scarce, as well as reptiles. Birds, including

large species up to the size of swans and cranes as well as ravens and greater black backed gulls have all been

recorded as prey. They have even been known to attack and kill fully grown roe deer. The Eurasian subspecies are

used to hunt and kill wolves in many native communities, where their status is regarded with great mystic reverence.

Golden Eagles maintain territories that may be as large as 155 square kilometres (60 square miles). They aremonogamous and may remain together for several years or possibly for life. Golden Eagles nest in high places

including cliffs, trees, or human structures such as telephone poles. They build huge nests to which they may return

for several breeding years. Females lay from one to four eggs, and both parents incubate them for 40 to 45 days.

Typically, one or two young survive to fledge in about three months.

Description

Subadult, note white in tail and dark neck.

Adult Golden Eagles range considerably in size, though some are

among the largest eagles of the genus  Aquila. Most subspecies of 

Golden Eagle vary in the range from 65 to 112 cm (26 – 44 in) inlength, wingspan can range from 150 to 280 cm (60 – 110 in), and

weight is from 2.5 to 9 kg (5.5 – 20 lb). The smallest-bodied subspecies

is   A. c. japonica while   A. c. daphanea is the largest on average.[4]

However, wild specimens from Northwestern North America (  A. c.

canadensis) can exceed normal dimensions, as the largest recorded

weighed 9 kg (20 lbs) and had a body length of 102 cm (40.1 in).[5] As

with many Accipitriformes, females are considerably larger than

males; in the case of the Golden Eagle they weigh one-quarter to

one-third more than male birds.

The plumage colour ranges from black-brown to dark brown, with a striking golden-buff crown and nape, which

glows in the sunlight and light reflects the golden tint, which give the bird its name. The upper wings also have an

irregular lighter area. Immature birds resemble adults, but have a duller more mottled appearance. Also they have a

white-banded tail and a white patch at the carpal joint, that gradually disappear with every moult until full adult

plumage is reached in the fifth year. Contour feathers may be moulted in a short time span. [6]

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Golden Eagle 3

Taxonomy and systematics

This species was first described by Linnaeus in his 1758 Systema naturae as Falco chrysaetos.[7] The type locality is

given simply as "Europa"; it was later fixed to Sweden.

The Golden Eagle is one of the largest eagles in the genus Aquila, which are distributed almost worldwide. The latest

research indicates it forms a worldwide superspecies with Verreaux's Eagle, Gurney's Eagle and the Wedge-tailed

Eagle.

Subspecies and distribution

The type species is

•  Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758)  – Eurasia except Iberian peninsula, east to western Siberia.

Besides, there are five living subspecies of Golden Eagle that differ slightly in size and plumage. They can be found

in different parts of the world:

•  Aquila chrysaetos canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758)  – North America.

•  Aquila chrysaetos kamtschatica Severtzov, 1888  – Eastern Siberia, from the Altay to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Often included in A. c. canadensis.•  Aquila chrysaetos daphanea Severtzov, 1888  – Southern Kazakhstan east to Manchuria and south-west China, also

northern Pakistan, Kashmir and western India.

•  Aquila chrysaetos homeryi Severtzov, 1888  – Iberian peninsula and North Africa, east to Turkey and Iran.

•  Aquila chrysaetos japonica Severtzov, 1888  – Japan and Korea.

The larger Middle Pleistocene Golden Eagles of France (and possibly elsewhere) are referred to a paleosubspecies

 Aquila chrysaetos bonifacti, and the huge specimens of the Late Pleistocene of Liko Cave (Crete) have been named

 Aquila chrysaetos simurgh.[8]

Ecology

Feeding

The Golden Eagle's beak is well-suited to tear

apart large prey.

Golden eagle predominant prey in North America is leporids (hares

and rabbits) and sciurids (ground squirrels, prairie dogs and marmots),

the two groups normally comprising 50% to 94% of the diet of nesting

eagles. Additional mammals regularly taken include mice, martens,

foxes, young deer and mountain goats.[9] The secondary important prey

group for eagles are other birds. Various gallinaceous birds (largely

phasianids, ptarmigans and grouse) are the most significant avian prey.

However, virtually any bird, from a jay to a swan, is potential prey.During winter months when prey is scarce, Golden Eagles scavenge on

carrion to supplement their diet. Sometimes when no carrion is

available golden eagles will hunt down large prey, such as

goat-antelopes and caribou.[10] There is one confirmed report of a

Golden Eagle snatching the cub of a Brown Bear,[11] Other attacks by a

pair of eagles on adult brown bear have been filmed, the birds probably

were driving the bear out of their territory. Golden eagles are avian

apex predators, meaning a healthy adult is not preyed upon. There are

records of golden eagles killing and eating large raptors such as

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Golden Eagle 4

Gyrfalcons, Northern Goshawks and Buteo hawks, whether adults, nestlings or eggs. Falcons, jaegers and  Buteos

like Rough-legged Hawks, which are normally competitors, have worked together to group-mob Golden Eagles that

have passed their adjacent nesting areas.[12] In one instance, a golden eagle flying in towards a peregrine falcon nest

was struck and killed by a swooping parent falcon.[13] This may have been a freak event since, bearing in mind the

eagle is many times larger and more powerful than the falcon, the reverse outcome is much more likely. [14] More

commonly, Golden Eagles kleptoparasitize, or steal prey, from other raptors. Despite being often smaller in size than

the largest vultures, they are capable of displacing them, of both unrelated families, from carrion. Golden Eagles

have exceptional eyesight and can spot prey from extreme distances. The Golden Eagle has a resolution power many

times more powerful than that of a human. The huge talons are used for crushing, killing and carrying the prey,

whilst the beak is used for tearing and eating. A pair often have a division of labour while hunting, one bird may

drive the prey towards its waiting partner. On the other hand, the size difference between males and females allows

more unpaired birds to live off the land, which is helpful to maintain a sufficiently large population for this large and

slowly-maturing bird.

Reproduction

Golden Eagle eyrie (in hollow at left center) in

the Valley of the Siagne de la Pare,Alpes-Maritimes (France).

Golden Eagles usually mate for life. They build several eyries withintheir territory and use them alternately for several years. These nests

consist of heavy tree branches, upholstered with grass when in use. Old

eyries may be 2 metres (6.6 ft) in diameter and 1 metre (3.3 ft) in

height, as the eagles repair their nests whenever necessary and enlarge

them during each use. If the eyrie is situated on a tree, supporting tree

branches may break because of the weight of the nest. Certain other

animals  – birds and mammals too small to be of interest to the huge

raptor – often use the nest as shelter. Their predators are just the right

size for Golden eagle prey, and therefore avoid active eyries.

The female lays one to four (usually two) eggs between January and

September (depending on the locality). The eggs vary from all white to

white with cinnamon or brown spots and blotches. They start incubation immediately after the first egg is laid, and

after 40 to 45 days the young hatch.[15] They are covered in fluffy white down and are fed for fifty days before they

are able to make their first flight attempts and eat on their own. In most cases only the older chick survives, while the

younger one dies without leaving the eyrie. This is due to the older chick having a few days' advantage in growth and

consequently winning most squabbles for food. This strategy is useful for the species because it makes the parents'

workload manageable even when food is scarce, while providing a reserve chick in case the first-born dies soon after

hatching. Golden eagles invest much time and effort in bringing up their young; once able to hunt on their own, most

golden eagles survive many years, but mortality even among first-born nestlings is much higher, in particular in thefirst weeks after hatching.

Congregation and Migration

As with many raptors, golden eagles may congregate once a year. In Eurasia and North America, this congregation

usually occurs in the Autumn (while congregations of bald eagles is a late-winter / early-spring phenomenon). The

largest known congregation, in number of birds present, of the golden eagle is in the state of Montana in October.

The congregation site is the east slope of the Bridger Mountains and adjacent Bridger Canyon. The mountain range

is on the edge of the Rocky Mountain chain, where it borders parts of the Great Plains and several island ranges.

Golden eagles from all over North America congregate here before migrating for the winter.

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Golden Eagle 5

Status and conservation

Potawatomi chief Kack-Kack with eagle feather

war bonnet, c.1925.

At one time, the Golden Eagle lived in temperate Europe, North Asia,

North America, North Africa and Japan. In most areas this bird is now

a mountain-dweller, but in former centuries it also bred in the plains

and the forests. In recent years it has started to breed in lowland areas

again e.g. in Sweden and Denmark.

There was a great decline in Central Europe where they are now

essentially restricted to the Apennine, Alps and Carpathian Mountains.

In Britain, the last comprehensive survey of Golden Eagles took place

in 2003, and found 442 occupied territories.[16] A less thorough survey

in 2007 showed that in addition to large numbers of territories in the

Scottish Highlands and the Inner and Outer Hebrides, there were a

handful of birds in southern Scotland and northern England.[17]

Between 1969 and 2003 they nested in the Lake District, Cumbria.[16]

In Ireland, where it had been extinct due to hunting since 1912, effortsare being made to re-introduce the species. Forty-six birds were

released into the wild in Glenveagh National Park, County Donegal,

from 2001 to 2006, with at least three known female fatalities since

then. It is intended to release a total of sixty birds, to ensure a viable

population. In April 2007, a pair of Golden Eagles produced the first chick to be hatched in the Republic of Ireland

in nearly a century. The previous attempt to help the birds breed at the Glenveagh National Park had failed. [18]

In North America the situation is not as dramatic, but there has still been a noticeable decline. The main threat is

habitat destruction which by the late 19th century already had driven Golden Eagles from some regions they used to

inhabit.[19] In the 20th century, organochloride and heavy metal poisonings were also commonplace, but these have

declined thanks to tighter regulations on pollution. Within the United States, the Golden Eagle is legally protected by

the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act.

Available habitat and food are the main limiting factor nowadays. Collisions with power lines have become an

increasingly significant cause of mortality since the early 20th century. On a global scale, the Golden Eagle is not

considered threatened by the IUCN mainly thanks to the large Asian and American populations.

In human culture

1870s illustration of burkut falconers in Eastern

Turkestan.

Falconry

Golden Eagles can be trained for falconry.[20] In Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan, western Mongolia and China, Golden Eagles are still used

to hunt.

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Golden Eagle 6

Heraldry

Mexican Coat of Arms

The Golden Eagle is the national bird of five nations, Albania,

Germany and Austria in continuation of the Holy Roman Empire, and

Mexico and Kazakhstan, the most of any species. The eagle is very

much connected to the Saladin Golden Eagle, currently used as the

coat of arms of Egypt, Iraq, and Palestine, it was also previously usedby Libya, and Yemen.

The Golden Eagle was model for the aquila, the standard of the Roman

legions. It is featured in the national coats of arms of Germany,

Albania, Austria, Egypt, Mexico, Romania and many other countries.

Religion

In North AmericaThe eagle is a sacred bird in some cultures and the feathers of the eagle are central to many religious and spiritual

customs, especially amongst some Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada, as well as

among many of the peoples of Meso-America. Some Native American peoples revere eagles as sacred and the

feathers and other parts of Bald and Golden Eagles. Feathers are often worn on Native American headdresses and

have been compared to the Bible and crucifix of Christianity. Eagle feathers are often used in various Native

ceremonies and are used to honour noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and

bravery.

Current United States eagle feather law (50 CFR 22) stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American

ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or

spiritual use. Thus, the supply of eagle material for traditional ceremonial use can be guaranteed and ceremonialeagle items can be passed on as heirlooms by their traditional owners without the restrictions that would usually

apply. Commercial trade in Golden Eagles or their feathers or body parts is not legalized by these exceptions. [21]

On February 1, 2006 the Director Dale Hall of the USFWS issued a new permit to the Hopi Tribe for 2006. On April

26, 2007 USFWS Deputy Director Kenneth Stansell issued a new permit for 2007. As in the past, the permits

authorize the Hopi to take up to 40 golden eaglets.

In keeping with a departure begun in 2003, the USFWS HQ in Washington, D.C., not the Regional Director in

Albuquerque, New Mexico, issued the 2006 and 2007 Eagle permits. The Regional Office issued a separate, new

permit on March 23, 2007 for the Hopi to take an unlimited number of red-tail hawk nestlings in northeastern

Arizona in 2007.A new aspect of Native American religious eagle gathering is that additional tribes are now taking live eagles under

USFWS permits, for the first time. They are:

Jemez Pueblo - In October 2006, the USFWS issued a permit to Jemez Pueblo to capture up to 2 golden eagles in the

Valles Caldera National Preserve, administered by the Forest Service, in Sandoval County, New Mexico. The

USFWS had previously denied a Jemez request in 2002 to take eagles. In July 2007 Jemez reported that they

successfully collected two immature golden eagles.

Taos Pueblo - In February 2007 the USFWS issued a permit to Taos Pueblo to shoot one mature golden eagle on

Taos Pueblo Tribal lands in Taos County, New Mexico. An additional permit allows the permittee to transport the

taken eagle and its parts anywhere within the United States. Report was due to USFWS by December 31, 2007.

Isleta Pueblo - In April 2007, the USFWS issued a permit to the Pueblo of Isleta to take two mature golden eagles on

Pueblo lands in Valencia and Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The Isleta Report is due on March 31, 2008.

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Golden Eagle 7

In Hinduism

Garuda, the Vahana of Lord Vishnu

In Hindu religion, Garuda is a lesser Hindu divinity, usually the mount

(vahanam) of Vishnu. Garuda is depicted as having the golden body of a

strong man with a white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and with a

crown on his head. This ancient deity was said to be massive, large

enough to block out the sun.

Gallery

Nestling, 14 days after hatching.

Note second egg, still unhatched.

Nestling near fledging, losing down

feathers.

Subadult A. c.

canadensis in flight,

Alaska.

Note white in

underwings and tail.

Notes

[1] Petersen-Raptors of California

[2] Kqed.org (http://www. kqed.  org/quest/television/cool-critters-the-golden-eagle), "Cool critters the Golden Eagle".

[3] Kqed.org (http://www. kqed.  org/quest/television/fatal-attraction-birds-and-wind-turbines), "fatal attraction birdsd and wind turbines".

[4] Ferguson-Lees & Christie, Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin Company (2001), ISBN 978-0618127627

[5] San Diego Zoo (http://www. sandiegozoo.  org/animalbytes/t-golden_eagle.  html)

[6] David H. Ellis, James W. Lish, Marc Kery and Stephen M. Redpath (2006) Short-term oscillations in avian molt intensity: evidence from the

golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos . Journal of Avian Biology 37:642-644

[7] "[Falco] cera lutea, pedibus lanatis, corpore fusco ferrugineo vario, cauda nigra basi cinereo-undulata." - "A [diurnal raptor] with yellow

cere, [feathered tarsometatarsus], body dusky brown variegated with rusty, tail black with ashy-waved base." (Linnaeus 1758)

[8] Sánchez Marco (2004)[9] Youtube.com (http://www. youtube.  com/watch?v=opscZDhWGqM)

[10] Cornell University (http://bna. birds.  cornell. edu/bna/species/684/articles/foodhabits)

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Golden Eagle 8

[11] Sørensen, Ole; Mogens Totsås, Tore Solstad, Robin Rigg (2008). Predation by a Golden Eagle on a Brown Bear Cub. 19. pp. 190 – 193.

[12] Cornell University (http://bna. birds.  cornell. edu/bna/species/641/articles/behavior)

[13] (http://elibrary. unm.  edu/sora/jrr/v021n02/p00067-p00067.  pdf)

[14] Cornell.edu (http://bna. birds. cornell.  edu/bna/species/660/articles/behavior)

[15] golden eagle. (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.

[16] Mark Holling and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel Report for 2003-4 (http://www. rbbp.  org.  uk/downloads/rbbp-report-2003-04.  pdf)

accessed 4 March 2010.

[17] Mark Holling and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2010). "Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2007". British Birds  103: 45 – 6.[18] RTÉ News (2007)

[19] E.g. Henninger (1906)

[20] Gates (1990)

[21] USDCDN (1986), USFWS-SR (2001), USFWS-OLE (2004a,b), e-CFR (2008)

References

• BirdLife International (2004). Aquila chrysaetos. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006.

www.iucnredlist.org (http://www.iucnredlist.org). Retrieved on 2006-05-12. Database entry includes

 justification for why this species is of least concern

• e-CFR (2008): 50 CFR 22 - Eagle Permits. HTML fulltext (http://ecfr. 

gpoaccess. 

gov/cgi/t/text/ text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=9a2c074a271d17db16c4a0fa4ca3d2ba&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title50/50cfr22_main_02.  tpl)

• Henninger, W.F. (1906): A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio. Wilson Bull. 18(2): 47-60. DjVu

fulltext (http://elibrary. unm.edu/sora/Wilson/DJVU/v018n02/P0047-P0060.  djvu) PDF fulltext (http:// 

elibrary. unm. edu/sora/Wilson/v018n02/p0047-p0060.  pdf)

• Gates, Alan (1990): The Call of the Wind. Falconers & Raptor Conservation Magazine [1990](4). HTML fulltext

(http://www.  avmv20. dsl.pipex.  com/Articles/The Call of the Wind.  htm)

• Linnaeus, Carl (1758): 41.2. Falco chrysaetos. In: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes,

ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (10th ed., vol.1): 88. Laurentius

Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm). PDF fulltext (http://gdz-srv1.  sub.  uni-goettingen.de:8080/contentserver/ 

contentserver?command=docconvert&docid=D265100&pdf. 

x=19&pdf.y=8)• Gordon, Seton (1955): The Golden Eagle: King of Birds. Citadel Press, New York.

• Snow, David W.; Perrins, Christopher M.; Doherty, Paul & Cramp, Stanley (1998): The complete birds of the

western Palaearctic on CD-ROM . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-268579-1

• RTÉ News (2007): Golden Eagle hatches in Donegal (http://www. rte.ie/news/2007/0530/eagles.html?rss).

Version of May 30, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2008.

• Sánchez Marco, Antonio (2004): Avian zoogeographical patterns during the Quaternary in the Mediterranean

region and paleoclimatic interpretation. Ardeola 51(1): 91-132. PDF fulltext (http://www.ardeola.  org/files/ 

Ardeola_51(1)_91-132.pdf)

• United States District Court for the District of Nevada (USDCDN) (1986): 649 F.Supp. 269 - U.S. v. Thirty-Eight

Golden Eagles. Michigan State University College of Law (http://www. 

animallaw. 

info/cases/ caus649fsupp269. htm)

• United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement (USFWS-OLE) (2004b): 16 USC 668-668d -

Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (http://www.fws.  gov/le/pdffiles/BEPA.  pdf). Version of March 30,

2004. Retrieved on February 14, 2008.

• United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement (USFWS-OLE) (2004b): National Eagle

Repository (http://www. fws.gov/mountain-prairie/law/le65.  html). Version of October, 2004. Retrieved on

November 20, 2007.

• United States Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region (USFWS-SR) (2001): Migratory Bird Feathers. PDF

fulltext (http://library. fws. gov/Pubs2/nativeamerican01.  pdf)

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Golden Eagle 9

External links

• Photos Hunting with Golden Eagles (http://www.mongoliaphoto.com/index-81.html)

• Golden Eagle videos (http://ibc.lynxeds. com/species/golden-eagle-aquila-chrysaetos) on the Internet Bird

Collection

• Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta (http://www.ibercajalav.net/img/ 

126_GoldenEagleAchrysaetos.pdf)• Website on the Golden Eagle maintained by Raptor Protection of Slovakia (http://www.orolskalny. sk/en/)

• Åldersbestämning av kungsörn - Aging of Golden Eagles (in Swedish and English) (http://www. fagelklubben.

leksand. nu/projekt/orn/golden-aging.  html)

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Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and ContributorsGolden Eagle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=392942472 Contributors: -Majestic-, 7, A bit iffy, ABF, Aberta, Abigail-II, Abrech, Acather96, Acroterion, Akshita 9396,Alansohn, Alberth2, Alex:D, Aliy.faisal, Andreworkney, Anna Lincoln, Arab League, Arvensis, Atakdoug, Atif.t2, Attilios, Autiger, Baldhur, Barend, Besi15, Betacommand, Bhadani,Bill-on-the-Hill, Bjh21, Black Kite, Blah28948, Bludyta, BlueLint, Bob98133, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bobrayner, Boing! said Zebedee, Bolonium, Bonadea, BoomerAB, BrainyBabe,Breakinguptheguy, Brion VIBBER, C0nanPayne, CPMcE, CPacker, CTZMSC3, Calliopejen1, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantiorix, Captain panda, CarTick, Casliber, Catgut, Chris huh,Christian75, Chuunen Baka, Ciaranc, Circeus, CommonsDelinker, Computerman45, Conscious, CrazyChemGuy, Cryptic, Cszmurlo, Culnacreann, CuteHappyBrute, DGJM, Da Joe, Da monsterunder your bed, Daedalus969, DanielCD, Darolu, Darth Panda, Dave420, David Sher, Dbrett480, Dearjamie15, Deiaemeth, Dinoguy2, Dlohcierekim, Dontworry, Dougie WII, Dougofborg,

Download, Dragon guy, Droll, Dysmorodrepanis, Eagle88, Egyptian-King, Ekrumme, Elockid, Epbr123, Eras-mus, Eric-Wester, Erinbow, Ermite, Escape Orbit, Esperant, Evertype, Excirial,Eyrian, FKmailliW, Fan-1967, Ferkelparade, F irst Light, FisherQueen, Fiveless, Flammingo, FlieGerFaUstMe262, Floodamanny, Fodo96, Fräulein alpha, Gigemag76, Gilliam, Gnowor,Goatasaur, Gogo Dodo, Gouerouz, Green Owl, Greenfinch100, Grendelkhan, HalfShadow, Hax 4 hire, Hayden120, HenkvD, Henrymrx, Huskertsd, IW.HG, Ianml, Innotata, Intelati, InvisibleK,Inwind, Iridescent, IronGargoyle, Issyl0, Itzcuauhtli, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, J04n, JNW, JPPINTO, Jannex, Jean.artegui, Jimfbleak, Jimi 66, Jmundo, Joao Xavier, JodySchmidt, John, John Hill,JohnCastle, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josh 2369, Josie.Rae, Juliancolton, Kanags, Karl-Henner, Kelapstick, Kmoksy, Konchevnik81, Kurt Shaped Box, Kusunose, LFaraone, Lars Washington,Lemonade100, Leon7, Lexi1626, LittleOldMe, Lord Krondor, Luna Santin, M0M3NTUM, Macewindu123, Mactaylor, Marineforces, Mariomassone, Mazca, Mbz1, Mechasteve, MeegsC,Meeples, Metamagician3000, Metanoid, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mimihitam, Mirv, Mitternacht90, Miwasatoshi, Mjgm84, Mmcannis, Mono, Mountolive, Muriel Gottrop, Naddy, Naedragon,Nathangat, Nhinchey, Nn123645, Nono64, NuclearWarfare, Od Mishehu, Ojigiri, OlofE, Orcaborealis, Oriborenstein, Ornatehawkeagle, Panellet, Patito23, PenguinJockey, Pfalstad,Phantomsteve, Phatom87, Philip Trueman, Phillyidol, Philosopher Torin, Phoenixfeather16, Piano non troppo, PianoKeys, Pinethicket, Podzemnik, Porqin, Quantpole, Radomil, Radon210,Raoulduke47, Res2216firestar, RexNL, Rgoodermote, Rich Farmbrough, Robert Brockway, Rocastelo, Rodhullandemu, Rohan nog, RoyBoy, Rrburke, Rudjek, Rufous-crowned Sparrow, SWA,Saba 970, Sabine's Sunbird, Sandhillcrane, Scarian, Schulte, Scientizzle, Seraphim, Shaul1, Shyamal, Sirtywell, Sluzzelin, Smallweed, Snowmanradio, Steven J. Anderson, Strikelord99, Stuey182, Sulmac, Sunray, Supermorff, Supersmartnerdykid, Sven Manguard, Switchercat, TDogg310, Tahdah, Talon dfa, Tannin, TeePee-20.7, Teles, Template namespace initialisation script,Tempodivalse, The High Fin Sperm Whale, The Nut, The Thing That Should Not Be, The ed17, TheMile, Themfromspace, Thorongil CVI, Tiamut, Tim Q. Wells, TimBentley, Timwi, Tjunier,Tjy1212, Tlusťa, Toiyabe, Tombomp, Troodon58, Turtlefeed, Ucucha, Umedard, Utcursch, UtherSRG, VPliousnine, Vanished User 1004, Versus22, Vicpeters, Voyagerfan5761, Wegesrand,WikiDegausser, WikiLambo, WikiLaurent, WolfgangFaber, WolfyB, X!, XJamRastafire, Xraye93, Yorick8080, Yzmo, Zalgo, Zfr, Дарко Максимовић, 674 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:GoldenEagle-Nova.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GoldenEagle-Nova.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: User:Autiger,User:JGlover

file:Status iucn3.1 LC.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg  License: unknown Contributors: Clindberg, Kelson, Pengo, 8 anonymous edits

file:Aquila_chrysaetos_dis(Aiger).png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aquila_chrysaetos_dis(Aiger).png  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:A.Aiger

File:Orel skalní 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orel_skalní_2.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Zoo Ostrava

File:Steinadler Aquila chrysaetos closeup1 Richard Bartz.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steinadler_Aquila_chrysaetos_closeup1_Richard_Bartz.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Makro Freak, User:Richard Bartz

File:Nid d'Aigle.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nid_d'Aigle.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Royonx, Serjio-pt

File:Chief Kack-Kack.gif   Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chief_Kack-Kack.gif  License: Public Domain Contributors: Himasaram, Nat Krause, Snowmanradio,ZooFari, 3 anonymous edits

File:Hunting with Golden Eagles .jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hunting_with_Golden_Eagles_.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: G.dallorto, KerstiNebelsiek, Penubag, ToB, Wst

File:Coat of arms of Mexico.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg  License: Public Domain Contributors: User:AlexCovarrubias

Image:Garuda by Hyougushi in Delhi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Garuda_by_Hyougushi_in_Delhi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: User:Hyougushi

Image:Steinadler Baby vierzehn Tage alt 12052007 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Steinadler_Baby_vierzehn_Tage_alt_12052007_01.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Johann Jaritz

Image:Orel skalní 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orel_skalní_1.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Zoo Ostrava

Image:Aquila chrysaetos USFWS.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aquila_chrysaetos_USFWS.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Frank C. Müller, MPF,Rooivalk

License

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/