Upload
blaze-burris
View
31
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Goat and Sheep Restraint and clinical procedures. Chapter 2, 14 and 15. There are two things to aim at in life; first to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind has achieved the second. Logan Pearsall Smith. Objectives. Restraint of sheep and goats - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Goat and Sheep Restraint and clinical procedures
Chapter 2, 14 and 15
• There are two things to aim at in life; first to get what you want, and after that to enjoy it. Only the wisest of mankind has achieved the second.Logan Pearsall Smith
Objectives• Restraint of sheep and goats• Reproduction• Nutrition• Intravenous catheter, and monitor the catheter for complications. • Explain the rationale and indications for each of the clinical
procedures described. • prepare the patient as needed for the procedure.
Sheep restraint
• Sheep are timid animals. – do not seem to enjoy being stroked or petted
• The usual response is to flee when frightened and they may cause serious injury to themselves in their effort to escape
• Sheep have extremely strong flocking instincts
Key Points: Sheep
• Individual sheep need to be separated from the flock
• Another common tendency to avoid is catching them by grabbing the wool– Bruise/rip skin
• Grabbing by the horns (when present) must be done with care to avoid breaking them
• Note can get fractures by throwing them down
Sheep Restraint
• held by circling the neck with one arm and placing the other arm around the rump
• The rear end may also be controlled by placing an arm over the back to grasp the skin fold of the lower flank
• Many procedures can be done – by simply backing the
sheep into a corner, straddling the animal between the handler’s legs, and squeezing the sheep shoulders firmly between the legs.
• The head or neck can be controlled in this position
• Procedures: immobilizing the animal with a technique known as “setting up” -> submissive– examination of the
hooves– shearing– vaccination require
Setting
• This method esentially sits the sheep down on its rump: without contact the feet with the ground, the animal cannot struggle and basically becomes submissive to the handler
Shepherd’s hook
• Hind limb only• Hock and above
Lamb restraint
• one hand under the body and between the forelimbs to support the sternum
• other hand around the neck
• Castration and tail docking: first to second week of life – dorsal recumbency
with its back in the handler’s lap or against the handler’s body.
Goat restraining
• Goats are gregarious and seem to enjoy the company of other species of animals
• Goats form social hierarchy within a group and dominant males and females can be identify
• Goats may show aggression– head-butting– by raising the hair on the spine– stamping the front feet – sneezing/snorting noise – Esp. bucks during breeding season
Goat Restraint (cont’d)
• By the beard• Horns can be held
near the base• Do not restrain by
ears• Lateral
recumbency• Collars
• One hand is used to grasp the beard while other arm is placed around the neck to control the head
Horns • restrained near
their base• Goats resent being
held by the ears–owners consider
ear restraining to be abusive
Neck collars
• neck collars or chains
• Goats do not tolerate being set up like sheep
• lap – dehorning – sternal recumbency:
folding its front legs beneath it and the handler’s forearms are placed on the back and pressed down to keep the kid for rising
Sheep and Goat
Reproduction
Sheep Goat
Type of estrous Seasonally polyestrous, short day breedersBreed dependent
Varies by breed
Age of female – puberty 6 to 9 months 3 months
Age of male - puberty 6 to 9 months 3 months
Time: 1st breeding 12 to 19 months of age 7 to 18 months
Estrus cycle 13 to 19 days; average 17 days 12 to 30 days; average 22 days
Duration - estrus 18 to 48 hours; average 30 hours
2 to 3 days
Time of ovulation – hrs. 24 to 30 hours after the onset of estrus
24 to 30 hours after the onset of estrus
Optimal time of breeding 12 hours when in estrus Every 12 hours when in estrus
Gestation period - days 148 140 to 160 ; average 151
Birth weight – lb. 7 - 12 1 - 3
Litter size 1 - 3 1 - 3
Weaning age 9 – 12 wks. 3 months
Semen Collection
• Sheep– Electroejaculation– Standing or lateral
• Goats– Manual – Electroejaculation
Artificial Insemination
• Vaginal• Cervical
– Not very popular In ewe because tortuous cervix– Light source and Vaginal speculum
• Laparoscopic
Fig. 2. The classification of cervical grade in the ewe (a) grade 1, (b) grade 2, and (c) grade 3. Arrows illustrate the direction and maximum depth of penetration.
Claire M. Kershaw, Muhammad Khalid, Michael R. McGowan, Kate Ingram, Sukanya Leethongdee, Gabriele Wax, Rex J. ScaramuzziThe anatomy of the sheep cervix and its influence on the transcervical passage of an inseminating pipette into the uterine lumenTheriogenology, Volume 64, Issue 5, 15 September 2005, Pages 1225–1235
Embryo Transfer
• Surgical flushing• Can be done 5 to 6 days after estrus • Two embryos per recipient female• Not as popular as in cattle
Polled Intersex• Goats: infertility and polled gene linked
– HH = polled• 35% infertility in males• Females: pseudo hermaphrodites
– Hh = polled (H is dominant)• Normal
– hh = horned• Normal
Small, hard hypoplastic testicles: Homozygous polled
Preparation - Parturition• Preparation
– 3-4 weeks before lambing– Crutching: shearing wool: udder and mammary glands– Facing: shearing wool around eyes– Goats: hide their kids hence construct small boxes
• Vaccination and deworming: Clostridium diseases (vaccines)– Vaccine: Type CD - T toxoid: vaccinate ewes 1 month before
lambing and 6, 10 wks lambs• Enterotoxemia (Type D) (Overeating Disease/ pulpy kidney
disease) - Clostridium perfringins type D • Hemorrhagic enteritis, bloody scours - Clostridium perfringins
type C • Tetanus - Clostridium tetani : vaccinate ewes 1 month before
lambing/ tx with antitoxin during castration and tail docking
Crutched eweImage by Kelly Cole
Clinical Signs of Impending Parturition
– Ewes are moved to “jugs”: lambing pens– Swelling of the vulva– Mucoid vulvar discharge– Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments– Enlargement of the udder
Parturition• Stage 1
– Ewes: 1 to 4 hours – Does: up to 12 hours– Restless– Separation from herd in sheep – Nesting in goats
• Stage 2– 1 to 2 hours– Minutes to hours between neonates– Assistance needed if contractions without fetus in 30 minutes to 1 hour
• Stage 3– 2 to 6 hours– Assistance after 12 hours
Dystocia
• Common in sheep• Uncommon in goats• Mutation via traction • Fetotomy • C-section
Neonatal Care
• Oxygenation/pulse assessment– 20 breaths/ min and resuscitate in 20-30 sec.– 90 – 150 bpm.
• Temperature regulation: prone to hypothermia first 36 hours of life
– Heat lamps– Warm if less than 100 degree F
• Care of the umbilical cord and umbilicus– Chlorhexidine/ iodine
Neonatal Care
• Nutrition (nursing)– Stand in 10 – 15 min– Nurse by 1 – 2 hr. after birth
• Bonding of doe/ewe with kid/lamb: 6-12 hr.• Passage of meconium: in 24 hr.• Adequacy of passive transfer of Antibodies
– 10 – 15% body weight in colostrum in 24 hr.
• Physical examination of the calf
Neonatal Care
• Sick Neonate: weakness, depression– Starvation
• Less calories, hypothermia, prenatal or postnatal infections• Feeding bottle or tube feeding: 8 french red urethral tube or 14F – 18F infant
feeding tube with 60 ml catheter tip, ororumen tubes
– Diarrhea• Escheria coli, Clostridium perfringes type C
– Hypothermia: < 100⁰ F– Hypoglycemia: electrolytes and glucose, SQ fluids
Sheep and Goat Dentition
Deciduous PermanentSheep 2(I 0/3 C 0/1 PM 3/3) = 20 2(I 0/3 C 0/1 PM 3/3 M3/3) = 32
Goat 2(I 0/3 C 0/1 PM 3/3) = 20 2(I 0/3 C 0/1 PM 3/3 M3/3) = 32
Know table 14 – 5: Eruptions
Nutrition
• Water: ab libitum– Adults: 1 – 1.5 gallons/day– Young: 0.5 gallons/day
• Pregnancy– Extra feed before lambing: 0.5-1.0 lb (per fetus) grain/day
and high quality hay• Lactating
– High quality hay and grain• Lambs and kids
– Creep feeding: introduce young lambs to solids (sweet feed) ~ 2 wks. Age
Nutrition - Minerals• 10 g salt/day; Ca (high quality roughage) needed for Zn
– Limestone in diet• Phosphorous: soil
– Deficiency: lactating animal – milk production decreases, bones – fragile, inappetance; young: slow growth and poor appetite
• Iodine, cobalt– Deficiency: anemia, inappetance, retarded growth, rough hair growth
• sheep – 5mg/kg copper – Deficiency: anemia, brittle/ fragile bones, loss of wool/ pigment– Toxicity: acute - hemorrhagic diarrhea, chronic – liver/kidney failure
• Selenium– Deficiency: muscular dystrophy, white muscle disease – lambs, periodontal disease – molars– Toxicity: loss of appetite, loss of hair, sloughing hooves and death
• Zinc: needed for healthy testes– Deficiency: wool slipping, swelling and lesions: eye and hoof, ptyalism, anorexia, wool
eating, listless, anorexia, repro problems and low production
Body Condition Score
Key Terms – Chapter 15
• Balling gun• Cystocentesis• Gluteal muscles• Hoof knives• Intramammary infusion• Lateral cervical muscles• Sigmoid flexture• Trimming shears• Urethral diverticulum
• KNOW table 15-1 and 15-2: CBC
• Know 15-3 and 15-4: chemscreen
Weighting a goat
Ovine Venipuncture
• Jugular vein (most common)– Performed while the sheep is set or standing
• Cephalic– Performed while the sheep is set
• Femoral – Performed in lateral recumbency
Ovine Venipuncture (cont’d)
• Procedure – Wool is parted – Alcohol applied – Firm occlusion of the vein– Needle sizes
• 18-, 19-, 20-, or 22-gauge × 1 to 1 1/2 -inch
One person restrains the sheep by straddling the shoulders and holding the
head, while the other person obtains a jugular vein sample.
Ovine Venipuncture (cont’d)
Caprine Venipuncture
• Jugular • Cephalic • Femoral• Procedure
– Alcohol– Occlude– A18-, 19-, 20-, or 22-gauge × 1- to 1 1/2-in needle– A 20-gauge needle is preferred– Apply pressure
Young animals may be restrained standing
Abdominocentesis
• Same as cattle procedure– Except you should use 1- to 1 1/2-in needle
Rumen Fluid Collection
• Same as cattle – Except you should use a 16- or 18-gauge needle
Urine Collection
• Sheep– Holding the nostrils and mouth shut for up to 45 seconds
• Goats– After lateral recumbency– Placed in a new stall or pen area
• Male goats– During breeding season
• Cystocentesis– Possible but rarely used
Urine Collection (cont’d)
• Bladder catheterization– Female
• Vaginal speculum • Light source• Adults use a no. 10- to 12-French catheter
– Male• Difficult due to the sigmoid flexure: urethra and penis
Oral Medication
• Balling gun• Orogastric intubation
Sheep and Goat Injections
• Intramuscular– Alcohol– Adult needle size: 18- to 20-gauge × 1 inch – Lamb needle size: 20- to 22-gauge × 1 inch– Never give more than 5 ml per site
Sheep and Goat Injections (cont’d)
• Gluteals– Due to thin muscles, it should be avoided.
• Lateral cervical muscles– Most common – 1 inch needle– Avoided in show goats due to possible abscess
• Abscess can look like caseous lymphadenitis
• Longissimus muscle– Devalue the hide due to scarring and other blemishes– Used in show goats
Sheep and Goat Injections (cont’d)
Lateral cervical muscles
Injections Shot Site Locations: SQ is
given behind or in front of the front legs, IM in side of the neck.
Semitendinosus/semimembranosus muscle. The sciatic nerve , which lies on the sciatic grove , must be avoided
Do not inject more than 5 ml per IM injection site
Sheep Injections
• Sore-mouth injections are different for standard vaccine injection– Sore-mouth vaccination of a lamb
• woolless area on the animal is scarified, and the re-hydrated vaccine is applied to the spot with a brush or similar applicator. Ewes can be vaccinated inside the ear or under the tail. Lambs can be vaccinated inside the thigh
– Sore-mouth vaccine applicator
Sheep and Goat Injections
• Subcutaneous– A 18- to 22-gauge needle – Up to 50 ml – Sheep may be set up for easy access to the axilla
and flank fold
IV Catheter
• A 14- to 18-gauge needle • Small individuals may use catheters that are 2
to 3 inches in length
Intramammary Infusion
• A small 1/8-inch infusion tip • Sterile tomcat catheters may also be used for
goats with small teat orifices
Hoof Trimming
• Equipment– Hoof knives– Trimming shears
• Procedure– Sheep are set; goats
are standing– Trim every 4 weeks –
6 months
Hoof Trimming (cont’d)
References
• http://www.ramsem.com/embryolocal.html• http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/U/UNP-0110
/UNP-0110.html• http://www.sheep101.info/201/shearing.html• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical
Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323