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Goals 4-13-10
• RESEARCH!!!• Mrs. Elliot will show you some tools to use
in Google and some other databases. Continue to explore the databases.
• Accumulate information and start filtering and organizing through it and recording it on your note cards.
• Look for main ideas for your note sheets.• Begin your power points. Capture photos
you come across.
Goals 4-19-10• Rough Draft of you note sheet for the class is due at
the end of the hour.• Continue to exhaust resources.• The order of your presentation should be clear.• You should have a clear vision of who is responsible
for what in the group.• You should be nearing completion of creating your
note cards of research information to share with the class.
• Continue with power points – remember these are primarily visual aids. Not too much writing outside of your main ideas.
Note Sheet Example…• 1. The Berlin Wall began construction on _______________.• 2. _____________ was the first space satellite. It was launched by the
__________.• 3. The USSR first successfully detonated an atomic bomb on
_______________.• 4. _____________ was leader of the USSR during the U-2 incident.• 5. Fidel Castro began the Cuban Revolution on ______________.• 6. The Cuban Missile Crisis resulted in a hotline being set up between the
___________ and ____________ to prevent the possibility of a nuclear attack.
• 7. The Rosenberg’s were executed on ______________.• 8. Joseph McCarthy was a senator from _____________.• 9. The CIA stands for __________ _____________ __________.• 10. A major accomplishment of Kennedy’s presidency was the creation fo
the ___________ ____________.
Goals 4-20-10• Many groups need to conduct more
research on their topics.• I will come around to groups to help focus
on the information you should include and help with the note cards and revising note sheets.
• Accumulation of information should be nearing completion in order for you to be ready for to turn everything in on Thursday.
• Continue with note cards. Remember to include ALL information that will help explain the event.
Goals 4-21-10• Rough Draft of your assessment questions for the
class are due at the end of the hour.• Complete your research and fill out your note cards.• Make sure there is a visual on your power point where
the class will be able to see the information to fill out the note sheet.
• Check your grade rubrics to see how you are doing and the thoroughness of your information.
• Begin to supplement your power points with extra pictures or possible video clips. There can never be too much visual to go along with your information.
• Remember to go above and beyond the basic given to you. Try linking info to present day.
Goals 4-22-10• Last day for organizing!• Thorough explanations! NOTE CARDS!• Check power point to make sure note sheet
goes in order and the class has a visual to complete the note sheet.
• Print out final copy of note sheet. Font 14 double spaced. Try to fit it on one page.
• Edit assessments and print out final copy• Print out power point slides.• Put everything in your file folders at the end
of the hour
Truman’s Potsdam Ultimatum!
Hiroshima August 6th
Nagasaki August 9th
The Bomb Blast at Hiroshima and Robert Oppenheimer its designer!
The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki : Total Casualties
Distance from X, in feet
Per-cent Mortality
0 - 1000 93.0%
1000 - 2000 92.0
2000 - 3000 86.0
3000 - 4000 69.0
4000 - 5000 49.0
5000 - 6000 31.5
6000 - 7000 12.5
7000 - 8000 1.3
8000 - 9000 0.5
9000 - 10,000 0.0
TABLE D
Cause of Immediate Deaths
Hiroshima
Cause of Death Per-cent of Total
Burns 60%
Falling debris 30
Other 10
Nagasaki
Cause of Death Per-cent of Total
Burns 95%
Falling debris 9
Flying glass 7
Other 7
SAC’s B-52
This photo captures the explosion of the second atomic bomb test, detonated in the central Pacific Ocean, at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, on July 25, 1946. The world's first underwater atomic explosion created an enormous column of radioactive water that sank nine ships.
I. The Cold War – Major Events
• A. Arms Race
• 1. The race to build and use as a defense the H-bomb.
• 2. When the USSR successfully detonated its first atomic devise in August of 1949 the race began.
Nevada Bomb test 1950’s!
I. The Cold War – Major Events
• 3. The U.S. and USSR adopted a policy of massive retaliation – build more than what the enemy had so they would be fearful of a large retaliatory attack – Mutually Assured Destruction.
• 4. At the peak the world had over 80,000 megatons.
• 5. Scientists estimated that 50 would destroy the world!
The interior of an H-bomb steel shelter is shown May 19, 1955 at an unknown location. The shelter is equipped with five bunk beds, lanterns, canned food, water, and a radiation detector.
A mother and her children make a practice run for their $5,000 steel backyard bomb shelter in Sacramento, Calif., on Oct. 5, 1961.
It’s better than duct tape! A home bomb shelter!Sandbags are filled to surround and enclosed basement area.A Z shaped opening lets you in but not the radiation.
This is a photo of Fifth Avenue, taken from 50th street, in New York City during a 10-minute civil defense alert shortly after 4:00 p.m. on April 28, 1961. Buses, taxis, and cars are pulled over to the curb in compliance with air raid defense procedure.
USSR 45,000USA 32,500
Nukes at theirPeak!
Scientist believe50 would destroyThe World!
A nuclear arm needs two items to be efficient – a warhead and a delivery devise.
Common delivery devises for nuclear warheads are ballistic missiles. These
ballistic missiles can be launched from silos, aircraft and submarines.
Today's ICBMs reportedly can strike within a few hundred feet of their targets after traveling thousands of miles through space. Such accuracy makes it possible to use a less powerful warhead, yet still be assured of destroying a target. A single missile can also carry multiple warheads, each aimed at a different target. A Minuteman III could have 3 nuclear warheads, as shown here; the Peacekeeper MX had 10.
Fear of Nuclear War Films:
Dr. StrangeloveTestamentOn the BeachFail SafeWar Games
Spy v Spy
Francis Gary Powers
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
The CIA
B. Execution of the Rosenberg’s• 1. When the USSR caught
up to the US in nuclear capabilities someone in the US had to help them.
• 2. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested (1950), tried, sentenced and executed(1953) for selling secrets to the Soviets.
• 3. Many critics concluded that this was merely a witch hunt and the Rosenberg’s were caught up in the anti-communist frenzy of post WWII.
• 4. Now begins our paranoia with communists among us.
C. The Second Red Scare – Post WWII
• 1.HUAC – House Un-American Activities Committee formed in 1938 to investigate communist and fascist activities in the U.S.
HUAC - continued• 2. After WWII the general fear of communist
subversion, an effort to weaken the US and possibly overthrow it, spread through-out every aspect of society.
The Hollywood ten were Hollywood actors and directors who were accused of Communist leanings and were “blacklisted” in Hollywood.
Sen. Joe McCarthy, R-Wis presides at a hearing of the Senate Investigations Subcommittee, in Washington, March 10, 1954.
C. McCarthy Hearing• 1. Senator Joseph
McCarthy (R) from Wisconsin begins a “witch hunt” for suspected communists working in the U.S. government.
• 2. In this new red scare most of the allegations were false and only served to ruin people’s reputations.
• 3. By 1954 McCarthy had pushed too far and the Senate censures him.
• 4. He dies an alcoholic in 1957
D. THE CIA – Central Intelligence Agency
• 1. Created during the Truman administration in 1947 under the National Security Act.
• 2. Primary responsibilities are intelligence gathering and covert operations.
• 3. Primary actions in the 1950’s and 1960’s were setting up governments friendly to the US and toppling those who weren’t.
Iran Hostage Crisis• Mohammed Mossedegh was
ousted from power in the 1950’s and the Shah of Iran(Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi) put in complete control with the help of the US CIA. The Shah held power and autocratic rule until 1979 when a revolt led by the Ayatollah Khomeini (Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ).
• 44 Americans at the US Embassy in Tehran were held hostage for 444 days.
D. THE CIA – Central Intelligence Agency
Weather Plane, Spy Plane, or
Musical Group? U-2
E. U-2 Incident
• 1. A U-2 is an aircraft that can fly at very high altitudes evading most surface to air missiles.
• 2. U-2’s were the predecessors to our current surveillance satellites.
U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers sits in dock in Moscow's Hall of Columns, August 17, 1960, during the opening of his espionage trial. He was convicted and sentenced to 10 years.
A Real USSpy WhoWorked For TheCIA!
E. U-2 Incident continued…• 3. Gary Powers was a U-
2 pilot shot down while taking pictures of USSR missile sites.
• 4. He was captured and tried in the USSR.
• 5. The US initially tried to cover up the incident saying that the spy plane must have been a weather plane.
• 6. This event ruined a brief thaw in US and USSR relations.
United States pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment on charges of espionage after his plane was shot down over Soviet territory on May 1, 1960. The incident damaged U.S-Soviet relations, but Powers was returned to the United States after serving two years.
Francis Gary PowersBefore US SenateAfter release fromSoviet Jail!
U-2 spy plane pilot Francis Gary Powers is shown three hours after his return to the United States in Washington, D.C. on February 11, 1962. Powers was released by the Russians on Feb. 10.
Finding work as a Radio/TV Traffic Report, on August 1, 1977, as Powers was on his way back to Van Nuys airport, his helicopter ran out of fuel. He was able to steer it into a baseball field for a crash landing in Encino, but Powers and a cameraman were both killed in the accident.
The Cold War
Threat & Counter Threat
Brinksmanship (to the brink of nuclear war)
Spy v. Spy
My name, “Bond, James Bond.”
It is estimated thatThe US GovernmentSpends about $30 Billion a year on The spy game!!!
A P-3C Orion practices touch-and-go landings at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station near Oak Harbor, Wash., Wednesday, April 4, 2001. The Orion is similar to the Navy EP-3E spy plane which landed in China after colliding with a Chinese fighter jet Sunday April 1, 2001.
President Jiang Zemin of China demands an apology from the US, Thursday, April 5, 2001. A diplomatic standoff began with the US over a U.S. spy plane that collided with a Chinese fighter Sunday April 1, 2001.
Troubles in Cuba
• Would you support a dictator with ties to organized crime, who oppresses civil rights for poor people, and who ruthlessly uses his secret police force to keep power?
• Would you support a revolutionary who after turning down a professional baseball contract with the New York Yankees wants to free his people from the dictator?
TR and the Rough Riders helped win the Spanish
American War
The United States has controlled Guantanamo Bay since . Now a place to keep the Taliban and Al Qaeda up until 2010!
F. Cuban Revolution
• 1. By the early 1950’s US corporations controlled many industries on the Island of Cuba.
• 2. Fulgencio Batista was the leader of Cuba who supported US business interests over the interests of his own people.
Batista established essentially a militarydictatorship.
Colonel Fulgencio Batista, leader of the Cuban army under President Grau San Martin, signing the credentials of new officers, October
12, 1933.
In the hands of these four men, photographed at Havana, March 16, 1935, Lieut. Col. Jose Pedraza, 31, military governor of Havana; Lieut. Col. Ignacio Galindez, fifth district military commander; Havana's mayor Guillermo Belt, 28; and Col. Fulgencio Batista, chief of the nation's armed forces, the real power in the island.
Former President of Cuba Fulgencio Batista, is shown on November 30, 1960, he was in happy exile on Madeira Island, Portugal, with members of his family.
He died in 1973.
Above left Cuban Dictator Fulgencio Batista takes power in 1933, while on the right Cuban Dictator Fidel Castro takes power in 1959!
F. Cuban Revolution continued…
• 3. Castro will use this fact to organize the peasants and middle class Cubans in a successful revolt against Batista.
• 4. By January of 1959 Castro is in control and nationalizes many US corporations.
• 5. By the end of 1959 Castro is in a close alliance with the USSR and the US has a communist nation 90 miles off its coast.
Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro speaks to supporters Jan. 8, 1959 at the Batista military base "Columbia," now known as Ciudad Libertad. On Jan. 1, 1959, dictator President Fulgencio Batista fled the country and Castro's rebels took control.
Twenty-two Cuban exiles arrested for plotting the assassination of President Fulgencio Batista are shown in front of a government office in Mexico City June 26, 1956. Fidel Castro, prominent revolutionary, is standing and indicated (arrow), and seated second from left is Ernesto "Che" Guevara.
People burn tables and roulette wheels outside the Plaza Hotel casino in Old Havana, Cuba in Jan. 1959 shortly after revolutionary leader Fidel Castro gained power. On Jan. 1, 1959, Dictator Fulgencio Batista fled Cuba and Castro's rebels took power.
These residents of Ybor City, Tampa's heavily Cuban-American area, gathered on steps of the Cuban club here this afternoon after learning Cuba's President Fulgencio Batista fled Havana, January 1, 1959.
He passed up a try out with which AmericanLeague baseball Team?
His career as dictator has lasted longer than seven baseball careers!
Fearing US invasion Fidel finds a friend in Nikita.
G. Problems with Cuba
• 1. Bay of Pigs Invasion• - The US CIA trained
Cuban exiles to launch a campaign to invade Cuba, begin an uprising (coup) and oust Fidel Castro from power.
• - The mission took place on April 17, 1961 and failed miserably and exposed an American plot to overthrow its neighbor.
Cuban leader Fidel Castro, lower right, sits inside a tank near Playa Giron, Cuba, during the Bay of Pigs invasion, in this April 17, 1961 photo provided by Granma, the Cuban government newspaper. About 1,500 Cuban exiles, supported by the CIA, landed in Cuba in the Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on April 17, 1961 with the purpose of sparking a popular uprising and ousting the government of Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Most rebels were
quickly captured or killed by the Cuban armed forces.
Cuban exiles captured during the Bay of Pigs invasion walk past Cuban soldiers April 19, 1961 in this file photo from the archives of Granma, the Cuban government newspaper. The unidentified prisoner in the foreground is followed by Jorge King, known as "El Chino," who was later executed by the Cuban government. About 1,500 Cuban exiles, supported by the CIA, landed in Cuba in the Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on April 17, 1961 with the purpose of sparking a popular uprising and ousting the government of Cuban leader Fidel Castro. Most rebels were quickly captured or killed by the Cuban armed forces. In December 1962 Cuba traded 1,113 captured rebels in exchange for food and medicine raised by private donations in the U.S.
Actual CIA photographs from the 1960’s which identified Soviet missiles in Cuba.
An aerial reconnaissance photo of the San Cristobal medium-range ballistic missile site in Cuba shows the site at its maximum readiness on October 27, 1962. The missiles, placed there by the Soviet Union, were ultimately withdrawn after President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal during the Cuban missile crisis.
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet ship Fizik Kurchatov heads to Cuba, with six missiles on deck. Ultimately, faced with President John F. Kennedy's firm stance and unwillingness to bargain, the Soviets ordered their ships, loaded with military equipment bound for Cuba, to change course, and they later agreed to withdraw the missiles.
G. Problems with Cuba continued…
• 2. Cuban Missile Crisis• - Castro defends
himself with the aid of Soviet nuclear missiles that a U-2 plane spied.
• - In late October of 1962 President Kennedy and his advisors debate and negotiate over what action to take.
• - A naval blockade of Cuba and an ultimatum given to the USSR. Remove missiles or it is war…
Kennedy announces the US blockade of Cuba! Will it be WW III?
Debate on the Cuban missile crisis at the United Nations on October 25, 1962. During the meeting, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet ambassador Valerian Zorin about the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba.
What the Russians Had in Cuba
• Soviet Ground Commander Issa Pliyev with approval to use nuclear weapons without Moscow’s approval
• 4 Motorized Rifle Brigades up to 4,000 soviet soldiers
• 80 1-2 Kiloton cruise missiles for the coastal patrol boats
• 24 R-12 Missiles with a range of 1050 miles and 100-200 kilo ton warheads
• 12 SAS Luna coastal defense missiles with 100 kiloton warhead
• 6 Il-28 Beagle Bombers with 6-12 Kiloton bombs
• 4 Subs with nuclear tipped torpedoes
What the Russians Had on the way to Cuba
• 24 R-14 Missiles with a range of 2000 miles and the capability of carrying 100-200 kiloton warheads
• 7 nuclear subs with ballistic missiles
• 85 Ships with supplies and launch pads!
The SS-5 "Skean" followed it in 1961 and has a similar sized warhead but double the range. Some 275 SS-4s remained until 1982 in the Soviet Union's arsenal along with a handful of SS-5s. Both of these missiles can carry a wide variety of warheads including chemical, nuclear, and conventional.
The SS-4 "Sandal" is an intermediate range missile that can destroy targets up to 1000 km from its launch site. This liquid fuelled, relatively vulnerable and inaccurate missile, was first deployed in 1959.
U.S. president John F. Kennedy and the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOMM) meet on October 29, 1962. The group was convened at the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis to determine how to respond to intelligence reports of the buildup of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Shown to the president's left are Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.
The Soviet freighter, Bonronec, sails an Easterly course away from Havana on Nov. 9, 1962. The photo shows a close-up of shrouded cylindrical objects on the afterdeck, which appear to be mobile missile launchers.
Kennedy & Khrushchev
After the Cuban Missile Crisis, a new understanding is reached on Nuclear Disarmament! Cuba had been too close!!!!
- Results
1. Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles and the U.S will quietly remove theirs from Turkey.
2. No US invasion of Cuba and Castro remains in power.
3. Renewed negotiation on limits and a hotline set up between the US and USSR.
With Soviet help Castro exported Revolution to Latin America in 60’s, 70’s, and 80s
Unfortunately, Che met his dismiss while battling police in Bolivia. Today he is still highly regarded in many Latin Americans Nations
Pictures like this of Che, can be seen all over Latin America
Former Cuban President Fidel Castro, left, and his brother Raul Castro, former minister of Defense and now President
Election of 1960 Pale and sweaty The first televised presidential debate in 1960 proved a godsend for the photogenic John Kennedy and the opposite for the rather less attractive Vice-President Richard Nixon. Looking back, Nixon wrote: "After the program ended, callers, including my mother, wanted to know if anything was wrong, because I did not look well". The impression lingered; Nixon lost.
The closest electoral vote since 1916 and the closest popular vote in the modern era.The first time Alaska and Hawaii are able to participate in a presidential election. They had been granted statehood on January 1st and August 21st, 1959.
H. The Assassination of
John F. Kennedy-Dallas Texas
November 22, 1963
1. The Warren Commission
concludes that Lee Harvey
Oswald was the lone gunman.
Jack Ruby: Mobster, Intelligence Agent, or Small-time Hustler?
Lee Harvey Oswald – Did he act alone? YES!??!
Jack Ruby Kills Lee Harvey Oswaldon live TV!
I. The Space Race!• 1. The Soviets launch
the first satellite (Sputnik, October 4, 1957), are the first to have a man (Yuri Gagarin, April 12, 1961) in space, are the first to have a women (Valentina Tereshkova, June 16, 1963) in space, are the first to walk in space (Alexi Leonev, March 18, 1965)!!!!
• It’s not much of a race at first.
1903
The Messerschmitt 262A-1, a German Jet-Propelled fighter, is shown resting on the runway of Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio on Aug. 12, 1945. The Air Technical Service Command is studying the aircraft, which was captured intact at Rehin-am-Main when a civilian test pilot landed on the American-held airstrip and surrendered himself to American soldiers on March 15.
Length: 8.2 m (27 ft)
Span: 5.5 m (18 ft)
Weight: 2,200 kg (4,900 lb)
Thrust: 3,400 newtons (770 lb)
Range: 240-320 km (150-200 mi)Manufacturer:
Fieseler Werke (airframe), Argus Motoren (motor)
Length: 5.5 m (18 ft 3 in)
Span: 2.5 m (8 ft 4 in)
Weight: 1,160 kg (2,550 lb)
Thrust: 2,670 newtons (600 lb)
Range:Over 2,500 km (1,550 mi)Manufacturer
:General Dynamics
The Navy's Tomahawk cruise missile was introduced in 1982. It was used extensively in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
Length: 14 m (46 ft)
Weight: 12,800 kg (28,000 lb)
Range: 240-305 km (150-190 mi)
Maximum altitude:
80 km (50 mi) for 240-km (150-mi) rangePropellants: alcohol and liquid oxygen
Manufacturer: German Army Ordnance
The start of the Space Race--the launching of a Soviet man-made earth satellite, Sputnik 1!
This first official picture of the Soviet satellite Sputnik I was issued in Moscow October 9, 1957, showing the four-antennaed baby moon resting on a three-legged pedestal. Pravda described the satellite as one foot, eleven inches and gave its weight as 184 pounds. The outer hull is polished aluminum covered with a special protective material. Nitrogen gas is sealed inside.
Sputnik #1 October 4,
1957
Soviet satellite Sputnik 2, which carried the dog Laika was successfully launched. Laika was never to return to earth and asphyxiated after a week in orbit. Her cabin burned up on re-entry to the earth's atmosphere.
Sputnik 2
I. Space Race continued…• 2. The US is close
on the heels of the USSR. First satellite, Explorer, January 1, 1958, First man in Space Alan Sheppard on May 5, 1961, First man to orbit John Glenn, February 20, 1962 and First woman in space, Sally Ride, June 18, 1983.
After the first Vanguard failure, the Army gained approval to attempt a satellite launch. On January 31, 1958, a modified Redstone missile, the Jupiter-C, lofted America's first satellite, Explorer 1, into space. In March the Navy's Vanguard succeeded in its third attempt to launch a satellite.
An air force pilot and cosmonaut, Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin became the first human in space on the historic 1961 flight of Vostok 1. Approximately 327 km (203 mi) above the earth at his highest point, Gagarin’s ship made a single orbit around the planet. The total time of the flight was 1 hour 48 minutes.
FIRST COSMONAUTS
The original seven Mercury astronauts pose in their silver spacesuits in 1961. From left, first row: Walter Schirra Jr., Donald Slayton, John Glenn and Scott Carpenter. Back Row: Alan Shepard, Jr., Virgil Grissom and Gordon Cooper.
SOVIET "FIRSTS" IN VOSTOK 1961 First man in space, Yuri Gagarin's one-orbit flight (Vostok 1) 1961 First full day in orbit, Gherman Titov (Vostok 2) 1962 First two-spacecraft mission (Vostoks 3 and 4) 1963 First long-duration mission, five days in orbit (Vostok 5) 1963 First woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova (Vostok 6)
First cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin smiles before blast-off, at the Baikonur launch complex, Kazakstan, in this April 12, 1961
John Glenn - Feb. 20, 1962 ready for the flight which made him the first American to orbit the earth
May 1961—American astronaut Alan Shepard went briefly into space, but not into orbit, on the Mercury 3 mission.
February 1962—John Glenn spent five hours in orbit on Mercury 6.
On March 18, 1965, Aleksei Leonov became the first person to venture outside an orbiting spacecraft. He was secured only by an umbilical cord attached to the life-support systems of Voskhod 2. Leonov spent 20 minutes outside in the vacuum of space.
On October 4, 1959, exactly two years after the first Sputnik launch, the Soviet Union sent the first spacecraft around the Moon. Luna 3 recorded images of the Moon's far side and broadcast them to Earth. A month earlier, after five unsuccessful attempts, the Soviet Luna 2 spacecraft had hit the Moon.
Size: 111 m (363 ft)Payload to orbit: 129,300 kg (285,000 lb)Payload to Moon: 48,500 kg (107,000 lb)Manufacturer: Boeing Co. (prime)1st stage: five F-1 enginesPropellants: RP-1 (kerosene) and liquid oxygenTotal thrust: 33,360,000 newtons (7,500,000 lb)Manufacturer: Rocketdyne2nd stage: five J-2 enginesPropellants: liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygenTotal thrust: 5,560,000 newtons (1,250,000 lb)Manufacturer: Rocketdyne3rd stage: one J-2 engineThrust: 1,112,000 newtons (250,000 lb)
3. Although not the first in space, the US won the race to the moon. On July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the moon. “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”
Astronaut Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. poses for a photograph beside the U.S. flag deployed on the moon during the Apollo 11 mission on July 20, 1969. Aldrin and fellow astronaut Neil Armstrong were the first men to walk on the lunar surface with temperatures ranging from 243 degrees above to 279 degrees below zero. Astronaut Michael Collins flew the command module. The trio was launched to the moon by a Saturn V launch vehicle at 9:32 a.m. EDT, July 16, 1969. They departed the moon July 21, 1969.
America had beaten the Soviet Union in the race for moon Exploration!
The Apollo 11 Lunar Module ascent stage photographed from the command service module during rendezvous in lunar orbit, July 20, 1969.
Apollo 11 July 20, 1969
July 1975
The space shuttle Challenger explodes shortly after lifting off from Kennedy Space Center in this Jan. 28, 1986
The Mission STS 107 insignia bearing the names of the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia is shown in this NASA handout image. Space Shuttle Columbia broke apart in flames over Texas on Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003, killing all seven astronauts just 16 minutes before they were to glide to their landing strip in Florida.
The space shuttle Columbia crew, waving to onlookers, exits the Operations and Checkout Building on their way to Launch Pad 39A for liftoff, Thursday Jan. 16, 2001 at Cape Canaveral, Fla. Leading the way are Pilot William "Willie" McCool, left, and Commander Rick Husband, right. Following in the second row are Mission Specialists Kalpana Chawla, left, and Laurel Clark; in the rear are Payload Specialist Ilan Ramon, Payload Commander Michael Anderson and Mission Specialist David Brown. Columbia broke apart in flames over Texas on Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003 killing all seven astronauts just 16 minutes before they were supposed to glide to ground in Florida.
Laurel Clark, 41, a Navy diving medical officer aboard submarines, who was one of the seven astronauts on the space shuttle Columbia, is seen in this undated handout photo from NASA. Space shuttle Columbia broke apart in flames over Texas on Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003, killing all seven astronauts just 16 minutes before they were supposed to glide to ground in Florida.
In this image from television, contrails from what appears to be the space shuttle Columbia can be seen streaking across the sky over Texas, Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003. Columbia apparently disintegrated in flames minutes before it was to land in Florida.
Soviet Union’s Mir Space Station 1986-2001
Astronaut Sergei Krikalev, top, works as astronaut James Newman floats under him in the Zarya module of the international space Station!
AN INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION – 13Nations will support aCrew of 6.
Both Russian and USSpace vehicles can dockWith the space station.
Celestis Inc., which pioneered spaceflight memorials by launching cremated bits of "Star Trek" creator Gene Roddenberry and LSD guru Timothy Leary into the heavens more than three years ago, is now taking reservations to bury the dearly departed on the moon as early as next year. A commercial rocket launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base or Cape Canaveral will include a piggyback Celestis payload of lipstick-sized capsules, seen here containing cremated remains of about 200 people.
When was the Berlin Wall built ? (Started) Aug 13 1961
When did the Berlin Wall crack ? (Start to fall ?) Nov 9 1989
J. The Berlin Wall – The Ultimate Symbol of the Cold War
The Berlin Wall
When the Berlin wall was starting to be constructed is consisted mainly of barbed wire and armed guards. It did not take much time for the wall to be fortified. After it was done the wall was 107 km long and 4 m high in most places. It was constructed with a concrete wall with a concrete tube placed on top. On the East Berlin side was a lighted control area. Anyone who reached this area were shot on sight, without warning. This is where most people were caught. Then moving away from the control area toward East Berlin was a deep trench to prevent vehicles from breaking through the wall. In front of this was a patrol track that had attack dogs, bunkers, and guard towers. Finally there was a second, smaller wall. In total the wall cut through 192 streets.
1989
Fall of Communism in USSR• By 1991 the reforms of
President Mikhail Gorbechev of Glasnost and Perestroika had accelerated into a democratic push led by Boris Yeltsin.
• The USSR collapsed politically but more importantly economically.
The legacy of the Cold War• While we were fighting
the communists…• - A new and more
dangerous threat emerged – radical Islam intent on destroying the west.
• - Unfortunately we inadvertently aided our enemy in Afghanistan.
• Al Qaeda and The Taliban. The Soviet’s Vietnam
And in Iraq…
The End
