Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life

4.01 Classification

Taxonomy: science of classifying living things

ARISTOTLE gave us our first system of classifying

2 Kingdoms – Plants and Animals

Later…3 Kingdoms – Plants, Animals and Protists

ClassificationAnd until recently…there were 5

kingdoms: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi and Monera

Today…we group living things into 6 kingdoms…all of the above…except MONERA (the bacteria) have been divided into 2 kingdoms: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Why do the kingdoms keep changing?

New technology & new information about living things cause us to have to adjust our groupings

Taxons of Classification

KingdomPhylumClassOrder Family Genus Species

KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FAT GREEN STOOLS

Binomial Nomenclature

Examples:Homo sapien

(humans)Canis familiaris

(domesticated dogs)Felis domesticus

(domesticated cats)Quercus alba (white

oak)

Two name system of classification.Genus + Species

Basis of Classification: Evolutionary phylogeny

(following descendents/ancestors) DNA/biochemical analysis

(the more similar DNA is b/w organisms; the more closely related they are)

Embryology(more similar embryonic stages; more closely related: for example: all vertebrates have a tail & gill slits as embryos)

Morphology(similarities in structural features)

Phylogenetic Trees

Used to show relationships between organisms.

Who evolved first.Which organisms are

either very closely related or distantly related.

Phylogenetic Trees con’tWhich phylum is the most

closely related to the Chordata?

Which phylum evolved first?

Between Arthropoda,Annelida and Mollusca? Who evolved first?

Echinodermata

Porifera

Mollusca

Biochemical Analysis

Biochemical or DNA similarities help to demonstrate relatedness between organisms.

(cytochrome C is a protein found in the mitochondria)

Embryology

Similarities during embryological development can demonstrate how two organisms are related.

Morphology

Similarities in the structure of these frog skulls ( 6 different species) show how closely they are related.

Cell TypesProkaryotes- No nucleus- No membrane

bound organelles- Ribosomes- Cell membrane- Cell wall- Small & primitive- Circular DNA (one

chromosome)

Cell Types con’t

Eukaryotic- Nucleus (nuclear

membrane)- DNA & chromosomes- Membrane bound

organelles- Ribosomes- Cell membrane- Large & complex

Kingdom EUBACTERIA Prokaryotic No nucleus…but

does have DNA Unicellular Heterotrophic

(feed on other organisms; cause disease

E. coli; pneumonia & strept bacterias

Kingdom: ARCHAEBACTERIA

Prokaryotic No nucleus…but

does have DNA Unicellular Heterotrophic Some autotrophic

(chemosyntheis) Live in HARSH

environments: hot springs, thermal vents, no oxygen

Kingdom: PROTISTAEukaryoticUnicellularHeterotrophic(Absorb nutrients)No complex organsystems

ParameciumEuglenaCan be heterotrophic or autotrophic

Kingdom FungiEukaryoticMulticellularHeterotrophic(absorb nutrients)Nonmotile/sessile

No complex organ systems

Cell walls

mushroomsMoldsMildewsyeast

Kingdom Plantae- Eukaryotic- Multicellular- Autotrophic (photosynthesis)- Sessile/nonmotile- Chloroplasts and cell walls- Complex organ systems

Kingdom Animalia

EukaryoticMulticellularHeterotophs (ingestion)MotileComplex organ systems

ALGAE: Where do they belong? Eukaryotic

Unicellular & multicellular

Autotrophic (photosynthesis)

Non-motile No true roots, stems,

leaves Some classify in

PLANT kingdom; some classify in PROTIST kingdom

VOLVOX

SPIROGYRA

Using a Dichotomous Key

Bird W: GeospizaBird X: PlatyspizaBird Y: CerthideaBird Z: Camarhynchus

Can you identify these birds using the dichotomous key?

4.02 Analyze essential life functions of specific representatives

Transport: How organisms move food and wastes throughout their bodies.

Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids.

Regulation: How organisms control body processes – i.e. hormones and nervous system

Respiration: How organisms exchange gases (O2 and CO2) with the environment

Con’tNutrition: How organisms break down

and absorb foods.Synthesis: How organisms build

necessary molecules.Reproduction: Continuation of the

species thru sexual or asexual reproduction.

Growth and Development: getting bigger & maturing

Unicellular ProtistsExamples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena

Transport, Excretion and Respiration: osmosis, diffusion, active transport

Nutrition: food vacuolesReproduction: mostly asexual, binary

fissionRegulation of response: eye spotsGrowth & Development: cell division

Annelid Worms

Annelid Worms

Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral blood vessel, closed system

Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like” structures found on every segment

Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve cord

Respiration: breath through their skin

Worms con’t

Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds), intestine (chemical digestion)

Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic, exchange sperm and lay eggs

Development: from eggs

Insects

Insects

Transport: open circulatory systemExcretion: Malpighian tubulesRegulation: hormones, nervous system,

pheromonesRespiration: spiracles & tubes called

tracheaeNutrition: insects have a wide variety of

mouth parts to eat a variety of foods

Insects con’t

Reproduction: sexual (external); parthenogenesis

Development: metamorphosisIncomplete: egg nymph adultComplete: egg larva pupa adult

Amphibians

Amphibians

Transport: closed circulatory systemExcretion: kidneys/urinary bladderRegulation: hormones (control

metamorphosis), nervous systemRespiration: gills, lungs, skinNutrition: larva (herbivores), adults

(carnivores)

Amphibians con’t

Reproduction: sexual, external fertilizationDevelopment: incomplete metamorphosisEgg larva adult

Mammalia

Mammalia

Transport: closed circulatory systemExcretion: kidneys Regulation: hormones, well developed

nervous system (developed senses)Respiration: lungsNutrition: digestive tracts vary according to

what the animal eats

Mammalia con’tReproduction: sexual with internal

fertilizationDevelopment: Monotremes duck billed platypus and

spiny anteater lay eggsMarsupials → partial placental; complete

development outside mom’s bodyPlacental → Most mammals have a well

developed placenta (uterus); full development inside mom

Internal Development

PLANTSRespiration: gas exchange through diffusionSynthesis: carry out photosynthesis and

make sugars and other macromolecules

Classified based on their transport…reproduction…development

Non vascular plants

Non Vascular PlantsMosses and liverworts

Transport: use osmosis and diffusion; no tubesReproduction: sporesDevelopment: moss cycle between a sexual

phase with egg and sperm and an asexual phase that makes spores

Non-Seed Vascular Plants

Ferns

Transport: vascular tissue: xylem & phloem (tubes)Reproduction: sporesDevelopment: alternation of generations;

(sporophyte, produces asexual spores; gametophyte, produces egg/sperm)

Gymnosperms

GymnospermsMeans “naked seed”, includes the conifers(cone-bearing trees: pine, spruce, fir,

hemlock)Transport: xylem and phloemRespiration: CO2, H2O and O2 move in and

out of leaf through stomataSynthesis: photosynthesis

Gymnosperms

Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen grain

Pollination – sperm moves from male cones to female cones via wind

Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the female cone and produce seeds

Angiosperms

Angiosperms

Flowering plantsTransport: xylem and phloemRegulation: plant hormones like auxin,

cause stems to bendRespiration: stomataSynthesis: photosynthesisReproduction: pollination and fertilization

Angiosperms

Pollination occurs through wind and pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and bats

Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed dispersal.

Seeds have cotyledons (seed leaves)Ovary can become a fruit or some other

structure that aids dispersal

Leaf Cross-Section

4.03 Adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success

Form And

Function

Feeding Adaptations

Mosquitoes mouth is adapted to suck bloodSnakes jaws unhinge to take in whole prey

Feeding Adaptations Intestinal folds (villi)

found in many types of animals

Mammals, worms, insects, amphibians

Increase surface area to increase efficiency of digestion

Reproductive Adaptations

Male birds using elaborate mating displays or rituals to attract females.

Reproductive Adaptations

Male frogs have thumb pads to hold onto female when mating. Ensures egg and sperm will meet.

Reproductive Adaptations

Asexual cell division does not allow for genetic variety

However…it does eliminate the need to find a mate!

Reproductive Adaptations

Earthworms are hermaphrodites…

Each worm produces egg & sperm

Still exchange sperm with another worm (for genetic variety)

However…can still produce offspring if they can’t find a mate

Developmental Adaptations Animals that go through

complete metamorphosis such as insects and frogs have an adaptive advantage in feeding

The larvae form tends to be herbivorous, while the adult is carnivorous

NO COMPETITION!

Other Adaptations

Flowers develop certain colors, scents, shapes to attract certain pollinators

This is an example of coevolution

Co-evolution

Fly orchid looks and smells similar to female wasp. Male “mates” with it and transfers pollen from one flower to the next.

Adaptations to Life on LandPlants

1. Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem – transport materials and support

2. Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent dehydration

3. Pollen – allows fertilization without water

4. Tropisms – Geotropism: growth toward gravity (roots); Phototropism: growth toward light (leaves)

Adaptations to Life on LandAnimals

1. Gills become lungs2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales or

other coverings – prevent dehydration3. Internal fertilization 4. Amniotic egg5. Legs move under the animal to allow

easier movement

Pathogens

Disease causing organisms

Virus Protein coat (capsid) surrounds core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

Needs a host cell to reproduce (invades)

Specific for a particular host

Able to mutate HIV, Flu, smallpox,

polio, RabiesDon’t grow…develop…need energy…respond

Bacteria

Able to mutate (resistance to antibiotics)

StreptococcusSalmonellaBotulismMRSA (staph)

Protecting OurselvesAgainst Viruses Vaccinations: Weakened form of virus

injected in body to stimulate immune response to make antibodies against virus

So next time you get virus; already have antibodies to destroy virus

However, so many flu & cold viruses…and they mutate so often…can’t get vaccinated against all

Against Bacteria Antibiotics: Discovered in early

1900’s Kill bacteria Decades of exposure has

produced resistant bacteria

Antibiotics don’t work on them anymore

NATURAL SELECTION

4.04 Health and DiseaseRole of genetics and the environment

1. Sickle cell anemia and malaria (see next slide)2. Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use3. Stomach/colon cancer and diet4. Skin cancer sun exposure5. Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)6. PKU and diet

Parasites - Plasmodium

Malaria caused by the protist, Plasmodium.

Vector: MosquitoSymptoms: fever, chills,

headache, nauseaTreatments: 1. Prevention2. Antimalarial drugs3. No vaccine Plasmodium destroying red blood

cells

Plasmodium cannot live in blood stream of person with sickle shaped cells

Diabetes Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both

Diabetes can be controlled or even prevented by diet (watch sugar/carb intake) & exercise (which burns carbs)

PKU (Phenylketonuria) Inability to break

down the amino acid: phenylalanine

Excess phenylalanine can cause brain damage

Babies that test positive for PKU on put on diets that reduce intake of phenylalanine

Immune System Protects you against

foreign invaders First line of defense:

your skinAntigens – foreign protein

(bacteria, virus, fungus, transplanted organ)*first line of attack

Antibodies – proteins your body makes to defend itself against antigens

Immune System

The Adaptive Immune system kicks in if the Innate (antigen-antibody) response does not work

B cells: make antibodiesT cells:bHelp B cells make

antibodies; Kill infected cells

Types of Immunity

Active

Your body makes the antibodiesEx: having the disease, getting a

vaccination

Passive

You get the antibodies from another sourceEx: from mother thru the placenta or

mothers milk, from a shot (rabies shot)

Antibodies remember the disease antigen so it’s ready to destroy next time it enters your body

Vaccine

Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogens

Your body makes antibodies in response to the antigens

You are left with memory cells

Nutrition

What makes up a healthy diet?

What is poor nutrition?obesity

malnutritioniron or calcium deficiencyvitamin deficiency

Toxins - environmental

Lead - Heavy metal, builds up over time Exposure more serious in children Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth,

hearing problems, behavior or attention problems, failure at school, kidney damage

Sources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware

Toxins - EnvironmentalMercury – Heavy metal, builds up over time Sources: glass thermometers, electrical

switches, fluorescent light bulbs, fish Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts

of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor, inability to walk well, blindness and double vision, memory problems, seizures and death (with large exposures)

Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brain

4.05: Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment

INNATE BEHAVIOR Inherited behavior Instincts & reflexes Behavior an animal

is born with EX: suckling; building

nests, migrating, defending territory

Innate Behavior

Taxis – animal moves toward or away from a stimulusEx. Insect moving toward or away from light

Positive light taxis

Innate BehaviorREFLEX Automatic response to a

stimulus Pulling your hand away

from heat Jumping at a loud noise

INSTINCT Something you are born

knowing to do Building a nest suckling

Innate Behavior MIGRATION Moving to new

location periodically (find food, mating partners)

Based on seasons, rain

Innate BehaviorESTIVATION –

dormancy during periods of extreme heat or droughtPurpose???conserve resources during extreme conditions

Common in frogs

Innate Behavior

HIBERNATION – dormant (sleep-like state) in winter

Purpose????? Survive winters when there is little available food.

Innate Behavior

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

Animal intimidates another

Bird calling, growling, showing teeth

To defend food supply, territory, or young

Innate Behavior TERRITORIALITY Defending an area from

another organism Physical space used by

an organism for feeding, breeding, or raising young

Reduces conflicts, controls population growth, provides efficient use of resources

Innate Behavior PHEROMONES:

chemicals that communicate information in other animals

Ants, bees use them to communicate

Urine contains pheromones

Often used to mark territory

Humans mark their territory too!

Innate Behavior COURTSHIP Rituals carried out to

attract mates Flashy dances,

gestures, posturing, light signals

Specific to each species

Helps organisms find mates of their species

Circadian Rhythm Daily rhythm Sleeping eating

Learned Behavior Acquired behavior Behavior changes

through practice Trial & error Allows for adaptation

to change; therefore important in survival

Learned Behavior TRIAL & ERROR Practice makes

perfect Learn to exhibit a

behavior based on a reward

Learned Behavior HABITUATIONan animal becomes

accustomed to a stimulus through prolonged and regular exposure

Ex: you don’t notice a clock chiming in your house, the refrigerator or heat/air coming on; but you do when you’re at someone else’s house!

Learned Behavior IMPRINTING Learning based on

early experience Bonding shortly after

birth Once occurred,

cannot be changed Keeps young

animals close to mother who protects and feeds them

Learned Behavior CONDITIONING Learning by

association Dogs or cats come to

their food bowl when they hear the can opener

Students change class when they hear bell

Social Behavior

Communication in social insects using pheromones.

Social Behavior DOMINANCE

HIERARCHY “pecking order” In social groups,

there is a state of “seniority”

Alpha males/females