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Goal 5: Ecology
Why Study Ecology
• Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environments
• Ecologist ask questions such as:• “What does a coyote eat”• “How does temperature affect the growth of
plants”• “How does day length affect bird migration”
• Bio= life• The sphere of life consists of living and nonliving
factors. It supports all life.• Biotic= living• Abiotic=non-living
Make a Column of Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• BIOTIC
• -bacteria• -grass• -fungus• -fish• -mushrooms
• ABIOTIC
• -air• -water• -nitrogen• -dirt• -sun
Name the Abiotic and Biotic Factors
Levels of Organization
Organizing Living Things in Ecology
• First level (most specific)- Organism– Individual living thing
• 2nd Level - Population– Group of organisms all of one
species
Organization continued
• 3rd Level - Biological Community– All the living (biotic)
populations of species that live in the same place at the same time
Organization cont.
• 4th level - Ecosystem– Both biotic and abiotic
things that interact with each other in given area at the same time
Finally…… The last level
• Fifth and biggest level - Biosphere
• Portion of Earth that supports living things
Organisms in EcosystemsHabitat vs. Niche
• Habitat = the place where an organism lives out it’s life– Where you live– One habitat can have many niches
• Niche = strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment– Organism’s role in the habitat– More than one species can not occupy the same
niche in a location.
Bellringer• Relate each one of the
characteristics of life to the human body.
• Example: Genetic Code: My genetic information is contained in DNA and RNA
5.01a Identify and describe symbiotic relationships
• Symbiosis = "intimate living together" between different species.
• Refers to the different relationships that can exist between organisms1. Mutualism (+,+)2. Commensalism (+, 0)3. Parasitism (+, -)4. Predator-Prey cycle
Mutualism
Mutualism – clownfish and anemoneThe clownfish gets protection from the anemone
and in return protects the anemone from fish that would eat it (angelfish); the clownfish also keeps the anemone free of dirt and debris
http://www.bigfishhooked.com/clown_fish_and_anenome.jpg
Mutualism – Lichens and AlgaeLichens consist of afungus with an algaeor photosyntheticbacterium living inside the fungus.The alga provides food for both of themand the fungus provides a habitat forthe alga.
tbnid=7aE_8wrZkK9LJM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=148&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlichen%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
Mutualism – Ant and Aphid• Aphids provides
honeydew sugar for ants. Ants protect the aphids from predators and parasites.
http://www.richsoil.com/antsandaphids/ants_aphids_sugar.jpg
Mutualism – sea slug with algae
The algae lives in the sea slug and makes food for both of them – in return it gets a place to live.
http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/new_species/melibe_digitata.html
Nitrogen fixing nodulesBacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen and the bacteria get food from the plant.
http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/images/pests/179.jpg
Mutualism - pollinationMany plants depend on pollinators for their reproduction. They provide nectar to attract these pollinators. So the pollinator gets fed and the plant gets reproduced!
http://www.life.uiuc.edu/help/digitalflowers/picts/Asteraceae/15-Liatris%20pollination.jpg
Protozoans in cow’s stomachThese protozoans along withbacteria help the cow by digesting cellulose; cows don’t have the enzymes todo this.
http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zac0278.jpg
The protozoans and bacteria get a place to live and a continual food source. This is a valuable mutualistic relationship.
Ants and Acacia Trees
http://www.agrotours.com/bio/cr13.jpg
• Acacia provides ants with a protein rich secretion. Ants protect tree from herbivores.
Commensalism
Cattle Egret - CommensalismThe cattle stir up grasshoppers and other insects that theegret likes to eat. There is no apparent benefit to the cow.
Commensalism – shark and remoraThe remorabenefits by getting food from the shark’s meal. But there is no apparent benefit to the shark.
http://www.scubaduba.com/gallery/shark2.jpg
Commensalism – whale and barnacle
Barnacle larvae attach to the whale. The barnacle has a habitat. Whale is not harmed.
• http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/humptail.jpg
Parasitism
Parasitism
Tick feeds on the blood of the host. The host loses blood or is subject to infection/death.
Mistletoe – a plant parasite
http://www.wcosf.org/other_photos/Mistletoe_1_600.JPG
Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of Other trees. The tree can be very harmed.
Predator-Prey
In a predator-prey relationship one organism benefits and the other is killed.
Predator-Prey Cycle
Prey Population = Predator Population
More predators = more prey eaten
Prey Population Goes = Predator Population Goes
Less predators = less prey they eat
Predator: hunts: wolfPrey: hunted: rabbit
Bubble Map
• Symbiotic Relationships• Benefit• Harmed• No effect• Mutualistic• Commensalism• Parasitism• ** Examples of Each
• We will be planting Great Northern Beans to grow plants. In your group, you must decide on an experiment that you want to perform.
• Brainstorm Ideas. Choose one. • What do you want to find out? Can you develop
an experiment to answer your question? Does your question make sense? Is it confusing?
• Step 2: Hypothesis• What do you think will happen? BE SPECIFIC! Use
complete sentences.
• Step 3: Start developing a procedure