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g§ñWm§ZrM H$m`©j_ am{hbo nm{hOoV Am{U Aem {dH¥$V gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrnmgyZ g_mOmbm

A{bá R>odbo nm{hOoV Ago _V _m§S>bo.

3.3.3.3. _yë` g§Kf© Ñ{ï>H$moZ_yë` g§Kf© Ñ{ï>H$moZ_yë` g§Kf© Ñ{ï>H$moZ_yë` g§Kf© Ñ{ï>H$moZ

_yë` g§Kf© Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm àdV©H$ åhUyZ bm°aoÝg \«±$H$ `m§Mm C„oI Ho$bm Amho.

VgoM `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo {díbofU H$mb© _mŠg©, H$moPa, _mëQw>§J, S>èhoZS>m\©$, gr. amB©Q> {_b B.

g_mOemókm§Zrhr Ho$bo Amho. Va \w$„a Am{U _o`g© `m§Zr `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmAmYmao gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m

H$m {Z_m©U hmoVmV? `mMo g{dñVa {díbofU Ho$bo Amho. Va dm°ëg, Š`y~a Am{U hmn©a `m§Zr

gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m CËnÎmr Am{U {dH$mgm_Ü o _yë` g§Kfm©Mo {deof _hÎd Agë`mMo _V _m§S>bo

Amho.

_yë` g§Kfm©À`m {gÓm§VmZwgma àËòH$ g_mOm_Üò _yë`m§Mo OVZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`º$s¨Mm

H$bh Mmby AgVmo. Ë`m_Üò àËòH$ ì`º$s Amnë`m {damoYr BVa ì`º$s, g_yh Am{U {Z`_Zo

`m§À`m {dê$Ó CR>Vo. Ë`m§Mo Zm_mohaU H$aUo, Ë`m§À`mda _mV H$aUo `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVo. Ë`mVyZ

Aì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo. Or gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z{_Vubm nmofH$ R>aVo.

àËòH$ g_mOmMr EH$ _yë`ì`dñWm AgVo. Vr _yë`ì`dñWm Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmMm AmYma

AgVo. gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§g§X^m©V B{b`Q> Am{U _o[ab `m§Zr, ""Á`m§Zm H$mhr AW© Amho Am{U

OrdZmÀ`m `moOZoV Á`m§Zm _hÎdnyU© _mZbo OmVo Ago gm_m{OH$ hoVy gm_m{OH$ _yë o hmoV.''22

_mZdr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV _yë`m§Zm \$ma _hÎd Amho. _yëò hr OrdZì`mnH$ AgVmV.

àËòH$ ì`º$sZo g_mOmMm gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo _yëò AmË_gmV H$amdr bmJVmV. nU gd©M g_mOmV

gd©M _yëò g_mZ ZgVmV Va Vr g_mOnaËdo {^Þ AgVmV. na§Vw EImÚm g_mOmVrb _yëò hr

Ë`m g_mOmVrb, gd© KQ>H$m§Zr ñdrH$maUo d Ë`m nÓVrZo dmJUo ho _yë`g§Kf© Q>miV g_mO EH$mË_,

g§K{Q>V R>odÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` AgVo. na§Vw _yë`g§Kfm©Mr H$maUo hr XmoZ {^Þ JQ>mVrb _yë`ì`dñWm

`mV AmhoV. Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm `m_Üò g_yhmMr _yë o

nañna{damoYr Agë`mZo Ë`mVrb g§Kfm©_wio g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ago hm {gÓm§V _m§S>Vmo.

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_yë`g§Kfm©_Üò ñdV:Mo {hV, H$ë`mU nm{hbo OmVo. _yë`g§Kfm©_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m

g_ñ`m§Mm EH$ g§^mì` n[aUm_ åhUOo {d{dY g_yhmV EH$_oH$m§À`m {damoYmV eÌwËd ^mdZm Am{U

AZmXa dmT>Uo, Am{U EImÚm g_mOmV ZmJar _yë`gÑí` n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. Va Xwgam

n[aUm_ åhUOo Omo g_yh gdm©V eº$sembr AgVmo Vmo Xwgè`m g_yhmda nyU© à wËd àñWm{nV H$ê$Z

Amnbr _yëò {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mV èñdr hmoD$ eH$Vmo. åhUOoM Amnë`m g_yhmMo {hVg§~§Y A~m{YV

R>ody eH$Vmo. _yë`g§Kfm©_Üò gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y g§Kfm©Ë_H$ ~Zbo H$s Vmo {damoY OmUrdnyd©H$ {Q>H$dyZ

Yabm OmVmo. g_yhm-g_yhm§Vrb g§nH©$ Am{U ñdmWm©gmR>r Mmbbobr ñnYm© `mVyZ g§Kf© CX²^dVmV.

Am{U Aem g§Kfm©Mo n[aUm_ ì`º$s, g_yh, g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm dm g_mO `mda ^`mZH$ AgVmV.

Aemdoir H$moUVr _yëò g§Kfm©_Üò {Q>Hy$Z amhVrb ho gm§JVm òV Zmhr. H$mhrdoim CƒàVrMo

AmXe©hr {damoYr _yë`m§À`m XS>nUmImbr Ywirg {_iy eH$VmV. Va Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Mm Zme hmoD$

eH$Vmo. OmVr-OmVrVrb g§Kf©, Am{W©H$ g§Kf© dm ^m{fH$ g§Kf© B. `m nwañH$Ë`mªÀ`m _Vo

_yë`g§Kfm©VyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r XmoÝhr ~mOyZr ñdV:Mr _yëò qH$dm {hVg§~§Y H$mhr à_mUmV

~mOybm gmê$Z XmoKm§Zmhr _mÝ` AgUmar _yëò ñdrH$mê$Z _V¡Š` H$aUo, XmoÝhr ~mO§yZr

XodmU-KodmUrÀ`m _mJm©Zo VS>OmoS> KS>dyZ AmUUo Am{U A{YH$ ~mOyZo Xwgè`m ~mOyda dM©ñd

ñWmnZ H$ê$Z {VÀ`mda Amnbr _yëò bmXUo Aem AZoH$ ì`mnH$ g_ñ`m§Mo d gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mo

ñnï>rH$aU `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma Ho$bo OmVo.

4.4.4.4. à_mUH$eyÝ`Vmà_mUH$eyÝ`Vmà_mUH$eyÝ`Vmà_mUH$eyÝ`Vm

`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo {díbofU hoJob Am{U _mŠg© `m§Zr doJdoJù`m g§X^m©V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$bm Agbm Var g_mOemómV hr g§H$ënZm ÑT> H$aÊ`mMo lo` B_mB©b XwIu_ `m§Zm X`mdo bmJob.

XwIu_ `m§Zr "The Suicide" `m J«§WmV "à_mUH$eyÝ`Vm' hr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ _m§S>br. Ë`mZ§Va

`m g§H$ënZoMm dmna g_mOemór` AÜ``ZmV am°~Q>© _Q>©Z, nmg©Ýg `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho.

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`m Ñ{ï>H$moZm_Üò XwIu_ åhUVmo H$s, à_mUH$eyÝ`VoMo H$maU g_mO Amho. H$maU EH$

gm_m{OH$ àmUr åhUyZ ì`º$sÀ`m {d{dY Amdí`H$Vm§Mr nyVu g_mOmZo Ho$br nm{hOoV. Vr Oa hmoV

Zgob Va ì`º$s¨_Ü o {Zamem, Ag§Vmof, ~Xbm KoÊ`mMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U Ë`mVyZM

g_mO_mÝ` à_mUHo$, _yëò, AmXe© `m§Mm pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mg ì`º$s ZH$ma XoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m

dV©ZmV {dg§JVr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z AmXe© à_mUH$m§Mm §J hmoVmo d à_mUH$eyÝ`VoMr pñWVr {Z_m©U

hmoD$Z Vr pñWVr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z{_©Vrg H$maUr yV R>aVo.

am°~Q>© _Q>©Z `m§Zr 'Social Structure and Anomie' `m_Üò à_mUH$eyÝ`Vm åhUOo

à_mUH$m§Zm bjmV Z KoVm Ho$bobo dV©Z Ago åhQ>bo Amho. åhUOo àËòH$ g_mOmV à_mUHo$

AgVmV. Ë`m à_mUH$m§Zwgma àËòH$ ì`º$sZo dV©Z Ho$bo nm{hOo `mMr àËòH$mbm OmUrd

AgyZXoIrb ì`º$s à_mUH${damoYr dV©Z H$aV Agob Va Ë`m_wio à_mUH$eyÝ`Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo.

`mMm n[aUm_ AmË_hË`m, _ÚnmZ, «ï>mMma B. gma»`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

g_mOmVrb ì`qº$À`m Amdí`H$Vm§Mr nyVu H$aÊ`mgmR>r dm gm§ñH¥${VH$ gmÜò nyU©

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oa g§ñWmJV à_mUHo$ Anwar nS>V AgVrb Va ì`º$s BpÀN>V C{Ôï>nyVugmR>r

ñdV:À`m BÀN>oZwgma dV©Z H$aVmV. Voìhm Ë`m§À`m hmVyZ à_mUH$ ì`dñWoMm nyU©V: §J hmoVmo.

Ë`mVyZM AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ago `m nwañH$Ë`mªMo _V Amho Va ê$q~½Q>Z d

~oB©Z~J© `m§Zrhr "à_mUH$eyÝ`VoMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm ñnï> H$aUmam Amho' Ago

_V _m§S>bo Amho.

5.5.5.5. bo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZbo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZbo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZbo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ 1960 Z§Va {dH${gV Pmbm AgyZ `mMo lo` àm_w»`mZo hm°dS>© ~oH$a `m§Zm

{Xbo OmVo. Ë`mM~amo~a ES>drZ bo_Q>© Am{U ES>{dZ í`ya `m§Zrhr `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m {dH$mgmV

_hÎdmMo `moJXmZ {Xbo Amho. hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrÀ`m dñVw{Zð>VoEodOr ì`{º${Zð>oVoda

â XoUmam Amho. åhUOoM àË`j dñVwpñWVr {dMmamV Z KoVm EImÚm ì`{º$H$Sy>Z EImÚm

n[apñWVrbm "dmB©Q>' AWdm "Adm§N>Zr`' Ago bo~b {MH$Q>{dbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio Vr n[apñWVr

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gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ~ZVo. EdT>oM ZìhoVa EImÚm ì`{º$bmgwÓm Ago bo~b {MH$Q>{dbo OmVo.

Ë`m_wio Vr ì`º$s g_ñ`mJ«ñV hmoVo.

EImXr {d{eï> n[apñWVr hr _wimVM gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ZgVmZmhr H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m

n[apñWVrbm {MH$Q>{dbobo Vo bo~b AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo ì`º$sÀ`m _yi dV©Zm_wio Zìho Va Ë`m§Zm

"{dMbZmË_H$ dV©Z H$aUmè`m ì`º$s' Ago bo~b {MH$Q>{dbo OmD$Z Ë`m ì`ŠËr g_ñ`mJ«ñV

~ZVmV. Ago bo~b åhUOo {e¸$mM AgVmo. Ago bo~b {MH$Q>{dë`m_wio g§~§{YV ì`º$sda H$m`

n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mg `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m nwañH$Ë`mªZm A{YH$ ag AgVmo. bo~b {MH$Q>{dbo

OmUo åhUOo EH$ àH$maMm "gm_m{OH$ H$b§H$M' bmJUo hmo`. `m_wio ì`º$sH$Sy>Z {dMbZmË_H$

OrdZ_mJ©M ñdrH$mabm OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`mM~amo~a bo~b {MH$Q>{dbo OmVo VoìhmMo Am{U

bo~b {MH$Q>{dë`mZ§VaMo ì`º$sMo dV©Z ho AZwH«$_o àmW{_H$ {dMbZ Am{U Xwæ`_ {dMbZ åhUyZ

AmoiIbo OmVo. EH$Xm bo~b {MH$Q>bo H$s ì`º$sMm VmoM OrdZ_mJ© ~ZyZ {dMbZmË_H$ àd¥ÎmtMr

dmT> hmoV OmVo. Aem ì`º$sër bmoH$ VwQ>H$nUo dm \$Q>Hy$Z dmJVmV. Ë`m§Zm AbJ nmS>VmV. Ë`m_wio

Aem ì`º$s¨À`m "ñd' g§H$ënZodahr à{VHy$b n[aUm_ KSy>Z òVmV. Om°O© h~©Q>© _rS> `m§Zr 'Mind,

Self & Society' `m J«§Wm_Üò {dMma hm gm_m{OH$ Am{U Cn`wº$VmdmXr `m§Mr à{H«$`m AgyZ XmoZ

ì`qº$À`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mÀ`m MM}daVr AmYmarV Amho.23

àm_w»`mZo _rS>Mr "ñd' hr _w»`

g§H$ënZm Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, EImÚmMo ì`{º$_Ëd ho ñd-OmJ¥Vr Am{U ñd-à{V_m `m_YyZ

{dH${gV hmoVo. Amnbr à{V_mhr Amnë`m{df`r BVam§À`m à{V{H«$`m H$m` AmhoV `mdaVr Adb§~yZ

AgVo qH$dm Ver AmoiI {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ EImXr ì`º$s H$arV AgVo. Va \«±$H$ Q>°ZZ~m°_

`m§Zm bo~b {gÓm§VmMm OZH$ g§~moYbo OmVo. Ë`m§À`m 'Crime & Community' `m J«§WmV

gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hr JwÝhoJmar_Üò g_m{dï> Amho Am{U VmoM Iè`m AWm©Zo AmYw{ZH$

JwÝhoJmarMm _w»` nm`m Amho `mMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§Zr n{hë`m§XmM "Q>°qJJ' Mr g§H$ënZm _m§Sy>Z

AnamYr Vê$Um§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s, EImÚm{df`r ZH$mamË_H$ {e¸$m

(bo~b) hm Ë`m ì`º$sg H$m`_ñdê$nr AnamY H$aÊ`mg gVV Jw§VdV AgVmo hm Am§V[aH$ {e¸$mM

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Ë`m ì`º$sÀ`m à{V_oMm/AmoiIrMm EH$ ^mJ ~ZVmo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ {dMbZmË_H$ dV©ZmMo à_mU

dmT>V OmD$Z gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ago hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ gm§JVmo.

3.9.23.9.23.9.23.9.2 àñVwV AÜ``ZmgmR>r bo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr Cn`wº$VmàñVwV AÜ``ZmgmR>r bo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr Cn`wº$VmàñVwV AÜ``ZmgmR>r bo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr Cn`wº$VmàñVwV AÜ``ZmgmR>r bo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr Cn`wº$Vm

"~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m' `m AÜ``Zm_Üò

J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm Á`m AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo Amho Vo Ho$di _amR>r

^m{fH$ åhUyZ. bo~qbJ Ñ{ï>H$moZ nwañH$Ë`mªÀ`m _VmZwgma hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ dñVw{Zð>Voda â XoUmam

ZgyZ ì`{º${Zð> ñdê$nmMm Amho. Jobr 58 df} `m ^mJmVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$ bmoH$ _hmamï´> amÁ`mV

OmÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo bT>V AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r gË`mJ«h, Am§XmobZo, _moM} B. _mJmªMm Adb§~

H$aVmZm {XgyZ òVmV. nU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo `m _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m ^mdZm§Mm, _Vm§Mm, Ë`m§À`m

h¸$m§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm Ho$di _amR>r ^m{fH$ åhUyZ bo~b bmdyZ Ë`m§Zm "dmB©Q>' AWdm

"Adm§ÀN>Zr`' g§~moYbo. EdT>çmdaM Z Wm§~Vm Ë`m§À`mda `m Zm Ë`m àH$mao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma gwê$

H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr _amR>r ^mfm, Apñ_Vm, _amR>r g§ñH¥$Vr Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgV Amho.

Ë`m§À`mdaVr ImoQ>çm Ho$gog XmIb H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm "JwÝhoJma' åhUyZ bo~b {MH$Q>{dbo OmV Amho.

H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo AmOn`ªVÀ`m 58 dfmªÀ`m H$mimV _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da `m Zm Ë`m

H$maUmZo Oo AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Ho$boV Ë`m_Ü o Ë`m§Zm Aëng§»`mH$ åhUyZ Agbobo h¸$,

A{YH$mahr {hamdyZ KoVboV. VgoM àmW{_H$ emionmgyZ H$ÞS>gº$s, Ë`m§Zm qhXr `m amï´>r`

^mfonmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo, Ë`m§À`m nmR>çnwñVH$mVyZ _hmamï´>r`Z g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmam

Aä`mgH«$_ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bm, nwñVH$mVrb amï´>JrVgwÓm H$ÞS>_YyZ N>mnbo Jobo. Ë`mMo h¸$mMo

aoeZH$mS>© VgoM O{_ZrMo 7/12, 8A, S>màr CVmam B. _mb_Îmog§~§YrÀ`m H$mJXnÌm§Mo

H$mZS>rH$aU Ho$bo Va ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm_Yrb H$mJXnÌohr H$ÞS>_ÜòM R>odyZ ~hþg§» oZo

_amR>r ^m{fH$ Agboë`m `m gr_m^mJmV H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo Amnë`m gÎmm, A{YH$mamÀ`m Omoamda

`m _amR>r Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm dmB©Q> R>a{dbo. 1956 nmgyZ AmOn`ªV {d{dY KQ>Zm§V _J Vmo "H$mim

{XZ' Agy XoV, òùiyaMm gmam~§Xr bT>m Agy XoV, _hmOZ Ahdmb {damoYmVrb gË`mJ«h Agy XoV

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dm 1 OyZ 1986 Mr H$ÞS>gº$s Agy XoV, bmoH$à{V{ZYtdarb h„m Agy XoV, Aemdoir _amR>r

^m{fH$m§daVr Ago bo~b {MH$Q>dyZ Ë`m§Zm {d{dY JwÝøm§Imbr AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ~oNy>Q>

Jmoir~ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo, bmWm~wŠŠ`m§Zr, H$mR>rZo _mahmU H$aÊ`mV Ambr, Ë`m_Üò AZoH$m§Zm

hm¡VmËå` nËH$amdo bmJbo, AZoH$OU H$m`_Mo AYy Pmbo, Va AZoH$ _mVm-^{JZtZm d¡Yì`

nËH$amdo bmJbo, BVHo$M ZìhoVa AZoH$ _wbo bhmZnUrM nmoaH$s Pmbr. Ë`m_wio _amR>r ^m{fH$

OZVm EdT>çm hmbAnoï>m ghZ H$ê$Zhr, H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMo AÝ`m`, AË`mMma PobV AmOhr

Amåhr "JwÝhoJma' Zmhr "dmB©Q>', "Adm§ÀN>Zr`' Zmhr ho nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV.

VgoM emim, _hm{dÚmb`m_Üò àdoe KoVodoir Ho$di _amR>r ^m{fH$ `m {eŠŠ`m_wio Ë`m§Mm àdoe

ZmH$maUo, ZmoH$arÀ`m {R>H$mUr S>mdbUo, nXmoÞVr Z XoUo, XdmImZm, nmobrg H$Moar B. {R>H$mUr

Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Xwb©j H$aUo, Ë`mM~amo~a Ho$di _amR>r ^m{fH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m O{_Zr g§nmXZ H$aUo B.

àH$maMo AÝ`m` H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ho$di _amR>r ^m{fH$m§daM Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio `mMm

n[aUm_ _rS>À`m _Vmà_mUo Ë`m§À`m "ñd' g§H$ënZoda à{VHy$b ñdê$nmMm hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ

òVmo. Va Ë`m§À`mdarb `m {eŠŠ`mMm n[aUm_ H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm {_iUmè`m h¸$,

A{KH$ma d gdbVrnmgyZ d§{MV R>odÊ`mV òV Amho. n[aUm_r g§~§{YV ì`qº$Mr AmoiI hr

Ë`mdê$ZM R>aV Agbobr {XgyZ òVo. Jobr 58 df} Amåhr Ho$di bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo bT>V Amho Vo

Ho$di Am_À`m h¸$mÀ`m _amR>r _hmamï´> _mV¥ y_rV OmÊ`mgmR>r. H$maU 1956 bm amÁ`nwZa©MZm

Am`moJmZo MwH$sÀ`m nÓVrZo Am_Mm _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm yàXoe Ë`mdoiÀ`m åh¡gya (H$Zm©Q>H$) amÁ`mV

KmVbm d Am_À`mda AÝ`m` Ho$bm. Vmo AÝ`m` Xya H$ê$Z Amåhm _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm _hmamï´>mV

g_m{dï> H$ê$Z Amåhmbm Ý`m` X`mdm `mgmR>r Amåhr H$moUVmhr AnamY Ho$bm Zmhr dm JwÝhm Ho$bm

Zmhr. CbQ> AmåhmbmM JwÝhoJma R>a{dbo Amho.

`mdê$Z `m AÜ``Z joÌmVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§darb bo~b Oa AgoM am{hbo Va g§~§{YV

KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z {dMbZmË_H$ dV©Z KSy>Z oD$Z Vr n[apñWVr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z{_©Vrg nmofH$

R>aob. Ago hmoD$ Z XoVm g_mOm_Üò g§KQ>Z àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma d _amR>r

165165165165

^m{fH$ `m§À`mV VS>OmoS> hmoD$Z Aëng§»`mH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo AgUmao h¸$, A{KH$ma `m§Mo g§ajU

Pmbo Va `m _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr Vrd«Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

3.103.103.103.10 g§emoYZmMo _hÎdg§emoYZmMo _hÎdg§emoYZmMo _hÎdg§emoYZmMo _hÎd

"~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m' `m {df`mdarb

g§emoYZmVyZ gr_màíZmÀ`m bT>çmbm A{YH$ ~iH$Q>r {_iÊ`mg _XV hmoUma Amho. AmO H$Zm©Q>H$

emgZmMo YmoaU gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ~m§Ydm§Zm AÝ`m`H$maH$ R>aV Amho. _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm AZoH$

Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$ B. g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho. `m gr_màíZmMo

XyaJm_r n[aUm_ oWrb bhmZ ~mbH$m§nmgyZ Vo d¥Óm§n`ªV gd©M d`moJQ>mVrb Am{U gd©M WamVrb

KQ>H$m§Zm gmogmdo bmJV AmhoV.

àñVwV {df`mdarb g§emoYZmZo gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm Á`m AZoH$ gm_m{OH$

g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho Ë`m g_ñ`m§da g§emoYZmË_H$ àH$me Q>mH$ë`mZo Ë`m g_ñ`m§Mr

H$maU_r_m§gm d OZOmJ¥Vr hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoUma Amho. `m J«m_rU _amR>r ^m[fH$m§À`m

g§ñH¥$Vr{df`rMr OdirH$Vm Aä`mgUo, _amR>r bmoH$m§Mr ^m{fH$ Apñ_Vm OmJdUo, g§nyU©

gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm EH$Ì AmUyZ `m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r H¥$Vr

H$aUo, nmdbo CMbUo, VgoM _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_Vr Or `m gr_màíZmÀ`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r gVV

à`ËZerb Amho, H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmÀ`m AÝ`m`r YmoaUmbm Am§XmobZo, {ZfoY, CnmofUo, amñVm amoH$mo B.

bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo {damoY H$aVo Amho `m g{_Vrbm Zì`mZo ~iH$Q>r XoÊ`mgmR>r `m g§emoYZmMr _XV

hmoUma Amho.

VgoM gr_màíZmda Aä`mg H$aUmao g§emoYH$, VÁk, {dMmad§V, amOH$s` ZoVo,

_Vm{YH$mar, g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, emgZ, {dÚmWu d dmMH$ `m gdmªZm `m g§emoYZmMm Cn`moJ hmoUma

Amho.

166166166166

3.113.113.113.11 g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>çog§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>çog§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>çog§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>ço

H$moUË`mhr {df`mda g§emoYZ H$aVmZm Ë`m {df`mdarb g§emoYZmË_H$ C{ÔîQ>ço g_moa

R>odyZM g§emoYZ H$amdo bmJVo. g§emoYZm_Üò C{Ôï>m§Zm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. C{ÔîQ>ço hr Ë`m

g§emoYZmMm H|$Ðq~Xy AgVmo. C{Ôï>m{edm` g§emoYZmMr {Xem Am{U _mJ© {ZpíMV hmoUma Zmhr.

"~oiJmd {OëømVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m' `m {df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo emóewÓ

Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb C{ÔîQ>ço _m§S>Ê`mV Ambr AmhoV.

1. ~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m OrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

2. J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.

3. H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmÀ`m YmoaUm§Mm _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mm Aä`mg

H$aUo.

4. J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ à^mdmMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

3.123.123.123.12 g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$g§emoYZmMr J¥{hVHo$

d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÓVrVrb EH$ AË`§V _hÎdnyU© Q>ßnm åhUOoM J¥{hVH¥$Ë` hmo`.

`mbmM n[aH$ënZm, CnH$ënZm, Aä`wnJ_ Agohr åhUVmV. g§emoYZ g_ñò~m~V àmW{_H$

ñdê$nmMo nyd©kmZ d AZw^d g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m AmYmamda g§emoYZ g_ñòÀ`m

{d{dY n¡by§À`m g§~§YmV EH$ gm_mÝ` AZw_mZ H$mT>bo OmVo. `mMmM AW© g§emoYZ g_ñ`m§À`m

g§X^m©V CÎmao qH$dm AZw_mZ {df`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV _m§S>bo OmVo. `m g§^mì` CÎmao d AZw_mZm_wio

g§emoYZH$Vm© Amnbo bj H$mhr {ZpíMV d Amdí`H$ VÏ`m§daM H|${ÐV H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmbm

EH$ {ZpíMV {Xem àmá hmoVo. `m g§^mì` CÎmao qH$dm AZw_mZmgM J¥{hVH¥$Ë o qH$dm CnH$ënZm Ago

åhUVmV. J¥{hVH¥$Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmbm Amdí`H$ AgUmar H$moUVr VÏò g§H${bV Ho$br nm{hOoV

`m{df`rMr {ZpíMVVm àmá hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYZH$Vm© BVaÌ ^Q>H$V Zmhr.

E\$. Oo. _oŠJwBJZ - XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ Mbm§À`m H$m`©j_ g§~§YmMo narjU `mo½` {dYmZ

åhUOo J¥hrVH¥$Ë` hmo`.24

167167167167

àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r nwT>rb J¥{hVHo$ _m§S>br AmhoV.

1. ~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm _hmamï´>r`Z OrdZnÓVr{df`r

OdirH$Vm dmQ>Vo.

2. ~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao

Omdo bmJVo.

3. H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmMo YmoaU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da AÝ`m`H$maH$ Amho.

4. ~oiJmd {OëømVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm à^md ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§_Üò Amho.

3.133.133.133.13 g§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVrg§emoYZ nÓVr

gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV {ZdS> Ho$boë`m {df`mda g§emoYZ H$ê$Z dñVw{Zð> _m{hVr g§H${bV

H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` g§emoYZ nÓVr {ZdS>Uo ho gdm©V H$R>rU H$m_ AgVo. hr {ZdS> AMyH$ d `mo½`M

H$amdr bmJVo. H$maU hm àËòH$ g§emoYZmMm H$Um AgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rb g§emoYZ nÓVtMm

Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

1. {ZarjU nÓVr

2. AZwgyMr

3. Z_wZm {ZdS>

4. _wbmIV

5. gm§p»`H$s nÓVr

3.143.143.143.14 Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>

gm_m{OH$ {dkmZmV bmoH$g§»òÀ`m AÜ``ZmÀ`m n°am_oQ´>rH$ nÓVr Am{U Zm°Zn°am_oQ´>rH$

nÓVr `m XmoZ nÓVr AmhoV. n°am_oQ´>rH$ nÓVr åhUOo Á`mÛmao g§nyU© g_wh qH$dm bmoH$g§»`m `m§Zm

n[ajUmMo joÌ _mZyZ g§emoYZ d gd}jU Ho$bo OmVo. Va Zm°Zn°am_oQ´>rH$ nÓVr_Üò g§nyU©

bmoH$g§»ò_YyZ EH$m {d{eï> n«m{V{Z{YH$ g_whmMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`mMo AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo.

168168168168

Zm°Zn°am_oQ´>rH$ nÓVrÛmao H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AÜ``Z gai, {dídgZr` Am{U H$_r IMm©Mo AgVo.

"Z_wZm' hm `m Zm°Zn°am_oQ´>rH$ nÓVrMm AmYma Amho. "Z_wZm' hm "{díd' qH$dm g_J«mVyZ {ZdS>Ê`mV

Ambobm ^mJ AgVmo.25

{díd qH$dm g_J«mVrb àËòH$ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Z H$aVm Ë`mVyZ H$mhr

{d{eï> KQ>H$m§Mr àm{V{Z{YH$ ñdê$nmV {ZdS> Ho$br Amho. hr {ZdS> H$aVmZm {d{dYVm R>odÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. _m{hVr g§H$bZ H$aVmZm doJdoJù`m g_yhm§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmao JQ> {dMmamV

KoD$Z _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br Amho. g§H${bV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrMo {díbofU H$ê$Z {d{eï> JQ>mÛmao

àmá Pmbobo {ZîH$f© g§nyU© g_mOmbm bmJy Ho$bo OmVmV. `mbmM Z_wZm {ZdS> nÓVr Ago åhUVmV.

`m_wio g§emoYH$mMm doi, l_ d n¡gm `m§Mr ~MV hmoD$Z {ZdSH$> KQ>H$m§er nwaogm doi XoD$Z

gImob d n[anyU© _m{hVr g§H${bV H$aVmo.

IoS>o hm KQ>H$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§b¾Vm, gmnoj ~hþ_V Am{U OZVoMr BÀN>m `m VÎdm§À`m

AmYmamda _hmamï´> emgZmZo h¸$ gm§{JVbobo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mVrb ~oiJmd, H$madma, {~Xa d Jwb~Jm©

`m {OëømVrb 16 ZJao d 865 IoS>r `m§Mr _mJUr Ho$br Amho. ~oiJmd {OëømV EHy$U 10

VmbwHo$ AgyZ g§emoYZ {df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo _amR>r ~hþg§»`mH$ Agbobo nmM VmbwHo$ {ZdSy>Z àËòH$

VmbwŠ`mVyZ 10 Q> o$ à_mUo _amR>r ^m{fH$ IoS>r nwT>rbà_mUo {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambr AmhoV.

gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.1gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.1gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.1gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.1

{ZdS>bobr IoS>r{ZdS>bobr IoS>r{ZdS>bobr IoS>r{ZdS>bobr IoS>r

A. A. A. A. Z§.Z§.Z§.Z§.

{ZdS>bobo VmbwHo${ZdS>bobo VmbwHo${ZdS>bobo VmbwHo${ZdS>bobo VmbwHo$ EHy$U _amR>r EHy$U _amR>r EHy$U _amR>r EHy$U _amR>r ^m{fH$ IoS>r^m{fH$ IoS>r^m{fH$ IoS>r^m{fH$ IoS>r

{ZdS{ZdS{ZdS{ZdS>bobr IoS>r >bobr IoS>r >bobr IoS>r >bobr IoS>r ((((gmYm gmYm gmYm gmYm `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>

10% à_mUo10% à_mUo10% à_mUo10% à_mUo))))

{ZdS>bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m {ZdS>bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m {ZdS>bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m {ZdS>bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m ((((gmo`rñH$a Ag§^mì`Vm gmo`rñH$a Ag§^mì`Vm gmo`rñH$a Ag§^mì`Vm gmo`rñH$a Ag§^mì`Vm

Z_wZm {ZdS> 10% à_mUoZ_wZm {ZdS> 10% à_mUoZ_wZm {ZdS> 10% à_mUoZ_wZm {ZdS> 10% à_mUo))))

1 ImZmnya 204 21 210

2 ~oiJmd 68 7 70

3 {M¸$moS>r 38 4 40

4 hþ o$ar 18 2 20

5 AWUr 10 1 10

EHy$U 338 35 350

169169169169

darbà_mUo gmYm `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>rVrb bm°Q>ar nÓVrMm dmna H$ê$Z EHy$U

338 IoS>çm§n¡H$s 35 IoS>r gmYm `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>rÀ`m AmYmao Z_wZm åhUyZ {ZdS>Ê`mV

Ambr. {ZdS>boë`m àËòH$ IoS>çmVyZ gmo`rñH$a Ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rÀ`m AmYmao 10 Q> o$

Aer EHy$U 350 KQ>H$ g§»`m {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Zm àË`j oQy>Z Ë`m§Mm {dídmg g§nmXZ H$ê$Z

Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z _wbmIV AZwgyMr, {ZarjU `m àmW{_H$ V§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z dñVw{Zð> _m{hVr

g§H${bV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mgmR>r H$mhr (pñWa) KQ>H$ _m{hVrMo AmYma åhUyZ {ZpíMV Ho$bo.

Ë`m_Üò Jmd, VmbwH$m, d`, qbJ, {ejU, ì`dgm`, _m{gH$ CËnÞ B.

Z_wZm åhUyZ Or 35 Jmdo/IoS>r {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambr Vr 1951 À`m OZJUZoZwgma

VmbwH$m{Zhm` nwT>rbà_mUo -

gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 3.2222

{ZdS>bobr Jmdo{ZdS>bobr Jmdo{ZdS>bobr Jmdo{ZdS>bobr Jmdo

A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§. VmbwH$mVmbwH$mVmbwH$mVmbwH$m {ZdS> Ho$boë`m JmdmMo Zm§d{ZdS> Ho$boë`m JmdmMo Zm§d{ZdS> Ho$boë`m JmdmMo Zm§d{ZdS> Ho$boë`m JmdmMo Zm§d {ZdS> Ho$bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m{ZdS> Ho$bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m{ZdS> Ho$bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m{ZdS> Ho$bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m

1 ImZmnya

H$mnmobr 10

XodamB© 10

hber 10

Hw§$^mS>r 10

g§JaJmir 10

Jmogo 10

{eXm|ir 10

ZmJaJmir 10

hbJm 10

hbgmb 10

nS>bdmS>r 10

_mMrJS> 10

170170170170

A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§. VmbwH$mVmbwH$mVmbwH$mVmbwH$m {ZdS> Ho$boë`m JmdmMo Zm§d{ZdS> Ho$boë`m JmdmMo Zm§d{ZdS> Ho$boë`m JmdmMo Zm§d{ZdS> Ho$boë`m JmdmMo Zm§d {ZdS> Ho$bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m{ZdS> Ho$bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m{ZdS> Ho$bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m{ZdS> Ho$bobr KQ>H$ g§»`m

1 ImZmnya

H$m_VJm 10

_mB©J§wOr 10

Vmoambr 10

BXbhm|S> 10

hbH$Uu 10

JmoS>mobr 10

{gdmobr 10

~oH$dmS> 10

hþ~Q>Joar 10

EHy$UEHy$UEHy$UEHy$U 210210210210

2 ~oiJmd

h§{XJZya 10

Vwa>_war 10

qhS>bJm 10

~o{H$ZHo$ao 10

_Þya 10

gwiJm 10

H§$J«mir 10


3 {M¸$moS>r

AH$mob 10

~oZmS>r 10

~w{Xhmb 10

h§MrZmb-Ho$-gmdJmd 10


4 hþ o$ar

gbm_dmS>r 10

{eßnya 10


5 AWUr CJmaIwX© 10


171717171111

3.153.153.153.15 nyd©MmMUrnyd©MmMUrnyd©MmMUrnyd©MmMUr

_wbmIV AZwgyMrÛmao CÎmaXmË`mH$Sy>Z Or AZwgyMr ^ê$Z KoVbr Amho {VMr nyd©MmMUr

~oiJmd VmbwŠ`mVrb ~o{H$ZHo$ao d hþ o$ar VmbwŠ`mVrb _moXJo `m XmoZ JmdmVrb 20 bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z

^ê$Z KoVbr. Ë`m MmMUr_Üò Amboë`m AS>MUr d C{Udm `m~m~V _mJ©Xe©H$, VÁk bmoH$m§er

{dMma{d{Z_` H$ê$Z n[anyU© Aer Zì`mZo AZwgyMr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr Am{U {ZdS>boë`m

KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z Vr ^ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambr.

3.13.13.13.16666 KQ>H$ {ZdS>KQ>H$ {ZdS>KQ>H$ {ZdS>KQ>H$ {ZdS>

""~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m'' `m g§emoYZ

{df`mbm AZwgê$Z KQ>H$ {ZdSy>Z _m{hVr g§H${bV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _wbmIV AZwgyMr `m àmW{_H$

V§ÌmMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mgmR>r VmbwH$m, d`, qbJ, {ejU, ì`dgm`, _m{gH$

CËnÞ B. {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao gmo`rñH$a Z_wZm {ZdS>rZo _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$bobr Amho. `mgmR>r

g§emoYH$mZo _mJ©Xe©H$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo nwT>rbà_mUo KQ>H$ {ZdS> Ho$br Amho.

1.1.1.1. d`moJQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>d`moJQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>d`moJQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>d`moJQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>


d`moJQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>d`moJQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>d`moJQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>d`moJQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>

A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§. d`moJQ>d`moJQ>d`moJQ>d`moJQ> g§»`mg§»`mg§»`mg§»`m à{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mU

1 18 Vo 25 58 16.57

2 26 Vo 35 64 18.28

3 36 Vo 50 86 24.58

4 51 Vo 65 98 28.00

5 66 Vo nwT>o 44 12.57

EHy$U 350 100

172172172172

2.2.2.2. qbJ JQ>qbJ JQ>qbJ JQ>qbJ JQ>> Z_wZm {ZdS> Z_wZm {ZdS> Z_wZm {ZdS> Z_wZm {ZdS>>>>


qbJ JQ>qbJ JQ>qbJ JQ>qbJ JQ>>Z_wZm {ZdS>>Z_wZm {ZdS>>Z_wZm {ZdS>>Z_wZm {ZdS>

A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§. qbJqbJqbJqbJ g§»`mg§»`mg§»`mg§»`m à{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mU

1 nwéf 210 60

2 {ó`m 140 40

EHy$U 350 100

3.3.3.3. {ejU {ejU {ejU {ejU JQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>JQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>JQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>JQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>


{ejU {ejU {ejU {ejU JQ>JQ>JQ>JQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>

A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§. {ejU JQ>{ejU JQ>{ejU JQ>{ejU JQ>>>>> g§»`mg§»`mg§»`mg§»`m à{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mU

1 {Zaja 11 3.15

2 àmW{_H$ 83 23.71

3 _mÜ`{_H$ d Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ 167 47.72

4 nXdr d nXì`wÎma 63 18.00

5 ì`mdgm{`H$ 26 7.42

EHy$U 350 100

4.4.4.4. ì`dgm` JQ>ì`dgm` JQ>ì`dgm` JQ>ì`dgm` JQ>> Z_wZm {ZdS>> Z_wZm {ZdS>> Z_wZm {ZdS>> Z_wZm {ZdS>


ì`dgm` JQ>ì`dgm` JQ>ì`dgm` JQ>ì`dgm` JQ>>Z_wZm {ZdS>>Z_wZm {ZdS>>Z_wZm {ZdS>>Z_wZm {ZdS>

A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§. ì`dgm`>ì`dgm`>ì`dgm`>ì`dgm`>>>>> g§»`mg§»`mg§»`mg§»`m à{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mU 1 eoVr 96 27.42 2 ZmoH$ar (gaH$mar) 61 17.42 3 ImOJr ZmoH$ar 73 20.85 4 Y§Xm 33 6.57 5 ~oamoOJma 87 27.74 EHy$U 350 100

173173173173

5.5.5.5. _m{gH$CËnÞ JQ>_m{gH$CËnÞ JQ>_m{gH$CËnÞ JQ>_m{gH$CËnÞ JQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>


_m{gH$CËnÞ JQ> _m{gH$CËnÞ JQ> _m{gH$CËnÞ JQ> _m{gH$CËnÞ JQ> Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>Z_wZm {ZdS>

A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§.A. Z§. _m{gH$ CËnÞ _m{gH$ CËnÞ _m{gH$ CËnÞ _m{gH$ CËnÞ (énòénòénòénò) g§»`mg§»`mg§»`mg§»`m à{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mUà{VeV à_mU

1 3000 40 11.42

2 3001 Vo 6000 102 29.15

3 6001 Vo 12000 72 20.58

4 12001 Vo 18000 78 22.28

5 18001 Vo nwT>o 58 16.57

EHy$U 350 100

3.173.173.173.17 VÏ` g§H$bZVÏ` g§H$bZVÏ` g§H$bZVÏ` g§H$bZ

gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo d¡km{ZH$ nÓVrZo AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo. d¡km{ZH$

nÓVrMo C{ÔîQ>ç H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoÀ`m ~m~VrV gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Uo hoM AgVo. gË` emoYyZ

H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m KQ>Zoer g§~§{YV Agboë`m dmñV{dH$ VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

VÏ` g§H$bZ hr d¡km{ZH$ nÓVrMr n{hbr d _hÎdmMr AQ> _mZbr OmVo. H$maU Aä`mg

{df`mg§~§YrMm {ZîH$f© A{YH$ dñVw{Zð> d gm_mÝ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r VÏ`m§Mm AmYma ¿`mdmM bmJVmo.

gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV AZw^dOÝ` VÏò g§H${bV H$amdr bmJVmV d Ë`m§À`mM AmYmamda

{ZîH$fmªMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmUmar gd© gmYZo Vm§{ÌH$ AgVmV.

gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo èmnè ho VÏ` g§H$bZ gmYZm§À`m {dídg{Z`VodagwÓm Adb§~yZ AgVo.

åhUyZM VÏ` g§H$bZ ho g§emoYZ H$m`m©Vrb EH$ _hÎdmMo d àmW{_H$ H$m`© Amho.26

T>mo~i_mZmZo VÏ` g§H$bZ nÓVrMo XmoZ {d^mJmV {d^mOZ Ho$bo OmVo.

174174174174

3.17.1 àmW{_H$ gm_J«r3.17.1 àmW{_H$ gm_J«r3.17.1 àmW{_H$ gm_J«r3.17.1 àmW{_H$ gm_J«r

Ooìhm g§emoYH$ hm g§emoYZmgmR>r bmJUmar _m{hVr g§~§{YV ì`qº§$À`m _wbmIVr KoD$Z

àíZmdbrÀ`m ñdê$nmV àmá H$aVmo Aem _m{hVrg àmW{_H$ ómoVmÛmao _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ Ago

åhUVmV. hr _m{hVr g§emoYH$ _wbmIV, {ZarjU, AZwgyMr, àíZmdbr `m nÓVrÛmao àmá H$aVmo.

g§emoYH$mZo `m ómoVmÛmao g§H${bV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrg First hand information Agohr åhUVmV.

H$maU hr _m{hVr g§emoYH$ ñdV: g§H${bV H$aV AgVmo.27

àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r g§emoYH$mZo nwT>rb àmW{_H$ gm_J«rÀ`m AmYmao _m{hVr g§H${bV

Ho$br.

3.17.1.1 gh^mJr {ZarjU3.17.1.1 gh^mJr {ZarjU3.17.1.1 gh^mJr {ZarjU3.17.1.1 gh^mJr {ZarjU

AÜ``Z joÌm_Üò gr_m~m§YdmH$Sy>Z hmoUmar _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZo, gr_m _oimdo,

gr_m n[afXm, Am§XmobZo, _moM}, H$mim {XZ, amñVm amoH$mo B. bT>çm~m~VMr _m{hVr ñdV: gh^mJr

{ZarjUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§H${bV Ho$br AmhoV.

3.17.1.2 _wbmIV AZwgyMr3.17.1.2 _wbmIV AZwgyMr3.17.1.2 _wbmIV AZwgyMr3.17.1.2 _wbmIV AZwgyMr

g§emoYZ {df`mg§X^m©V Amdí`H$ AgUmar _m{hVr _wbmIV AZwgyMrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

AÜ``ZjoÌmVrb 210 nwéf d 140 _{hbm§H$Sy>Z ñdV: g§emoYH$mZo g§H${bV Ho$br Amho.

3.17.1.3 AZm¡nMm[aH$ MMm©3.17.1.3 AZm¡nMm[aH$ MMm©3.17.1.3 AZm¡nMm[aH$ MMm©3.17.1.3 AZm¡nMm[aH$ MMm©

AÜ``Z {df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo g§emYH$mbm hdr Agbobr _m{hVr g§H${bV H$aÊ`mgmR>r

AÜ``Z {df`mer g§~§{YV ì`º$s, A{YH$mar, ZoVo, _mOr Am_Xma, _mOr _hmnm¡a, _hmamï>

EH$sH$aU g{_VrMo nXm{YH$mar B. H$Sy>Z g§H${bV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

3.17.1.4 Agh^mJr {ZarjU3.17.1.4 Agh^mJr {ZarjU3.17.1.4 Agh^mJr {ZarjU3.17.1.4 Agh^mJr {ZarjU

gr_màíZmg§X^m©V doimodoir Pmbobo _moM}, gË`mJ«h, g^m, g§_obZo, _oimdo `m_Ü o

g§emoYH$mZo Agh^mJr {ZarjUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$boë`m Zm|Xr.

175175175175

3.17.2 Xwæ`_ gm_J«r 3.17.2 Xwæ`_ gm_J«r 3.17.2 Xwæ`_ gm_J«r 3.17.2 Xwæ`_ gm_J«r (Secondary Sources)

g§emoYZmMr Mm¡H$Q> Xwæ`_ gm_J«rÀ`m AmYmamdaM Ho$br OmVo. Xwæ`_ VÏò hr BVa ì`º$s,

g§ñWm§Zr nyduM Jmoim Ho$bobr AgyZ Vr {b{IV ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. hr àH$m{eV d AàH$m{eV

àboI, Ahdmb, gm§{»`H$s, hñV{b{IVo, nÌo, X¡Z§{XZr B. nmgyZ VÏò àmá hmoVmV.

Xwæ`_ VÏ`m§Mo à_wI XmoZ ómoV AmhoV. n{hbm ómoV åhUOo ì`{º$JV àboI hmo`. `m_Üò

ñdH$Wm, X¡Z§{XZr, nÌo B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Va Xwgam ómoV gmd©O{ZH$ àboI hmo`. `m_Üò aoH$m°S>©,

nwñVHo$, OZJUZm Ahdmb, {d{dY Am`moJ Am{U g{_VrMo Ahdmb, gmám{hHo$ B. Mm A§V^m©d

hmoVmo. bw§S>~J© `m§À`m _Vo, ""{ebmboI, ñVyn, CËIZZmVyZ gmnS>bobo _mZdr gmnio, ^m¡{VH$ dñVy

B. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ómoVmVyZ àmá VÏòXoIrb {ÛVr`H$ VÏò hmoV.''28

àñVwV g§emoYZmgmR>r g§emoYH$mZo nwT>rb Xwæ`_ gm_J«rÀ`m AmYmao _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br

Amho.

3.17.2.1 ì`{º$JV àboI3.17.2.1 ì`{º$JV àboI3.17.2.1 ì`{º$JV àboI3.17.2.1 ì`{º$JV àboI

`m_Üò AÜ``Z{df`mer g§~§{YV H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr {b{hbobr AmË_M[aÌo, nÌo B. Ûmao

_m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br Amho.

3.17.2.2 gmd©O{ZH$ àboI3.17.2.2 gmd©O{ZH$ àboI3.17.2.2 gmd©O{ZH$ àboI3.17.2.2 gmd©O{ZH$ àboI

`m_Üò emgH$s` VgoM AemgH$s` g§ñWmH$S>rb Ahdmb, {d{dY Am`moJ Am{U g{_Ë`m§Mo

Ahdmb, nwñVHo$, gmám{hHo$ B. _YyZ _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br Amho.

VgoM `m {df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo nwT>rb J«§Wmb`m§Zm oQ>r XoD$Z Amdí`H$ _m{hVr g§H${bV

Ho$br Amho.

1. {Q>iH$ _hmamï´> {dÚmnrR>, nwUo

2. YmadmS> {dÚmnrR> J«§Wmb`, YmadmS>, H$Zm©Q>H$

3. ~°. IS>}H$a J«§Wmb`, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

176176176176

4. ~°. O`H$a J§«Wmb`, nwUo {dÚmnrR>, nwUo

5. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR>, Am¡a§Jm~mX

6. S>m°. Kmir H$m°boO J«§Wmb`, JS>qh½bO

7. X¡{ZH$ Vê$U ^maV J«§Wmb`, ~oiJmd

8. gmd©O{ZH$ dmMZmb`, ~oiJmd

3.183.183.183.18 VÏ`m§Mo VÏ`m§Mo VÏ`m§Mo VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU d {Zd©MZ{díbofU d {Zd©MZ{díbofU d {Zd©MZ{díbofU d {Zd©MZ

àmW{_H$ d Xwæ`_ gmYZgm_J«rÀ`m AmYmao {d{dY d {dnwb _m{hVr g§emoYH$mZo

{_i{dbobr AgVo. na§Vw {d{dY àH$maMr {dnwb _m{hVr hmVr Ambr åhUOo Aä`mg{df`mMo ñdê$n

ñnï> Pmbo Ago Zmhr Va Ë`m _m{hVrda bj H|$ÐrV H$ê$Z, Ë`mMr \o$aaMZm H$ê$Z Ë`m _m{hVr_Ü o

EH$ ì`dñWm~ÓVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. Ë`m§À`mVrb nañnag§~§Y, g§KQ>Z d

ì`dñWrH$aU Ho$ë`m{edm` Ë`m {dnwb d {d{dY àH$maÀ`m _m{hVrMo AW©~moYZ hmoUo eŠ` Zmhr.

Vgo Ho$bo ZmhrVa Ë`m _m{hVrÀ`m {T>Jmè`mVyZ H$mhrhr {ZînÞ hmoUma Zmhr. åhUyZ Ho$di VÏ`m§Mr

CnbãYVm åhUOo emór` g§emoYZmMr gm§JVm ZgVo. nU hr Aer AW©nyU© AdñWm Amho H$s,

Aä`mgH$mÛmao jUâ Wm§~yZ `m gd© _m{hVrV {eñV~Ó ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$br nm{hOo.

`m à{H«$òbmM VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU Ago åhUVmV.29

gm_m[OH$ g§emoYZmV VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo {díbofU d {Zd©MZ H$aUo

Amdí`H$ Amho. Omon`ªV VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU Am{U {Zd©MZ H$arV Zmhr Vmon`ªV Vr VÏò AW©hrZ

AgVmV. na§Vw {díbofU Am{U {Zd©MZmZ§Va VÏ`m§Zm EH$ doJim AW© àmá hmoVmo. `m g§X^m©V

Oo. EM. nmB©ZH$a `m§À`m _Vo, ""Á`màH$mao EH$m KamMr {Z{_©Vr hr XJS>mnmgyZ Ho$br OmVo

Ë`mMà_mUo emómMr {Z{_©Vr hr VÏ`m§nmgyZ hmoVo. Ho$di XJS>m§À`m {T>Jmg Ka åhUVm òV Zmhr.

VgoM Ho$di VÏ`m§À`m g§H$bZm_wio emómMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Zmhr. `m {dYmZmdê$Z ñnï> hmoVo H$s,

VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ dñVw{Zð> nÓVrZo Ho$bo Agob na§Vw VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo Zgob Va Ë`m VÏ`m§Mo

_hÎd bjmV òUma Zmhr.30

177177177177

"~oiJmd {OëømVrb J«m_rU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m' `m {df`mMm Aä`mg

H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYH$mZo ~oiJmd {OëømVrb ~oiJmd, ImZmnya, {M¸$moS>r, hþ o$ar d AWUr `m nmM

VmbwŠ`mVrb EHy$U 210 nwéf d 140 {ó`m§H$S>yZ _wbmIV AZwgyMr, {ZarjU `m àmW{_H$

V§Ìm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br Amho. g§H${bV Ho$bobr _m{hVr {dIwabobr

d AñVmì`ñV ñdê$nmV hmoVr. `m _m{hVrMm dmna g§emoYZmV Oemg Vgm H$aUo AdKS> hmoVo.

Ë`mgmR>r g§emoYH$mZo `m g§H${bV VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU d {Zd©MZ Ho$bo.

3.18.1 g§Ho$VrH$aU3.18.1 g§Ho$VrH$aU3.18.1 g§Ho$VrH$aU3.18.1 g§Ho$VrH$aU

nyd©{ZYm©arV dJ© dm àH$mam_Üò g_m{dï> hmoUmè`m àËòH$mg à{VH$ dm g§Ho$V åhUyZ EImXm

A§H$ (1, 4) dm eãX (A, _) XoUo åhUOoM g§Ho$VrH$aU hmo`. doJù`m eãXm§_Üò gm§Jmd`mMo

Pmë`mg Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s, gmaUrH$aUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Aer dJuH$aU à{H«$`m åhUOoM

g§Ho$VrH$aU, _yi ñdê$nmV g§H${bV VÏ`m§Mo à{VH$m§_Üò ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ògM

g§Ho$VrH$aU åhUVmV.31

àíZmdbr qH$dm AZwgyMrÛmao àmá Pmboë`m CÎmam§Zm A§H$ qH$dm eãXmÀ`m

ê$nmV à{VHo$ qH$dm g§Ho$V XoÊ`mMo H$m`© åhUOo g§Ho$VrH$aU hmo`. VÏ`m§À`m g§Ho$VrH$aUm_wio

gmaUrH$aUmMo H$m`© gmono hmoVo. g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZmgmR>r g§H${bV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrbm `mo½`

g§Ho$Vm§H$ XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. _wbmIV AZwgyMrÀ`m AmYmao EHy$U 350 ì`º$s¨H$Sy>Z g§H${bV

Ho$boë`m _m{hVrMo {d{dY g§Ho$Vm_Üò ê$nm§Va H$bo. AZwgyMr_Üò àíZm§Zm n`m©`r CÎmao (A, ~, H$,

S>) `m nÓVrZo XoD$Z CÎmaXmË`mH$Sy>Z AMyH$ CÎmao KoD$Z Ë`mda (√) Aer IyU qH$dm g§Ho$V {Xbo.

`m g§Ho$VrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ò_wio gmaUrH$aUmMo H$m`© gmono Pmbo.

3.18.2 dJuH$aU3.18.2 dJuH$aU3.18.2 dJuH$aU3.18.2 dJuH$aU

g§emoYZmgmR>r g§emoYH$ Or VÏò g§H${bV H$aVmo Vr Añnï>, {dñV¥V d AñVmì`ñV

ñdê$nmV AgVmV. Aem {dñV¥V d {dIwaboë`m VÏ`m§À`m AmYmao {díbofU H$aUo H$R>rU H$m ©

AgVo. VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU H$aUo gwb^ ìhmdo `mgmR>r Aem VÏ`m§_Yrb g_mZ qH$dm Ag_mZ ~m~r

H$moUË`m AmhoV ho g§emoYH$mbm {ZpíMV H$amdo bmJVo. åhUOoM VÏ`m§Mo {ZpíMV àH$ma qH$dm dJ©

178178178178

nmS>Ê`mgmR>r H$mhr AmYma {ZdS>mdo bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio {dIwabobr VÏò EH$m {ZpíMV ñdê$nmÀ`m

àH$mamV qH$dm dJm©V ñnï> hmoD$ bmJVmV. VÏ`m§Mo {Zd©MZ gwb^VoZo H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_OÊ`m`mo½`

gma»`m AmYmamda VÏ`m§Mo JQ> nmS>Ê`mbm "dJuH$aU' qH$dm "loUrH$aU' Ago åhUVmV.32

`mgmR>r g§emoYH$mZo d`, qbJ, ì`dgm`, {ejU, _m{gH$ CËnÞ `m KQ>H$m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z

CnbãY VÏ`m§Mo EH$m {ZpíMV àH$mamV dm dJm©V dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.

3.18.3 gmaUr`Z3.18.3 gmaUr`Z3.18.3 gmaUr`Z3.18.3 gmaUr`Z

dJuH$aU d gmaUr`Z `m XmoÝhr à{H«$`m nañnam§Zm nyaH$ AmhoV. CnbãY gm_J«r Cä`m

AmS>ì`m AmoirV åhUOoM H$moï>H$mV {d{eï> JwUY_m©Zwgma _m§S>Uo Amdí`H$ AgVo. gopëQ>P, OhmoS>m

B. Zr g§Ho$VrH$aUmg VÏ`m§Zm loUr~Ó H$aÊ`mMr EH$ Vm§{ÌH$ nÓVr åhQ>bo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo

gmaUrH$aUmg gm§p»`H$s` VÏ`m§Mo {díbofUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo V`ma Ho$bobm `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmMm EH$ ^mJ

_mZbm Amho. gmaUrH$aUmMm CÔoe VÏ` gm_J«rbm EH$ ì`dpñWV ê$n XoD$Z g§emoYZ g_ñòbm

A{YH$ ñnï> H$aUo hm Amho. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmgmR>r g§H${bV Ho$boë`m VÏ`m§Zm qH$dm AmH$S>`m§Zm

gwì`dpñWV d gai ñdê$nmV àñVwV H$aUo åhUOoM gmaUrH$aU hmo`. gmaUrÛmao VÏ`m§À`m

dJuH$aUmZ§Va Ë`m VÏ`m§Mr Aem ì`dpñWV VèhoZo _m§S>Ur H$aVm oVo H$s, Á`m_wio VÏ`m§Mo _hÎd

d H$m`© ñnï> hmoB©b. `mg§X^m©V S>m°. Oo. gr. MVwd}Xr `m§Zr, ""XmoZ {Xem§Zr dmMVm òB©b Aem ê$nmV

H$mhr Amoir Am{U ñV§^mV VÏ`m§Zm EH$m H«$_~Ó nÕVrZo ì`dpñWV H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òV

gmaUrH$aU Ago åhUVmV.''33

3.193.193.193.19 g_mamong_mamong_mamong_mamon

g§emoYH$mZo _wbmIV AZwgyMrÀ`m AmYmao g§H${bV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrMo d`, qbJ, ì`dgm`,

{ejU, _m{gH$ CËnÞ d VmbwH$m `m {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao dJuH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`mMo Cä`m AmS>ì`m

H$moï>H$mV gmaUrH$aU Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYH$mg {df`mg§~§Yr AMyH$ AmH$S>odmar, gImob d n[anyU©

_m{hVr {_iÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. Ë`mgmR>r g§JUH$ àUmbrMm dmna H$ê$Z {_i{dboë`m _m{hVrMo

emór` nÓVrZo {díbofU H$ê$Z Ë`mAmYmao {ZîH$f©, gyMZm d {e\$maer _m§S>Ê`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

179179179179

g§X © gyMrg§X © gyMrg§X © gyMrg§X © gyMr

1. I¡aZma, {Xbrn, àJV gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVr d gm§p»`H$s, S>m`_§S>

n{ãbHo$eZ, nwUo, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, \o$~«wdmar 2009, n¥. 3

2. ~moYZH$a gwYra d AbmoUr {ddoH$, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVr, lr. gmB©ZmW àH$meZ,

ZmJnya, MVwW© Amd¥Îmr, OmZodmar 2007, n¥. 6, 7

3. HANSRAJ, Theory & Practice in Social Research, Surjeet Publications, Delhi, Third Revised Edition, 2002, p. 3

4. H$m`§Xo-nmQ>rb, J§JmYa {d., g§emoYZ nÓVr, M¡VÝ` npãbHo$eÝg, Zm{eH$, MVwW© Amd¥Îmr,

25 {S>g|~a 2008, n¥. 2.4, 2.5

5. ZmS>Jm|S>o Jwê$ZmW, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVr, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, {Vgar

Amd¥Îmr, gßQ>|~a 2009, n¥. 61

6. Imnao, H$è`mßnm, " bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMo amOH$maU - lr. Eg. E_. Omoe§tÀ`m

OrdZ Am{U H$m`m©Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg', {edmOr {dÚmnrR>,

H$moëhmnya, nrEM. S>r. amÁèmó nXdrgmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm

emoYà~§Y, OyZ 2002

7. Hw$bH$Uu, Ama. Ama., H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` nwZ©~m§YUrVrb àemgH$s` g_ñ`m, YmadmS>

{dÚmnrR>, YmadmS>, nrEM. S>r. amÁèmó nXdrgmR>r gmXa

Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y, Am°JñQ> 1977

8. Omoer, _Zmoha, {edgoZoMr {Z{_©Vr, dmT>, ñdê$n, èmnè Am{U ^maVr`

amOH$maUmVrb {edgoZoMo ^{dVì` `m§Mm {díbofUmË_H$

Aä`mg, _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m H$bm emIoVrb amÁèmó

{df`mÀ`m nrEM. S>r. nXdrgmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y,

2009

180180180180

9. ZogaH$a, _{Zfm, H$ÞS>-_amR>r gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§YmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo gr_m^mJmVrb

_amR>r gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg, {edmOr [dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya nrEM.

S>r. _amR>r nXdrgmR>r gmXa Ho$bobm emoYà~§Y, {S>g|~a 2007

10. n|S>go, bmbOr, _hmamï´>mMo _hm_§WZ, bmoH$dmL>²_`J¥h, _w§~B©, Xwgar Amd¥Îmr,

5 _o 2010

11. \$S>Ho$, `. {X., {dgmì`m eVH$mVrb _hmamï´>, I§S> gmVdm, _m¡O àH$meZJ¥h,

{JaJm§d, _w§~B©, n{hbr Amd¥Îmr 18 OyZ 2007

12. Apte, Ram, Maharashtra-Karnataka Border Dispute, Kiran

Thakur, Working President, M. E. S., Belgaum,

First Edition, 2 October 2010

13. Jmoèho, {Zb_, {edYZwî`, H«$m§{VH$mar àH$meZ àm. {b., Ûmam Pob_ Omoer, 6,

dmer, Zdr _§w~B©, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, Owb¡ 2006

14. Mm¡Jwbo, Eb. Ama., Agm bT>m Ago bT>dæò, amkr àH$meZ, {Q>iH$dmS>r, ~oiJmd,

27-4-2000

15. MoVZ amOh§g, gZmVZ à^mV X¡{ZH$,

http://www.sanatanprabhat.wordpress.com

16. gmoZdUo _Zmoha, `w{ZH$ {\$Mg©, http://uniquefeatures.com

17. Jm`H$dmS> d¡^d, ~oiJmd gr_màíZ Zo_H$m Amho Var H$m`?,

http://www.vaibhavgaikwad.com/2010

18. gam\$, am. gr., ^mfm, _mV¥^mfm Am{U na^mfm, lr {dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo,

1972, n¥. 18

19. JO|ÐJS>, ìhr. EZ. g_H$mbrZ g_mOemór` {gÓm§V, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, 95/4,

E dm°S>©, XwYmir, H$moëhmnya, àW_md¥Îmr 2001, n¥. 2

181181181181

20. VÌ¡d, n¥. 7

21. U. I. Thomas & Florian Zananecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe & America, 1981,p. 2

22. AmJbmdo, n«Xrn, ^maVr` g_mO àíZ Am{U g_ñ`m, lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ,

ZmJnya, Owb¡ 2009, n¥. 19

23. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeling Theory

24. Ywar Zrb_, g§emoYZ nÓVr, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, n{hbr Amd¥Îmr,

2008, n¥. 292

25. AmJbmdo àXrn, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVremó d V§Ìo, lr. gmB©ZmW àH$meZ,

ZmJnya, {Vgar Amd¥Îmr, 2010, n¥. 180

26. H$èhmS>o, ~r. E_., gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVr, qnnimnwao A°ÝS> H§$. npãbeg©,

ZmJnya, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, OyZ 2009, n¥. 210


ZmJnya, Xwgar Amd¥Îmr, Owb¡ 2007, n¥. 174

28. AmJbmdo àXrn, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVremó d V§Ìo, lr. gmB©ZmW àH$meZ,




30. I¡aZma {Xbrn, àJV gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVr d gm§p»`H$s, S>m`_§S>

n{ãbHo$eZ, nwUo, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, \o$~«wdmar 2009, n¥. 325

31. ^m§S>maH$a, nw. b., gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVr, _hmamï> {dÚmnrR> J«§W{Z{_©Vr

_§S>imgmR>r, dg§V qnnimnwao, {dÚm ~wŠg, Am¡a§JVwam,

Am¡a§Jm~mX, Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr, 1999, n¥. 425

182182182182

32. ~moYZH$a gwYra d AbmoUr {ddoH$, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÓVr, lr. gmB©ZmW àH$meZ,

ZmJnya, MVwW© Amd¥Îmr, OmZodmar 2007, n¥. 268, 269



àH$aU àH$aU àH$aU àH$aU Mm¡WoMm¡WoMm¡WoMm¡Wo

_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$

g_ñ`mg_ñ`mg_ñ`mg_ñ`m

àH$aU àH$aU àH$aU àH$aU Mm¡WoMm¡WoMm¡WoMm¡Wo

_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m

4.1 àñVmdZm

4.2 ^mfoMo _hÎd

4.3 ^mfmVÎd

4.4 amï´>

4.5 amï´>dmX

4.6 ^maVr` g_mO

4.6.1 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m

4.6.2 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m d¡{eîQ>ço

4.7 _hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_màíZ d gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m

4.7.1 Aëng§»`mH$

4.7.1.1 Aëng§»`mH$ - KQ>ZoVrb VaVyX

4.7.1.2 ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§~m~V amï´>r` YmoaU

4.7.1.3 H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMm ImoQ>maS>onUm

4.7.2 e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m

4.7.2.1 emim§_Ü o H$ÞS>gº$s

4.7.2.2 Eg. Eg. Eb. gr. ~moS>m©Mm oX^md

4.7.2.3 amï´>r` ^mfonmgyZ d§{MV

4.7.2.4 {ejH$m§Mr H$_VaVm

4.7.2.5 _amR>r ^m{fH$ {ejH$m§Mr ~Xbr

4.7.2.6 S>r. ES>. À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Zmnmg

4.7.3 ZmoH$ar{df`H$ g_ñ`m

4.7.3.1 gr_m^mJmVrb Eg. gr., Eg. Q>r. XmIbm _hmamï´>mV aÔ

4.7.4 àemgH$s` g_ñ`m

4.7.4.1 H$ÞS>gº$sMo Xwîn[aUm_

4.7.4.2 gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mVhr _amR>r ^mfoMr JiMonr

4.7.4.3 H$mZS>r gº$s_wio Iw§Q>Umam {dH$mg Am{U X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrb

AS>MUr

4.7.5 amOH$s` g_ñ`m

4.7.5.1 bmoH$emhrMr _wñH$Q>Xm~r

4.7.6 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m O{_Zr g§nmXZ

4.7.6.1 gaH$maÀ`m `m YmoaUmda Ý`m`mb`mMohr Vmeoao

4.7.7 gm§ñH¥${VH$ JiMonr

4.7.7.1 gr_m^mJmVrb gm{hpË`H$m§Mr Cnojm

4.7.8 gr_m^mJmV nmobrgr AË`mMma

4.7.8.1 gmam~§Xr Am{U nmobrg

4.7.9 gr_m^mJ {dH$mgmnmgyZ d§{MV

4.7.10 H$ÞS> g§KQ>Zm§Mm A{VaoH$

4.7.11 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m

4.7.12 g§emoYH$mMo AZw^d

4.7.12.1 g§emoYH$mOdi Amboë`m à{V{H«$`m

4.7.13 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm {ZYm©a

4.7.14 _hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y

4.7.14.1 _amR>r-H$mZS>r g§~§Y

4.7.14.2 _hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmU

4.8 g_mamon

183183183183

àH$aU Mm¡WoàH$aU Mm¡WoàH$aU Mm¡WoàH$aU Mm¡Wo

_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m

4.14.14.14.1 àñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZmàñVmdZm

Mother tongue is the language of heart Ago Eg. Q>r. H$mobarO `m§Zr åhQ>bo

Amho. `m_ÜòM _mV¥^mfoMo _hÎd ñnï> hmoVo. XmoZ _Zm§Zm EH${ÌV AmUÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© _mV¥^mfoV

AgVo. `mgmR>r Á`m§Mr ^mfm g_mZ, Ë`m§Zm EH$_oH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYUo, ì`dhma H$aUo ghOeŠ`

hmoVo. ^mfm EH$_oH$m§_Üò {Oìhmù`mMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aVo. Amnbo {dMma, Amnbr ^mfm Á`m§Zm

H$iVo, Ë`m§Zm g_OUo ghOeŠ` AgVo. {dMmamoº$s, {dMmam{^_wIVm, {dMma g_OmdyZ KoUo ho

^mfo_wio eŠ` hmoVo. {dMmam§Zm MmbZm XoÊ`mH$[aVm, {dMmaàJQ>ZmH$[aVm Am{U d¡Mm[aH$ XodmUKodmU

Am{U Ë`m_YyZ {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r ^mfm Cn`moJr nS>Vo. H$maU, ^mfm ho gm_m{OH$

Am§Vaì`dhmamMo gmYZ Amho.

^mfoMo _hÎd {deX H$aVmZm lr. am. gr. gam\$ `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho, ""^mfm ho Vr ^mfm Á`m

g_mOmV dmnabr OmVo, Ë`m g_mOmVrb gXñ`m§Mo nañna ì`dhmamMo gmYZ Amho. g_mZ ^mfo_wio

g_mOmMo ì`dhma gwb^ hmoVmV. g_mOmVrb KQ>H$ EH$_oH$m§er g§~§Y R>ody eH$VmV Am{U {dMmam§Mr

XodmUKodmU hmoD$ eH$Vo. emgZmMr ^mfm Am{U g_mOmMr ^mfm EH$ Agë`mg, OZVobm

emgZm~Ôb AmnwbH$s dmQ>Vo. emgZmMm H$ma^ma OZVoÀ`m gd© KQ>H$m§Zm g_OUo eŠ` hmoVo Am{U

emgZmV OZVoMo à{V{ZYr Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm àemgZ H$aVmZm ^mfoMo AS>ga amhV ZmhrV.

EH$_oH$m§er g§~§Y R>odUo hr Or g_mOmMr EH$ _hÎdmMr JaO Amho, Vr g_mZ ^mfo_wio eŠ` hmoVo.1

4.24.24.24.2 ^mfoMo _hÎd^mfoMo _hÎd^mfoMo _hÎd^mfoMo _hÎd

gm{na (Sapir) Zo ^mfoÀ`m _hÎdmda àH$me Q>mH$VmZm {b{hbo Amho H$s, _mZdmMo gdm©V

_moR>o åhUOo Ë`mMr ^mfm Amho. _mZd Ho$di ^mfo_wioM gä`Vm Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌm_Üò Amnbo

ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ Amho. _mZdmÀ`m àJVrMo H$maU ^mfmM Amho. ^mfo_wio ì`º$s dm g_yh Amnbo

184184184184

kmZ, AZw^d, {dMma Am{U ^mdZm Xwgè`m ì`º$s dm g_yhmn`ªV nmohM{dVmo. {dMmam§À`m Aem

AmXmZ-àXmZm_wioM g_mO g§K{Q>V hmoD$Z {dH$mgmÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb H$arV AgVmo.

H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, ^maVmV EHy$U 1650 ^mfm Am{U ~mobr^mfm AmhoV. Va EH$m ^m{fH$

gd}jUmZwgma XoemV 189 ^mfm Am{U 544 ~mobr^mfm AmhoV. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo EHy$U

18 ^mfm§Zm à_wI ^mfm åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {Xbr Amho. Ë`m_Üò Amgm_r, ~§Jmbr, qhXr, CXy©, _amR>r,

JwOamWr, n§Om~r, H$mpí_ar, VobJy, H$ÞS>, CS>r`m, Vm{_i, _ë`mi_², g§ñH¥$V, Zonmbr, _{Unwar,

H$m|H$Ur Am{U qgYr `m ^mfm§Mm g_mdoe Amho.

^mfoMo _hÎd nwT>rb H$m`m©dê$Z ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.2

1. ^mfm ^mdZmË_H$ EH$mË_VoMm gdm©V _hÎdnyU© AmYma Amho.

2. ^mfm gm_m{OH$ AZwHw$bZmMm EH$ _hÎdnyU© AmYma Amho. ^mfoÛmam EH$ ì`º$s dm

g_yh EH$ Xwgè`mÀ`m {dMmambm g_OyZ KoD$Z AZwHw$bZ H$arV AgVmV Am{U

Amnë`m g_ñòda EH$OwQ>rZo Cnm` emoYVmV.

3. ^mfm hr gm_mOrH$aUmMm AmYma Amho.

4. ^mfm AZoH$ {nT>rÀ`m g§{MV AZw^d g§~§{YV AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vrbm pñWa ê$n XoUo

Am{U òUmè`m {nT>rgmR>r g§ñH¥$VrMo hñVm§VaU H$aUo hr ^mfoMr _hÎdmMr y{_H$m

Amho.

5. ^mfm ì`º$sÀ`m à{V g_mOmÀ`m AmH$m§jobm ñnï> H$aVo.

6. ^mfo_wioM ì`º$sbm ì`mdhm[aH$ kmZmMr àmár hmoVo.

7. dV©_mZH$mimV ^mfm ho OZ_V V`ma H$aÊ`mMo EH$ eº$sembr gmYZ Amho.

^mfo_wioM AZoH$ ì`º$s, g_yh, g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, _§S>io, g_mO, Xoe `m§Zm EH$Ì AmUUo,

Ë`m§À`mV g_m`moOZ gmYUo, EH$_oH$m§_Üò gm_§Oñ` {Z_m©U H$aUo, gm_y{hH$ ghH$m`m©VyZ

g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoD$Z Ë`mda à^mdr[aË`m _mV H$aUo Am{U

185185185185

Amnbo n`m©`mZo g_mOmMo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo `mgmR>r ^mfoMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago Amho.

nU ^maVr` g_mOmV "amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJm'Zwgma EH$^m{fH$ amÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr

Pmë`mZo AZoH$ amÁò, AZoH$ ^mfm ApñVËdmV Amë`m. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ^mfo_Üò {d{dYVm {Z_m©U

hmoD$Z VUmdmMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr. Or n[apñWVr EHy$U g_mOì`dñWobmM KmVH$ R>abr.

^mfo_wio amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm Am{U ~m¡{ÓH$ {dH$mgm_Ü o AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr.

1960 _Üò ^mfoÀ`m AmYmamdaM JwOamVr ~mobUmè`m§Zm JwOamV Am{U _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm _hmamï>

doJim Pmbm. Ë`mMà_mUo n§Om~Mo n§Om~r Am{U qhXr `m XmoZ ^m{fH$m§À`m AmYmamda n§Om~ Am{U

h[a`mZm Aer XmoZ amÁ o {Z_m©U Pmbr. AmO AZoH$ amÁò Amnbr ^mfm loð> _mZV AmhoV.

Amnë`m _mV¥^mfobm A{YH$ _hÎd XoV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m amÁ`mV AgUmè`m BVa Aëng§»`m§H$

bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m ^m{fH$ bmoH$m§er ì`dhma H$aUo H$R>rU OmVo. qH$~hþZm AmO amÁ`nwZa©MZm

Am`moJmZwgma ~oiJmd, H$madma, {ZnmUr, ^mbH$s, {~Xa, g§Vnya, ImZmnya `m gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r

^m{fH$m§Mm g_mdoe Á`m H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mV Ho$bm Amho Ë`m amÁ`mMr à_wI _mV¥^mfm H$ÞS> AgyZ

gr_m^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mr ^mfm _mÌ _amR>r Amho. Vo Aëng§»`mH$ ~Zbo. n[aUm_r XmoKm§Mr ^mfm

doJdoJir Agë`mZo ì`dhma H$aUo, AmMma{dMmam§Mr XodmUKodmU H$aUo, Amnbo _V, ^mdZm,

à{V{H«$`m ì`º$ H$aUo H$R>rU ~Zbo. H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Amnë`m _mV¥^mfobm A{YH$ _hÎd XoD$Z

emgH$s`, AemgH$s` H$m`m©bò, emim, _hm{dÚmbò, amÁ` Am{U H|$Ð gaH$mar H$m`m©bò `mVyZ

Amnë`m H$ÞS> ^mfoMr gº$s Ho$ë`mZo gr_m^mJmVrb Ag§»` _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm OJUo AdKS> Pmbo

Amho. n`m©`mZo ^m[©fH$ VUmdmMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`mMm n[aUm_ g§nyU© g_mO dm amï´>r`

EH$mË_Vm YmoŠ`mV òD$ nmhVo Amho.

4.34.34.34.3 ^mfmVÎd^mfmVÎd^mfmVÎd^mfmVÎd

AmO _hmamï´> hm ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mMm EH$ KQ>H$ Amho. JwOamV, n§Om~, CÎmaàXoe,

~§Jmb, Amgm_, åh¡gya, Am§Y«àXoe `mà_mUoM _hmamï´> hmhr EH$ ^maVmMm àYmZ KQ>H$ Amho.

Amnë`m g§KamÁ`mMo KQ>H$ Ago ho Oo Mm¡Xm àYmZ àXoe Vo àm_w»`mZo ^mfmVÎdmda {^Þ Pmbobo

186186186186

AmhoV. JwOamWr, ~§Jmbr, H$ÞS>, Vm{_i B. Mm¡Xm à_wI ^mfm Ë`m Ë`m àXoemV ~mobë`m OmVmV

Am{U EH$ àXoe Xwgè`m àXoemnmgyZ {Zamim Pmbm Amho Vmo ^mfo_wioM hmo`. Y_© {H§$dm d§e `m

dJuH$aUmÀ`m VÎdm§Mm òWo H$mhr g§~§Y Zmhr. ho oX Ë`m VÎdm§da Ho$bobo ZmhrV. ^maVmV {^Þ

Y_mªMo d d§emMo bmoH$ AmhoV, Zmhr Ago Zmhr. nU ~hwVoH$ gd© àXoemV `m gd© Y_mªMo d d§emMo

bmoH$ amhVmV Am{U Vo Ë`m Ë`m àm§VmMr ^mfm ~mobVmV. Voìhm àXoe {d^mJUr ^mfmVÎdmda Pmbr

Amho ho CKS> Amho. AWm©V _hmamï´>mMr hr {^ÞVm `mM VÎdmda àñWm{nV Pmbr Amho.

g§`wº$ _hmamï´>mMr àñWmnZm Pmbr Ë`mdoir {dX ©, _amR>dmS>m `m§Mm g_mdoe _hmamï´>mV H$aÊ`mV

Ambm Vmo VoWrb bmoH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$ AmhoV åhUyZM Am{U AmO ~oiJmd, H$madma d Jmodm `m§Mm

g_mdoe _hmamï´>mV H$aÊ`mV `mdm Agm _hmamï´>r`m§Mm AmJ«h Amho, `mMohr H$maU hoM Amho.

Ë`mbm {damoY hmoV Amho. Ë`mMr H$maUo amOH$s` AmhoV, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ZmhrV. Voìhm _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm

àXoe åhUyZM "_hmamï´>' hm AmO {Zamim Pmbm Amho ho {Z{d©dmX Amho.3

nU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr y_r åhUOo "_hmamï´>' ho g_rH$aU {ZpíMV Pmbo Vo gmYmaUV:

B. g. 1200 À`m gw_mamg _amR>r ^mfoMr CËnÎmr {dÛmZm§À`m _Vo B. g. 800-1000 À`m

gw_mamg Pmbr. {VÀ`mVrb "{ddoH$qgYy' hm n{hbm J«§W B. g. 1188 `m gmbr {Z_m©U Pmbm

Am{U Ë`mMdoir `mXdm§À`m gm_«mÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. nwT>rb e§â dfm©V _hmZw^md n§WmMo AZoH$

J«§W aMbo Jobo Am{U 1290 À`m gw_mamg kmZoídarMm AdVma Pmbm. åhUOo gmYmaUnUo Voamì`m

eVH$mV ñdV§Ì {Zamir _mV¥ mfm `m_wio _hmamï´>mMr Apñ_Vm {ZpíMV Pmbr. Voìhm B. g. 1200

nmgyZ `m y_rVrb g§ñH¥$Vr Vr _hmamï´>mMr g§ñH¥$Vr Ago åhUUo `WmW© Amho.

ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVr` g§KamÁ`m_Üò amÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm ^mfoÀ`m AmYmao H$aÊ`mV

Ambr. amÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr EH$mMdoir Z hmoVm H$mb-H$mi n[apñWVrZwgma hmoV Jobr.

^mfoÀ`m AmYmamda amÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVmZm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m AmIë`m Joë`m. nU ^mfoÀ`m

AmYmamda g_mOmMr {d^mJUr H$mQ>oH$moanUo H$er H$aUma åhUOoM ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m§Mr AmIUr

H$aVmZm ^m{fH$ g_mOmMm {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r "nmQ>gH$a gyÌmMm' ^m¡Jmo{bH$

187187187187

g§b¾Vm, IoS>o hm KQ>H$, gmnoj ~hþg§»`m d OZVoMr BÀN>m `mMm dmna hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

nU H$mhr amÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm `m gyÌmH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo. n[aUm_r AZoH$ amÁ`m§_Üò ^m{fH$

dmX {Z_m©U Pmbo. _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mo "_hmamï´>' d "H$ÞS>' ^m{fH$m§Mo H$Zm©Q>H$ `m XmoZ amÁ`m§Mr

{Z{_©Vr ^m{fH$ VÎdmda Pmbr Agbr Var _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm 865 IoS>o d ZJam§Mm y^mJ H$Zm©Q>H$

amÁ`m_Üò am{hbm. Ë`m_wio `m àXoem_Yrb bmoH$m§Zm AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo

Amho. ^maVr` g_mO hm OJmVrb EH$ àmMrZV_ g_mO Amho. gmè`m OJmZo Zdb H$amdo Agm hm

AX² yVaå` ^maVr` g_mO Amho. Ë`mV {d{dY àH$maMr {df_Vm d d¡{MÍ` Amho. {d{dYVm ho

^maVr` g_mOì`dñWoMo Img d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. ^maVr` g_mOmMo JwU{deof gm§JVmZm åhQ>bo OmVo

H$s, Á`m XoemV kmZgy`m©Mm qH$dm Cƒ d CXmaM[aV g§ñH¥$VrMm àW_ CX` Pmbm Vmo Xoe åhUOo

^maV. OoWo Y_©, Ë`mJ d d¡am½` `m§Mr {ÌdoUr AI§S> dmhV hmoVr Vmo Xoe åhUOo ^maV. OoWo {dH«$_

Am{U d¡am½` hmVmV hmV KmbyZ Zm§XV hmoVo Vmo Xoe åhUOo ^maV. OoWo `moJ Am{U Ë`mJ, Eo{hH$

Am{U nmabm¡{H$H$ øm X²d§X²d§ËdmMm gw§Xa d g_w{MV g§J_ AmT>iyZ òVmo Vmo Xoe åhUOo ^maV.

åhUyZM hm Xoe, hm g_mO d hr g§ñH¥$Vr H$mbMH«$m§Mo AZoH$ AmKmV ghZ H$ê$Z AmOhr C^r

Amho.4

4.44.44.44.4 amï´>amï´>amï´>amï´>

^mfm, Y_©, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ, Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y, amOH$s` AmH$m§jm `mn¡H$s EImÚm qH$dm

A{YH$ H$maUm§Zr ^mdZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm EH$_oH$m§{df`r AmË_r`Vm dmQ>Umam EImXm _mZdg_yh Amnbo

doJionU ì`º$ H$aVmo.Voìhm Vo Ë`m g_yhmMo "amï´>' Ago g§~moYÊ`mV òVo. nU H$mhrdoiobm EImÚm

amï´>mÀ`m KS>UrV AZoH$Xm Aem H$mhr KQ>Zm KS>V Joboë`m AgVmV H$s, H$mhr H$mi Vo amï> nyU©

ñdê$nmV C o am{hë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo nU àË`jmV Vgo ZgVo. H$Kr EImÚm àXoemVrb ~hþg§»` JQ>

Aëng§»` JQ>mbm Amnë`m ~imda OISy>Z R>odVmo, Va H$Yr ho bhmZ JQ> ñdV:Mr Aghmæ`Vm d

Xw~©bVm bjmV KoD$Z Ë`m JQ>m§À`m ñdmYrZ hmoVmV, {dbrZ hmoVmV. Va H$mhrdoim g§Yr Am{U

AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U hmoVmo Am{U A§VJ©V amOH$maUm§_wio qH$dm OmJ{VH$ KS>m_moS>t_wio eŠ`Vm

188188188188

{Z_m©U hmoVo, Voìhm ho bhmZ JQ> Amnbr doJir Apñ_Vm Amnbo doJionU `m§Mm AmJ«h Yê$Z doJio

ñWmZ _mJy bmJVmV. ho _w»` JQ> g_mOmnmgyZ AbJ hmoD$Z ñdV§Ì amï´> {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mBVHo$ {Zamio

ZgVmV. Aemdoir Ë`m§Zm "amï´>Ho$' (Nationalities) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Aer amï´>Ho$ ~hþYm EImÚm

g§`wº$ amÁ`mV ~amo~arÀ`m h¸$mZo amhUmao amï> åhUyZ CXm. B. g. 1867 _Yrb Am°pñQ´>`m-h§Joar

`m amÁ`mVrb h§Joar qH$dm g§KamÁ`mVrb AZoH$ ~m~VrV ñdm`Îm Agbobr amÁò CXm. H°$ZS>mÀ`m

g§KamÁ`mVrb \«|$M ^m{fH$ {d^mJ, VgoM ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mVrb _hmamï´>, H$Zm©Q>H$, JwOamV dJ¡ao

amÁò.5

^maVmVrb {d{dY amÁ`m§Mr aMZm hr àm_w»`mZo ^mfoÀ`m AmYmamda Pmbr Amho.

1960 _Üò ^mfoÀ`m AmYmamdaM JwOamVr ~mobUmè`m§Zm JwOamV Am{U _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm _hmamï>

doJim Pmbm. Ë`mM~amo~a n§Om~Mo n§Om~r Am{U qhXr `m XmoZ^m{fH$m§À`m AmYmamda n§Om~ Am{U

h[a`mUm Aer XmoZ amÁò {Z_m©U Pmbr.

4.54.54.54.5 amï´>dmXamï´>dmXamï´>dmXamï´>dmX

g_mZ Y_©lÓm, EH$M ^mfm, g_mZ OrdZnÓVr, g_mZ Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m qH$dm g_mZ

g§H$Q> `m dm AÝ` H$maUm§Zr _mUgo EH$Ì òVmV, EH$ amhVmV, EH$Ì bT>VmV, EH$Ì gmogVmV

Am{U ^moJVmVhr. `mVyZ EH$m {d{eï> JQ>mV Or g_mZVoMr Am{U EH$VoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo

{VbmM amï´>r`Ëd åhQ>bo OmVo. ñdV:À`m g_whmnwaVr EH$VoMr, AmnbonUmMr Am{U AÝ` g_yhm~m~V

doJionUmMr, Xwamì`mMr d¥Îmr åhUOoM amï´>r`ËdmMr ^mdZm hmo`.

^maVmV B§J«Or amOdQ>rV nmíMmË` {dMmam§Zr nwT>o à^m{dV Pmboë`m Zd{e{jV g_mOmZo

amï´>dmXr {dMmam§Mm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ CnH«$_ gwê$ H$ê$Z B§J«O amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m {damoYmV

amOH$s`ÑîQ>çm ^maVr` OZVobm g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZM ^maVr` amï´>dmXmMr

~rOo amodbr Jobr. `mMm AW© ^maVmVrb amîQ´>dmXmMm OÝ_ hm B§J«Or amOdQ>rZo am~{dboë`m

dgmhVdmXr YmoaUmMm d H$mhr à_mUmV Ë`m YmoaUmàVr Agboë`m à{V{H«$òMm n[aUm_ hmo`.

Y_©, OmV, d§e, ^mfm, àXoe, n§W Agm H$moUVmhr oX^md Z _mZVm Amåhr gmao ^maVr` AmhmoV

189189189189

`m EH$mM g_mZ ^mdZoZo ^maVr`m§Zr {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`m§er g§Kf© Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio ^maVr`m§V

amï´>r`ËdmMr ^mdZm àIa Pmë`mZo {~«Q>rem§Zm hm Xoe gmoSy>Z Omdo bmJbo$. Ë`mdoir amï´>m{^_mZ,

amï´>godm, amï´>ào_ `m ^mdZoZo gmam Xoe EH$mË_ Pmbm hmoVm. nU AmO 65 dfmªÀ`m H$mimV amï´>r`

EH$mË_Vm bmon nmdV Agbobr {XgyZ òVo. `mMo H$maU `m H$mimV amï´>mV AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U

Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò ^mfmdmX, Y_©dmX, OmVr`Vm, àXoedmX B. KQ>H$m§_wio amîQ´>r`ËdmMr ^mdZm

H$_r hmoV Mmbë`mZo n§{S>V Zohê$Zr EH$Xm Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, "I know there is India but I

want to know where are the Indians."6

AmO amï´>r` EH$mË_VoEodOr amï´>{dKQ>ZmMr àd¥Îmr OmUdVo, gmam Xoe Ym{_©H$, OmVr`,

àmXo{eH$ Am{U ^m{fH$ g§Kfm©Zo hmoaniyZ {ZKmbm Amho. Ë`mVyZ àmXo{eH$dmX, gr_mdmX, ^mfmdmX

C\$miyZ òV Amho. Ë`m_Üò n§Om~ amÁ`mZo ñdV§Ì I{bñVmZ amÁ`mMr _mJUr Ho$br,

Va Vm{_iZmS>y amÁ`mZo "ñdV§Ì ÜdO', "ñdV§Ì amï´>JrV' Aer _mJUr Ho$br. npíM_ ~§Jmb,

Am§Y«àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$ d Vm{_iZmSy> `m amÁ`m§Zr A{YH$ ñdm`ÎmVm d A{YH$ma hdoV Aer Anojm

Ho$br Va _hmamï>-H$Zm©Q>H$ `m§À`mVrb gr_mdmX C\$miyZ Ambm. Ë`m_wio amÁ`mamÁ`m§_Üò `m Zm

Ë`m KQ>H$m§dê$Z dmX, _V oX, VUmd {Z_m©U hmoD$Z amï´>r` EH$mË_Vobm YmoH$m nmohMbm Amho.

_hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ `m XmoZ amÁ`m§Vrb gr_mdmX hm 1956 nmgyZ AmOn`ªV {ÔV

nS>bobm Agë`mZo `m àíZmdê$Z XmoÝhr amÁ`mV gVV VmU, _V oX {Z_m©U hmoV AgyZ Ë`mMo

A{YH$ Xwîn[aUm_ VoWo amhUmè`m ~hþg§»` _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm gmogmdo bmJV AmhoV. _amR>r ^m{fH$

Amnë`m h¸$, A{YH$mamgmR>r bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo bT>V AgVmZm dm Ý`m` _mJV AgVmZmXoIrb

H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma H$m`ÚmMm Am{U ~imMm dmna H$ê$Z VoWrb _amR>r ^mfm, _amR>r g§ñH¥$Vr d _amR>r

Apñ_Vm Zï> H$ê$ nmhVo Amho. Ë`m_wio gr_m^mJmV gVV bmR>r_ma, XJS>\o$H$, {ZXe©Zo, Jmoir~ma,

Ominmoi B. {h§gmË_H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm KS>V AgyZ Ë`mMm n[aUm_ amÁ`mamÁ`mVrb g§~§Y

Xwamì`mMo, g§Kfm©Mo ~ZV AgyZ Ë`m_wio amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm YmoŠ`mV òD$ nmhVo Amho.

190190190190

4.64.64.64.6 ^maVr` g_mO^maVr` g_mO^maVr` g_mO^maVr` g_mO

^maVr` g_mOmV dm§{eH$, ^m{fH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, OmVr`, àm§{V`, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ B.

{d{dY àH$maMr {d{dYVm Amho. åhUyZ {d{dYVm ho ^maVr` g_mOmMo Img d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

Ë`mMà_mUo {d{dYVoV EH$Vm hoXoIrb à_wI d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. S>m°. E_. EZ. lr{Zdmg `m§Zr 'India :

Social Structure' `m J«§Wm_Üò Z_yX Ho$bo H$s, ^maVr` g_mO g§aMZm Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$~§YmMr

EH$Vm Am{U {d{dYVm hr XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.7

Va {d{dYVo_Üò EH$Vm `m d¡{eîQ>çm~Ôb h~©Q>© [añbo (Herbart Rislay) `m§Zr {b{hbo

Amho H$s, ""^maVmV gd© Y_©, ar{V[admO Am{U gm_m{OH$ d ^m¡{VH$ {d{^ÞVm AgVmZmXoIrb

OrdZmMr EH$ {deof EH$ê$nVm H$Ý`mHw$_marnmgyZ Vo {g_ë`mn`ªV {XgyZ òVo. dmñVdmV ^maVmMo

EH$ doJio M[aÌ Am{U ì`{º$Ëd Amho. Á`mMr AdhobZm Ho$br OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.'' Ë`mM~amo~a

lr. B©. E_. OmS>o `m§Zr, ""{dMma Am{U OmVrÀ`m AZoH$ VÎdm§_Üò g_Ýd`, {d{dYVm_Üò EH$Vm

{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr ^maVr`m§Mr `mo½`Vm Am{U VËnaVm hr _mZd g_mOmg ^maVmMr {deof XoUJr

Amho.''8

^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m EH$Vog§X^m©V g_mOemók, {dÛmZm§Zr darbà_mUo _m§S>bobr _Vo

`mo½`M Agbr VargwÓm AmO ^maVmV ñdg_yh loð>VmdmX OmonmgV AgyZ Amnbr ^mfm, Y_©,

OmV, d§e, àm§V loð> _mZÊ`mMr d¥Îmr AZoH$ KQ>H$m§_Üò qH$~hþZm amÁ`m§_Ü o ~imdV AgyZ

Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ^mfm-^mfm§V, Y_m©-Y_mªV, à§mVm-àm§VmV PJS>o, g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoV AgyZ Ë`mMo

Xwîn[aUm_ EHy$U g_mOmda hmoV AmhoV.

^maVr` g_mO AZoH$ d§e, ^mfm, Y_©, OmVr, n§W `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§Zr {_iyZ ~Zbobm

AgyZ àËòH$ Y_©, OmVr, n§W VgoM ^mfm `m§Mo nmoQ>^mJ nS>bobo AmhoV. `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ oXm_wio

àËòH$ ì`º$sÀ`m AmMma{dMmamV \$aH$ AmT>iyZ òVmo. amhUr_mZ, ^mfm, OrdZ{df`H$ VÎdkmZ,

_yëò, ê$T>r, na§nam, XodXodVm B. _Üò \$aH$ Agë`mZo àËòH$ ì`º$s Am{U {VMm g_mO Ho$di

191191191191

H$maUnaËdo Xwgè`m ì`º$s d Ë`m§À`m g_mOmer g§~§Y R>odrV AgVmo. ^maVr` g_mOaMZm

{df_Voda AmYmarV AgyZ Hw$Qw>§~, {ddmh, _mb_Îmm, ì`dgm`, ñWmZ, XOm© Am{U amOH$maU B. gd©

~m~r {df_VodaM AmYmarV AmhoV. AmO ^maVm_Üò gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {df_Voda AmYmarV

AZoH$ bhmZ_moR>o JQ> ApñVËdmV AmhoV. OmVrì`dñWm, Añn¥í`Vm, ~bwVoXmar, Xm[aÐ`, ~oH$mar B.

oX ho Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {df_Voda AmYmarV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio g_ñ`m§Mr Vrd«Vm dmT>Vo Amho.

àm§V, ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr, amhUr_mZ, ê$T>r, na§nam, OmV, d§e, Y_© Am{U n§Wr` {^ÞVm Agë`mZo

^maVr` g_mOmV H$moUË`mhr g_ñò_Üò gmaIonUm {XgyZ òV Zmhr. ^maVmVrb d¡{eîQ>çnyU©

g§ñH¥$Vr, Y_m©Mo àm~ë`, OmVrì`dñWm, {df_Vm B. ~m~t_wio ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m

OJmVrb g_ñ`m§nojmhr doJù`m d d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AmhoV.

4.4.4.4.6666.1.1.1.1 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mgm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mgm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mgm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m

amoOMr dV©_mZnÌo, g^m, bmoH$m§À`m MMm©, Z^modmUr, XyaXe©Z dJ¡aoVyZ Zoh_rM gm_m{OH$

g_ñ`m§~m~V dmMVmo, EoH$Vmo, MMm© H$ê$ bmJVmo. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§{edm` H$moUVmhr g_mO Zmhr hr

dñVwpñWVr Amho. VgoM `m g_ñ`m§~m~V g_mO CXmgrZ AgVmo Agohr Zmhr Va Ë`m§À`m

{ZamH$aUmgmR>r H$_rA{YH$ à_mUmV Vmo g_mO à`ËZerb AgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Mr

Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `m g_ñ`m§À`m {ZamH$aUmdaM g§nyU© g_mOmMm {dH$mg Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

"g_ñ`m' `m eãXmgmR>r Problem hm eãX dmnabm OmVmo. Problem `m eãXmMm AW©

Agm H$s Á`mMr gmoS>dUyH$ dm {ZamH$aU Ho$bo nm{hOo.' (Anything thrown forward for

solution) Va gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»` ì`º$s¨da n[aUm_ H$aUmar n[apñWVr

AgVo d Vr Adm§N>Zr` Amho Ago _mZbo OmVo. `m n[apñWVrV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r

H$mhrVar Cnm``moOZm H$amdr Ago dmQ>Vo.

192192192192

gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ---- ì`m»`mì`m»`mì`m»`mì`m»`m

1.1.1.1. ê${~©½Q>Z d doB©Z~J© ê${~©½Q>Z d doB©Z~J© ê${~©½Q>Z d doB©Z~J© ê${~©½Q>Z d doB©Z~J©

""gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m åhUOo g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§À`m _yë`m§er {dg§JV Aer

Amamo{nV n[apñWVr H$s, Á`m n[apñWVrV ~Xb H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_y{hH$ {H«$òMr JaO Amho Aer

gdmªMr _mÝ`Vm AgVo.''

A social problem is an alleged situation that is incompatible with the

values of a significant number of people who agree that action is needed to

alter the situation. - Rubigton & Weinberg

2.2.2.2. hQ>©Z Am{U boñbrhQ>©Z Am{U boñbrhQ>©Z Am{U boñbrhQ>©Z Am{U boñbr

""g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Zm ZH$moer dmQ>Umar Am{U Ë`m~m~V gm_y{hH$ gm_m{OH$

H¥$VrÛmao H$mhr Cnm``moOZm H$aUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo Aem n[apñWVrbm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Ago

åhUVmV.''9

A condition affecting significant number of people in ways considered

undesirable about which it is felt that something can be done through

collective social action. - Horton & Leslie

4.4.4.4.6666.2.2.2.2 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ---- d¡{eîQ>çod¡{eîQ>çod¡{eîQ>çod¡{eîQ>ço

1. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m g_mOmoX²^{dV AgVmV.

2. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m øm g_mOgmnoj AgVmV.

3. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m ~hþg§»`mH$m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ AgVmo.

4. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m ŠboeXm`H$ d ÌmgXm`H$ AgVmV.

5. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m nañnamdb§~r AgVmV.

6. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m àM{bV g_mO_yë`m§er {dg§JV AgVmV.

7. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m n[adV©Zerb AgVmV.

8. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

193193193193

9. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m gmd©{ÌH$ AgVmV.

10. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m ì`{º$gmnoj AgVmV.

11. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m H$mbgmnoj AgVmV.

12. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m àH$Q> d AàH$Q> Aem XmoÝhr ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV.

4.54.54.54.5 _hmamï´>_hmamï´>_hmamï´>_hmamï´>----H$Zm©Q>H$Zm©Q>H$Zm©Q>H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_màíZ d gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mH$ gr_màíZ d gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mH$ gr_màíZ d gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mH$ gr_màíZ d gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m

1 _o 1960 amoOr _w§~B© {Û^m{fH$ amÁ`m_YyZ _hmamï´> d JwOamV amÁò {Z_m©U Pmbr

Varhr ~oiJmd, H$madma, {ZnmUr, {~Xa d Jwb~Jm© {OëømVrb 16 ZJao d 865 IoS>çm§Mm _amR>r

^m{fH$m§Mm y^mJ H$Zm©Q>H$_Üò am{hbm. VoìhmnmgyZ Odinmg 35 bmI bmoH$g§»òZo _hmamï´>mV

OmÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo {d{dY Am§XmobZo, _moM}, CnmofUo, gË`mJ«h Ho$bo. AZoH$m§Zr hm¡VmËå`

nËH$abo. VarnU hm ^mJ _hmamï´>mV g_m{dï> Z hmoVm H$Zm©Q>H$ d _hmamï´> `m XmoZ amÁ`m§_Yrb

gr_màíZ {Xdg|{Xdg A{YH$M {~H$Q> ~ZV Mmbbm Amho. n[aUm_r H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma `m

gr_mdmgr`m§da `m Zm Ë`m àH$mao AÝ`m` H$arV Amho. gr_mdmgr` _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr g§ñH¥$VrM Zï>

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmV Amho. Ë`m_wio _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$, ZmoH$ar{df`H$,

amOH$s`, àemgH$s` B. AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho.

OZVoÀ`m Ý`mæ` bT>`m~m~V gmVË`mZo ZH$mamË_H$ YmoaU Agboë`m "Q>mB©åg Am°\$

B§{S>`m' ZoXoIrb {X. 10 Zmoìh|~a 1958 À`m AJ«boImV H|$Ð gaH$mabm embOmoS>rVbm Amhoa

Ho$bobm Amho. Vmo AJ«boI åhUVmo, ""Á`m amï´>mZo bmoH$emhrdmXr amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Ho$br, amÁ`m§Mr

^mfmdma nwZa©MZm Ho$br, EdT>çm I§S>àm` XoemV {ZdS>UwH$m KoÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$br Am{U `moOZm~Ó

AW©ì`dñWoMm CnH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm, Ë`m amï´>mbm \$º$ H$mhr hOma Mm¡ag _¡bm§À`m dmXJ«ñV gahÔrMm

àíZ gmoS>{dUo IamoIaM EdT>o H$R>rU Amho H$m`? hm àíZ Á`m arVrZo {ÔV Am{U Hw$OV R>odbm

Jobm Amho Ë`mdê$Z Aem Ag§VmofmÀ`m JÈ>`m~m~V Zdr {X„r H$_mbrMr CXm{gZ Amho `m g§e`mbm

nwï>rM {_iVo.10

n§. _hmXodemór Omoer `m§Zr gr_màíZmMo AJXr `WmW© eãXm§_Üò {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.

194194194194

""_hmamï´>mMo Oo dmOdr Am{U Ý`mæ` Amho, Vo _hmamï´>mbm {_imboM nm{hOo. _hmamï´>mMm EH$

gbJ AZ² ~hþg§»` _amR>r y^mJ H$Zm©Q>H$ nmoQ>miyZ ~gbm Amho, Vmo _hmamï´>mV naV AmbmM

nm{hOo hr _amR>r bmoH$m§Mr _mJUr Amho. nU H$Zm©Q>H$mH$Sy>Z AÚmn {Vbm `mo½` Vmo à{VgmX {_iV

Zmhr. _amR>r _ZmMo ho EH$ __©ñneu Xw:I Amho. EH$^mfr gbJ y^mJmVë`m bmoH$m§Zr EH$ àXoe,

EH$ amÁ` ~Zmdo hr `moOZm AmnU _mÝ` Ho$br, Vr amÁ`mamÁ`mV oX dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ZgyZ gdmªZm

{dH$mgmMr g_mZ g§Yr {_imdr `m gX²hoVyZo Ho$bobr Amho. ^mfm Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$

na§nam ho g§ñH¥$VrMo EH$ ì`mdV©H$ bjU Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb EH$ _moR>m dJ© Oa Amnbr na§nam

nwa§XaXmg, H$ZH$Xmg, {dbmaÊ` AZ² ~w¸$ `m§Mr Z gm§JVm {edmOr, am_Xmg Am{U kmZ~m,

VwH$mam_ `m§Mr gm§JV Agob Va H$Zm©Q>H$mZo Ë`m§À`m Ë`m _mJm©Vbr q^V hmoD$ Zò. Amnë`m

^mfm~m§Ydm§er g_ag hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mbm amOrIwfrZo _mJ© _moH$im H$ê$Z X`mdm. {ddoH$erb H$ÞS>

OZVobm Vgo dmQ>V Agobhr, nU EImÚm àíZmV Ooìhm gÎmmñnY}Mo amOH$maU {eaVo Voìhm gmono

àíZhr {~H$Q> hmoVmV. ghO gwQy> eH$Umar gwaJmR> {ZaJmR> hmoD$Z ~gVo. Ë`m àíZmbm ZH$mo

Agbobo ^bVoM diU bmJVo.11

4.4.4.4.6666.1.1.1.1 Aëng§»`mH$Aëng§»`mH$Aëng§»`mH$Aëng§»`mH$

""EH$ d§e, EH$ ^mfm, EH$ Y_© AJa gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {df_Vm Aem H$maUm§Zr

EH$ê$n Agbobo d EH$Ì amhUmao d `m_wio ñdXoer` qH$dm ñdamï´>r` ~hþg§»` g_mOmnmgyZ AmnU

{^Þ AmhmoV hr OmUrd R>odUmao g_yh åhUOo Aëng§»`m§H$ g_mO hmo`.'' AZoH$ XoemV Ago

g_mO AgUo qH$dm {Z_m©U hmoUo eŠ` Amho. VWm{n, gm_m{OH$ AJa amOH$s` OrdZmV EImÚm

Aëng§»` g_mOmMo Oo g_yh Xw~©b AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm g_mZ amOH$s` qH$dm BVa h¸$m§À`m A^mdr

Amnë`m {d{eï> OrdZ nÓVrÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r d àJVrgmR>r doJio amhUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago

Ý`m`V: dmQ>V AgVo. Aem g_mOm§Zm Amnë`m {hVg§~§YmÀ`m ajUmgmR>r gÎmmYmar JQ>mer

AZoH$doim bT>m X`mdm bmJV Agë`mZo ajUmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Zoh_rM gVH©$ amhmdo bmJVo. {deofV:

amOH$s` noMàg§J Zoh_rM oS>gmdV AgVmV d `mVyZM Ë`m§Mo gm_m{OH$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmZm

195195195195

AmT>iVmV.12

18 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r bmoH$emhrÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~aM Aëng§»`mH$m§Mr g_ñ`m

EH$ _hÎdnyU© amOH$s` g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmbr. àmo\o$ga hþ_m`y± H$~ra `m§À`m _Vo, ""bmoH$emhr

ì`dñWoÀ`m A{V[aº$ AÝ` ì`dñWo_Üò Aëng§»`mH$m§Mm H$moUVm àíZM {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr.''

bmoH$emhr hr EH$ Aer ì`dñWm Amho H$s, {VÀ`m A§VJ©V {d{dY àH$maÀ`m Abng§»`m§H$m§Zm

AmoiIbo OmVo Am{U g_mZ ê$nmV Ë`m§À`mgmo~V ì`dhma H$aÊ`mg ~mÜ` Ho$bo OmVo. bmoH$emhrÀ`m

j_VoMr AmoiI hr Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m gmo~VÀ`m g_mZ qH$dm gma»`m ì`dhmamda AmYmarV

AgVo. gd©gÎmmË_H$ ì`dñWoÀ`m A§VJ©V Aëng§»`mH$m§Mo H$moUVoM ñWmZ ZgVo. Ë`m_wioM

Aëng§»`mH$m§Mr g_ñ`m hr bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoMr g_ñ`m Amho.

Encyclopedia Britanica _Üò Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m g§X^m©V {dñV¥V {ddaU H$aUmam

boI 1953 _Üò àH$m{eV Pmbm.

ì`m»`mì`m»`mì`m»`mì`m»`m

1. BZgm`Šbmo{nS>r`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m - ""Aëng§»`m§H$ EH$ g_yhmÀ`m ê$nmV gm_mÝ`nUo ^mfm

qH$dm Ym{_©H$ {dídmg Am{U AZw yVr Or amOH$s` gÎmoÀ`m A§VJ©V ~hþg§»`mH$m§nojm {^Þ

AgyZXoIrb ~m§Ybm amhVmo.''

2. Sociologist Louis Wirth defined a minority group as 'a group of people

who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics are signled

out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and

unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects

of collective discrimination.'13

^maVr` g§{dYmZmMo {eënH$ma S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr Aëng§»`mH$m§Mr g§H$ënZm

ñnï> H$aVmZm åhUmbo H$s, "Aëng§»`mH$' eãX Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m Vm§{ÌH$ VÏ`mZm§M àñVwV

H$arV Zmhr Va Aem Aëng§»`mH$m§ZmXoIrb àñVwV Ho$bo OmVo H$s Oo gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U ^m{fH$

Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZgwÓm Aëng§»`mH$ AmhoV.' Aem ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§Mo g_yh H$s, Á`mMr ^mfm

196196196196

hr amÁ`mÀ`m ^mfonojm doJir AgVo qH$dm {Oëhm dm VmbwŠ`mÀ`m ^mfonojm {^Þ AgVo.

{~«Q>re H$mimnmgyZM ^maVmVrb àm§VmÀ`m ^mfoÀ`m AmYmamda {d^m{OV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV

Ambm. ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va amÁ`nwZa©MZm Am`moJ 29 {S>g|~a 1953 amoOr ñWmnZ

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m Am`moJmZo 1955 _Üò Amnë`m AhdmbmV ^m{fH$ AmYmamda amÁ`m§À`m gr_m

{ZYm©arV H$aÊ`mV `mì`mV `mda â {Xbm. Ë`mZwgma 1956 _Üò ^mfoÀ`m AmYmamda amÁ`m§Mr

nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr d ^m{fH$ amÁ` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_wioM ^m{fH$

Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m g_ñ`m _moR>çm à_mUmV H$_r Pmë`m Ago dmQ>V Agbo Var AmOhr hr g_ñ`m

H$m`_ Amho.

amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJmZwgma EH$ ^m{fH$ amÁ` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZo H$Zm©Q>H$

amÁ`mV _amR>r `m ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Jobr 58 df} ho _amR>r ^m{fH$

Aëng§»`mH$ AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zr J«mgbo AmhoV. ~hþg§»`mH$ ^m{fH$ KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm gVV

doJionUmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo, Ë`m§Zm h¸$ Am{U A{YH$ma `mnmgyZ d§{MV R>odUo, Ë`m§À`mda X~md,

XheV {Z_m©U H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vrda AmH«$_U H$aUo B. AZoH$ AÝ`m` Am{U AË`mMma

Aëng§»`mH$m§da Ho$bo OmV AmhoV.

H|$ÐmÀ`m ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ H$m`X`mZwgma H$moUË`mhr {OëømV EImÚm ^mfoMo bmoH$

15% nojm OmñV AgVrb Va Ë`m§Mr amÁ`H$ma^ma ^mfm, H$m`Xm Am{U amÁ` emgZmZo H$mT>bobr

H$mJXnÌmg§~§YrMr n[anÌHo$, AmXoe ho Ë`m§À`m ^mfoV nwa{dUo gº$sMo AgVmZm gr_m^mJmV Ë`m

H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ hmoVmZm {XgV Zmhr. (KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 14, 16, 19, 29, 30, 345, 350

H$b_) nmdbmonmdbr BWë`m _amR>r _mUgmÀ`m KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$mam§Mr nm`_„r H$mZS>r gaH$ma

H$aV Amho.14

H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mV _amR>r ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ Agbo Var gr_m^mJmV _amR>r ^m{fH$

ZmJ[aH$m§Mr g§»`m H$ÞS> ^m{fH$m§nojm {H$VrVar A{YH$ Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`H$ma^ma ^mfm H$m`Xm

1963 Zwgma H$ÞS> hr amÁ`^mfm åhUyZ Omhra Pmbr Agbr Var amï´>r` ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$

197197197197

YmoaUmZwgma Á`m {OëømV 15% nojm OmñV bmoH$ amÁ`^mfoÎma _mV¥^mfm AgUmao AmhoV,

Ë`m§À`mgmR>r n`m©` åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m ^mfon¡H$s H$moUË`mhr ^mfoMr amÁ`H$ma^ma ^mfm åhUyZ VaVyX

Ho$br Jobr Zgë`mZo gXa H$m`Xm, amÁ`^mfm Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmZo Ë`m H$m`Úmg§~§Yr àH$m{eV

Ho$bobr n[anÌHo$ Am{U AmXoe ho gd© ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m g§X^m©V amï´>r` YmoaUm§À`m {dê$Ó,

KQ>Zm{dê$Ó Am{U åhUyZM AZ{YH¥$V d ~oH$m`Xm R>aVmV. emio_Üò H$ÞS> ^mfm {eH$Ê`mMr BÀN>m

ZgUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm gº$sZo {df` XoUo åhUOo KQ>ZoZo XoemMo ZmJ[aH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm ~hmb

Ho$boë`m ì`{º$ñdmV§Í`mdaM JXm AmUÊ`mgmaIo Amho.

4.4.4.4.6666.1.1 Aëng§»`mH$ .1.1 Aëng§»`mH$ .1.1 Aëng§»`mH$ .1.1 Aëng§»`mH$ ---- KQ>ZoVrb VaVyXKQ>ZoVrb VaVyXKQ>ZoVrb VaVyXKQ>ZoVrb VaVyX

bmoH$emhr à{H«$òV ~hþ_V Am{U ~hþg§»`mH$ `m§Mo g_rH$aU OwiyZ Aëng§»`mH$m§da

~hþg§»`mH$m§Mr hþHw$_emhr àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo Ym{_©H$

ñdmV§Í`mBVHo$M e¡j{UH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ h¸$, Ë`m§Mr Apñ_Vm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo d

nyaH$ h¸$ AmhoV. g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»`mH$m§Mm bmoH$emhr nÓVrV nS>Umam à^md bjmV KoVm

Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m h¸$m§Mo OVZ hmoUo amï>r` EH$moß`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo hmoVo `mMr OmUrd

KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm Agë`mZo ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _yb yV A{YH$mam_Üò H$b_ 29 d 30 `m_Üò

Ë`m{df`rMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho.

H$b_ 29H$b_ 29H$b_ 29H$b_ 29

1. ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`joÌmV qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV amhUmè`m Á`m H$moUË`mhr

ZmJ[aH$ JQ>mbm Amnbr ñdV:Mr doJir ^mfm, {bnr dm g§ñH¥$Vr Agob Ë`mbm Vr

OVZ H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ Agob.

2. amÁ`mH$Sy>Z Mmb{dë`m OmUmè`m qH$dm amÁ` {ZYrVyZ ghmæ` {_iV Agboë`m

H$moUË`mhr e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoV H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mg Ho$di Y_©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm

`m qH$dm `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr H$maUmdê$Z àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr.

198198198198

H$b_H$b_H$b_H$b_ 30303030

1. Y_© qH$dm ^mfm `m {ZH$fm§Zwgma Aëng§»`m§H$ Agboë`m gd© dJmªZm Amnë`m

ng§VrÀ`m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm ñWmnÊ`mMm d Ë`m§Mo àemgZ H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ Agob.

1[ (1) I§S> (1) _Üò {Z{X©ï> Ho$ë`mà_mUo EImÚm Aëng§»`mH$ dJm©Zo ñWmnZ

Ho$boë`m d àemgboë`m e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoMr H$moUVrhr _mb_Îmm gº$sZo g§nmXZ

H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aUmam H$moUVmhr H$m`Xm H$aVmZm amÁ` Aem _mb_ÎmoÀ`m

g§nmXZm~Ôb Aem H$m`X`mZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m qH$dm Ë`mImbr R>adboë`m

aH$_o_wio, Ë`m I§S>mImbr h_r {Xbobm A{YH$ma {Z~ª{YV qH$dm {ZamH¥$V hmoUma

Zmhr, Aem àH$maMr Vr a¸$_ Amho, `m~Ôb ImÌr H$ê$Z KoB©b. ]

2. e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Zm ghmæ` XoVmZm amÁ`, EImXr e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm hr Y_© qH$dm

^mfm `m {ZH$fmZwgma Aëng§»`mH$ Agboë`m EImÚm dJm©À`m ì`dñWmnZmImbr

Amho, `m H$maUmdê$Z {Vbm à{VHy$b hmoB©b AemàH$mao oX^md H$aUma Zmhr.15

Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m h¸$m§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð nmVirda amï´>r` Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJ d

amÁ`nmVirda amÁ` Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJ H$m`©aV AgyZ `m Am`moJmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ^m{fH$,

Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`mH$m§Mo A{YH$ma gwa{jV R>odbo OmVmV. `mg§X^m©V ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m

350 I _Üò VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

350 I 1) ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ g_mOmH$[aVm EH$ {deof A{YH$mar Agob d Vmo amï´>nVrZo

{Z`wº$ H$amd`mMm Agob.

2) ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ g_mOmH$[aVm `m g§{dYmZmImbr Cn~§{YV Ho$boë`m g§ajU

VaVwXrg§~§YrÀ`m gd© ~m~tMo AÝdofU H$aUo d amï´>nVr {ZX}{eV H$arb Aem

H$mbm§VamJ{UH$ Ë`m ~m~rg§~§Yr amï´>nVrbm Ahdmb XoUo ho {deof A{YH$mè`m§Mo

H$V©ì` Agob Am{U amï´>nVr Ago gd© Ahdmb g§gXoÀ`m àËòH$ g^mJ¥hmg_moa

1 (""g§{dYmZ (MìdoMmirgmdr gwYmaUm) A{Y{Z`_ 1978'' H$b_ 4 Ûmao I§S> 1 (H$) KmVbm (20 OyZ 1979) amoOr d VoìhmnmgyZ )

199199199199

R>odÊ`mMr Am{U g§~§{YV amÁ`mÀ`m emgZmH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mMr VOdrO H$arb.

darb VaVwXrZwgma amï´>nVrZm ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ g_mOmH$[aVm Am`moJ Zo_Ê`mMm

A{YH$ma Agob. `m Am`moJmV AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j d Mma gXñ` Ago EHy$U ghm gXñ` g_m{dï>

AgVmV..

Am`moJmMr H$m`}Am`moJmMr H$m`}Am`moJmMr H$m`}Am`moJmMr H$m`}

1. H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` emgZm§VJ©V Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m dmQ>MmbrMo

_yë`_mnZ H$aUo.

2. amÁ`KQ>Zm Am{U H$m`Xo_§S>i d amÁ` {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgma {Xbobo

A{YH$ma d h¸$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr d nmbZ hmoVo H$m` `mMr VnmgUr H$aUo.

3. Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambobo A{YH$ma d h¸$m§Mo ajU `m§À`m n[aUm_H$maH$

A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r {e\$maer H$aUo.

4. Aëng§»`mH$m§Mo g§ajU Am{U Ë`m§À`m h¸$mg§X^m©V {\$`m©Xr, VH«$mar bjmV

KoD$Z g§~§{YV A{KH$mar d {d^mJmH$S>o Ver Mm¡H$er d gyMZm H$aUo.

5. Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m {damoYmV Ho$bobo oX^md d Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g_ñ`m d

Ë`m§Mr H$maUo `m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mda Cnm``moOZmË_H$ {e\$maer H$aUo.

6. Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmer g§~§{YV àíZm§Mo

g§emoYZ d {díbofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgmMo Am`moOZ H$aUo.

7. H|$Ð qH$dm amÁèmgZmH$Sy>Z Aëng§»`mH$m§Mr OZJUZm Ho$br OmVo, Voìhm

Ë`mg§X^m©V `mo½` gyMZm H$aUo.

8. Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m _w»` g_ñ`m qH$dm {d{eï> àíZmda {deof Ahdmb H|$Ð

gaH$maH$S>o nmR>dUo.

9. H|$Ð gaH$maZo hmVr KoVboë`m {d{eï> CnH«$_m§g§X^m©V Ahdmb gmXa H$aUo.

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B. H$m`} amï´>r` Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJmbm H$amdr bmJVmV.

4.4.4.4.6666.1.2 ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§~m~V amï´>r` YmoaU.1.2 ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§~m~V amï´>r` YmoaU.1.2 ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§~m~V amï´>r` YmoaU.1.2 ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§~m~V amï´>r` YmoaU11116666

H|$Ðr` e¡j{UH$ g„mJma g{_Vr Am{U ^maV gaH$ma `m§Zr Am°JñQ> 1949 _Üò embo`

{ejU_§Í`m§À`m n[afXo_Üò ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§~m~V amï´>r` YmoaU V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

Ë`m_Üò Agm R>amd g§_V H$aUoV Ambm H$s,

1. H${Zð> ñVamdaVr {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gyMZm Am{U narjm§Mo _mÜ`_ ho Ë`m§À`m

_mV¥^mfoVM Agbo nm{hOo. VgoM Oa {dÚmÏ`mªMr _mV¥^mfm Am{U amÁ`^mfm

doJir Agë`mg Am{U Ë`m emio_Üò H$_rV H$_r 40 {dÚmÏ`mªMr ^mfm

amÁ`^mfonojm doJir Agob d EH$m dJm©V Aem àH$maMo H$_rV H$_r VrZ {dÚmWu

AgVrb Va Ë`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _mV¥^mfoVyZM Ë`m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$m ñdV§Ì

{ejH$mMr {Z`wº$s H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.

2. VgoM H${Zð> ñVamdaVr Am{U B`Îmm {Vgarn`ªVÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm amÁ`^mfoMr

AmoiI H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr gº$s H$aÊ`mV òD$ Zò.

3. VgoM Aem {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mV¥ mfoH$Sy>Z amÁ`^mfoH$S>o di{dVmZm H${Zð> ñVamZ§Va

XmoZ dfm©n`ªV _mV¥^mfoVyZM narjm XoÊ`mMr n`m©`r ì`dñWm H$amdr. Ë`m§Zm

amÁ`^mfoVyZM narjm XoÊ`mMr gº$s H$ê$ Zò.

4. Ë`mM~amo~a _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamda Oa OmñVrV OmñV {dÚmWu ho amÁ`^mfonojm

_mV¥^mfoVyZM {ejU KoUmao AgVrb Am{U Vr g§»`m emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

nwaoer Agob Va Ë`m emim§Mo gyMZm§Mo _mÜ`_ ho _mV¥ mfoVyZM Agob Agm

XoIrb R>amd g§_V H$aUoV Ambm. AemàH$maÀ`m emim Oa ImOJr g§ñWo_m\©$V

gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AgVrb Va Ë`m emim emgZmÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma _mÝ`Vog

Am{U AZwXmZmg nmÌ AgVrb Agmhr R>amd H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

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5. Ë`mM~amo~a EHy$U {dÚmWu g§»òÀ`m 1/3 {dÚmWu ho amÁ`^mfonojm _mV¥^m{fH$

AgVrb Va {OëhmñVamdarb Am{U _hmZJanm{bHo$À`m gd© emim§Zm hm {Z`_

bmJy amhrb.

àmW{_H$ {ejUàmW{_H$ {ejUàmW{_H$ {ejUàmW{_H$ {ejU

1949 À`m {ejU_§Í`m§À`m n[afXo_Üò g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambobo darb R>amd ho ^maVr`

g§{dYmZ H$b_ 21 (gmVdr Xwê$ñVr) 350 (A) Zwgma àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m ~m~VrV darb gd©

{Z`_ ho gd© amÁ`m§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ AgyZ Á`m amÁ`m§Zr AÚm{n bmJy Ho$bobo ZmhrV Ë`m§Zmhr Vo

~§YZH$maH$ AmhoV.

VgoM _hmZJanm{bH$m Am{U VmbwŠ`mÀ`m AIË`marV Aëng§»`mH$ ^m{fH$ ho 15 Vo

20% Oa AgVrb Va Ë`m§Zm gaH$mar ZmoQ>rg Am{U {Z`_ ho Ë`m§À`m _mV¥^mfoVM XoÊ`mV `mdoV

Ago amÁ`nwZa©MZm Am`moJmZo gy{MV Ho$bobo Amho.

^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m~m~V amï´>r` YmoaUm_Ü o àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUm~m~V Á`m

VaVwXr Ho$boë`m AmhoV Ë`m nmhVm AmO H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ë`m VaVwXtMo C„§KZ hmoV

Agë`mMo {XgVo. ~oiJmd, ImZmnya, {M¸$moS>r, hþ o$ar d AWUr `m nmM gr_mdVu VmbwŠ`m§_Ü o

OdiOdi 60 Q>ŠŠ`m§nojm A{YH$ bmoH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$ AgyZ àËòH$ Jmdm_Üò _amR>r emim

AmhoV. _amR>r emimVyZ nwaoer {dÚmWu g§»`m Amho. nU ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ YmoaUmZwgma H$Zm©Q>H$

amÁ`mMm {dMma H$aVm _amR>r ^m{fH$ ho Aëng§»`mH$ R>aVmV. H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm

Aëng§»`mH$ R>a{dbo Iao nU KQ>ZoZo VaVwXr Ho$ë`mà_mUo Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$Zm©Q>H$

gaH$maZo Ho$bobr {XgyZ òV Zmhr. darb nmM VmbwH$`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm àË oH$ JmdmV H$Zm©Q>H$

gaH$maZo nwaoer {dÚmWu g§»`m ZgVmZmhr H$ÞS> emim gwê$ Ho$boë`m AmhoV. `m~m~V _amR>r

^m{fH$m§Mo Xw_V ZgyZ _amR>r emim§_Ü o H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo amÁ`mÀ`m ^mfoMr gº$s H$ê$ Zò.

amï´>r` YmoaUmZwgma AmO àËòH$ JmdmV 60 Vo 65 Q> o$ _amR>r ^m{fH$ AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m _amR>r `m

_mV¥^mfoVyZM {ejU KoÊ`mMr gmo` Agbr nm{hOo. VgoM Ë`m§À`m narjm§Mo _mÜ`_hr _amR>rM Agbo

202202202202

nm{hOo. AJXr àmW{_H$ ñVamdarb bhmZ _wbm§Zm H$ÞS> ^mfoMr gº$s H$aUo åhUOo ^m{fH$

Aëng§»`mH$ AgyZhr Ë`m§Mo h¸$, A{YH$ma {hamdyZ KoUo, Ë`m§À`m ì`{º$JV ñdmV§Í`mda JXm

AmUUo hmo`. Ë`m§À`m _yb yV h¸$m§Mr nm`_„r H$aUo hmo`.

VgoM _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamdagwÓm darb VmbwŠ`mVrb ~hwVm§er IoS>çm§_Üò OmñVrV OmñV

{dÚmWu ho _amR>r ^m{fH$M AgyZ Aem {dÚmÏ`mªZm Ë`m§À`m _mV¥^mfoVyZM {ejU {Xbo nm{hOo d

Ë`m§Mo narjm§Mo _mÜ`_ ho _amR>rM Agbo nm{hOo. BVHo$M ZmhrVa _hmZJanm{bH$m Am{U

VmbwŠ`mÀ`m AIË`marV Aëng§»`mH$ ^m{fH$ ho Oa 15 Vo 20% AgVrb Va Ë`m§Zm gaH$mar

ZmoQ>rg Am{U nÌHo$ ho Ë`m§À`m _mV¥^mfoVyZM XoÊ`mV `mdoV Agohr ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJmZo

gy{MV Ho$bobo AgVmZm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo Ho$di _amR>r ^mfmÛof `m H$maUmñVd ñWm{ZH$

J«m_n§Mm`VrnmgyZ Vo VmbwH$m n§Mm`V, {Oëhm n§Mm`V, nmobrg, H$moQ>©H$Moè`m, _hgyb {d^mJ, drO,

Q>o{b\$moZ, {d_m, n[adhZ B. gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mVrb gd© H$mJXnÌo H$mZS>r ^mfoVM R>odyZ

Aëng§»`mH$m§À`m h¸$m§Mr nm`_„r Ho$br Amho.

`mg§X^m©V gr_mdmgr`m§Mr g§KQ>Zm åhUyZ _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrZo doimodoir `m~m~V

{Oëhm{YH$mar, Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJmH$S>o {ZdoXZo Ho$br AmhoV. nU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo Amnë`m

_Vmer R>m_ amhÿZ A{YH$ Omo_mZo _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr JiMonr H$aÊ`mMo H$mañWmZ gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.

4.4.4.4.6666.1.3 H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMm ImoQ>maS>onUm.1.3 H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMm ImoQ>maS>onUm.1.3 H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMm ImoQ>maS>onUm.1.3 H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMm ImoQ>maS>onUm

H|$Ð gaH$maZo ~oiJmdbm Cn Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho. Jobr {H$ËòH$

df} _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrZo _amR>r d CXy© ^m{fH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ^mfoVyZ gaH$mar H$mJXnÌo

{_imdrV åhUyZ Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJmbm AZoH$ {ZdoXZo {Xbr. Am`moJmZo H$m`ÚmZwgma H$Zm©Q>H$mbm

H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. nU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo Ë`mH$S>o OmUyZ~wOyZ Xwb©j Ho$bo. Vrd« g§Vmn

AmUUmar ~m~ åhUOo H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJmbm nÌ {b{hbo Amho

H$s, Amåhr nydunmgyZ _amR>r gr_m^mJmV gaH$mar H$mJXnÌo _amR>rVyZ XoV AmhmoV Ago ImoQ>o nÌ

{bhÿZ H$m`ÚmMm §J Ho$bm Amho. VgoM Owb¡ 2011 _Üò _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmZo H$Zm©Q>H$

203203203203

gaH$mabm {Xboë`m ZmoQ>rgrbm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo M¸$ ImoQ>o CÎma XoVmZm ""_amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm

Ë`m§À`m ^mfoV H$mJXnÌo {Xbr OmVmV Ago boIr gm§{JVbo Amho.''

^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m~m~VÀ`m amï´>r` YmoaUmV Á`m KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXr {Xë`m AmhoV

Ë`mgwÓm nmië`m OmV ZmhrV. òWrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$mam§Mr nm`_„r hmoV

Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm ^maVr` bmoH$emhr XoemV AgyZgwÓm nmaV§Í`mV Agë`mgmaIo OrdZ OJmdo

bmJV Amho. `m gr_màXoemVrb _amR>r ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr Zï> H$ê$Z H$ÞS> ^mfoMm àgma d àMma

H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma {d{dY fS>`§Ìo am~{dV Agë`m_wio _amR>r ^m{fH$ AmO nmoaH$m

Pmbobm Amho. Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho. Ë`m g_ñ`m nwT>rbà_mUo Z_yX

Ho$boë`m AmhoV.

4.4.4.4.6666.2 e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m.2 e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m.2 e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m.2 e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m

1958 _Üò åh¡gya emgZmZo Mm¡Ï`m B`ÎmonmgyZ H$ÞS> gº$sZo {eH${dÊ`mMo R>a{dbo Voìhm

`m àXoemVrb bmoH$m§Zr, ""òWrb {dÚmÏ`mªMm H$ÞS> ^mfoer Ë`m§À`m nyd©Om§À`m H$mimnmgyZ H$YrM

g§~§Y ZìhVm'' Ago A{^doXZ Ho$bo. 1960 _Üò åh¡gya emgZmZo _amR>r _mÜ`_mVyZ {eH$dUmè`m

{ejH$m§Mr AÜ`mnZj_Vm AmO_mdÊ`mH$[aVm EH$m g{_VrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br hmoVr.

VWm{n g{_VrÀ`m H$moUË`mhr gXñ`mMm _amR>rer n[aM` ZìhVm. _amR>r _mÜ`_mVrb àm`mo{JH$ nmR>

_§S>imMo AÜ`jhr _amR>r ~moby eH$V ZìhVo. Aem n[apñWVrV _amR>r ^m{fH$ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m

{ejUmda Xwîn{aUm_ Pmbm. emim§_Yrb _amR>r _mÜ`_ Agbobo {d^mJ Zï> H$aÊ`mMo d _amR>r

_mÜ`_ Agboë`m {ejH$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Aerhr VH«$ma H$aÊ`mV

Ambr Amho. emgZmZo _amR>r emim§Zm nwadbobo Vºo$, ZH$meo, ànÌo B. gm{hË` H$mZS>rV Agë`m_wio

Ë`m§Mm H$mhrhr Cn`moJ Zmhr. emim CKS>Ê`mÀ`mdoir _amR>r emim§H$[aVm Agbobr nmR>çnwñVHo$

CnbãY H$aVmV Va Vr Mma _{hÝ`m§Zr qH$dm Ë`mhÿZhr A{YH$ H$mbmdYrZ§Va ~mhoa nS>VmV.

Ë`m_wio {ejH$m§Zm Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© H$aUo H$R>rU hmoVo. _amR>r emim§Mr Cnojm hmoV Agë`m_wio

nwîH$igo nmbH$ Amnë`m nmë`m§Zm _hmamï´>mVrb qH$dm h¡Ðm~mX_Yrb emim§V nmR>dV AmhoV.17

204204204204

4.4.4.4.6666.2.1 emim§_Üò H$ÞS> gº$s.2.1 emim§_Üò H$ÞS> gº$s.2.1 emim§_Üò H$ÞS> gº$s.2.1 emim§_Üò H$ÞS> gº$s

1986 À`m H$ÞS>gº$s_wio _amR>r _mÜ`_mÀ`m emio_Üò H$ÞS> hm {df` gº$sMm

H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. nU gr_m^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mr _mV¥^mfm _amR>r Agë`mZo H$ÞS> {df`

AmË_gmV H$aUo AdKS> OmV Amho. VarnU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m H$ÞS> gº$s YmoaUm_wio

B`Îmm 1 br Vo 10 drn`ªV H$ÞS> {df` CÎmrU© hmoÊ`mMo ~§YZ Amho. Ë`m_wio {dÚmWu ZmB©bmOmñVd

`m {df`mMr H$erVar narjm XoVmV Am{U {ejU _§S>imÀ`m namonH$mamZo Mm§Jë`m _mH$m©Zr CÎmrU©hr

hmoVmV. Aem {dÚmÏ`mªZm AmOhr H$ÞS> ^mfm ì`dpñWV {b{hVm oV Zmhr dm ~mobVm òV Zmhr.

nU Amnbr _mV¥^mfm AgUmè`m _amR>r {df`mnojm A{YH$ JwU H$ÞS> {df`mbm nS>VmV.

`m_mJMo H$Zm©Q>H$ {ejU _§S>imMo H$mañWmZ åhUOo gr_m^mJmVrb EH$mhr {dÚmÏ`m©bm H$ÞS>

{df`mV AZwÎmrU© H$am`Mo Zmhr, Ë`mbm H$ÞS> ^mfm {b{hVm, ~mobVm òVo ho XmI{dÊ`mMm H$Zm©Q>H$

gaH$maMm IQ>mQ>mon AgVmo. VgoM H$ÞS> ^mfoMm àgma H$aUo d gr_m^mJmV H$ÞS> ^m{fH$

bmoH$g§»`m dmT>{dUo hmhr gaH$maMm CÔoe g§emoYH$mbm _wbmIVrVyZ {XgyZ Ambm.

gwiJo òWrb ZoVmOr hm`ñHy$bMo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ AemoH$ Mm¡Jwbo gm§JVmV, _amR>r ^m{fH$

_wbm§Zm H$ÞS> ^mfo~Ôb AmXa {Z_m©U H$aUo {ejH$m§Zm namH$mð>oMo H$m_ Amho. {deofH$ê$Z _amR>r

^mJmV Or _wbo àmW{_H$ emioV òVmV Ë`m§Zm A{O~mV H$ÞS> òV Zmhr. n[aUm_r {dÚmWu H$ÞS>

^mfm {eH$Ê`mg CËgwH$ ZgVmV. H$ÞS> ^mfm òV Zgë`mMm n[aUm_ Vo {dÚmWu H$ÞS> ^mfoMm

{VañH$ma H$aVmV.

4.4.4.4.6666.2.2 Eg. Eg. Eb. gr. ~moS>m©Mm.2.2 Eg. Eg. Eb. gr. ~moS>m©Mm.2.2 Eg. Eg. Eb. gr. ~moS>m©Mm.2.2 Eg. Eg. Eb. gr. ~moS>m©Mm oX^mdoX^mdoX^mdoX^md

gr_m^mJmVrb H$ÞS> ^m{fH$m§~amo~aM _amR>r _mÜ`_mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªdahr _mÜ`{_H$ embm§V

narjm à_mUnÌ (Eg. Eg. Eb. gr.) ~moS>m©H$Sy>Z AÝ`m` hmoVmZm {XgyZ òVmo. Xhmdr (Eg. Eg.

Eb. gr.) narjo_Üò {dMmaÊ`mV Amboë`m MwH$sÀ`m àíZm§Zm J«og _mH$mªMr (OmXm JwU) oQ> XoVmZm

H$ÞS> _mÜ`_mgmR>r ghm Va _amR>r _mÜ`_mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Ho$di XmoZ _mH©$ J«og XoÊ`mMm {ZU©`

AÝ`m`H$maH$ R>aVmo. Va {dkmZ {df`mÀ`m àíZn{ÌHo$_Üò VrZ àíZ ho nwñVH$~mø ñdê$nmVrb

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hmoVo. `m_wio _amR>r ^m{fH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoVm Ambr ZmhrV. `mMm n[aUm_ Ë`m§Zm

Amnbo JwU J_m{dÊ`mMr doi Ambr. n`m©` åhUyZ VrZ J«og _mH©$ XoÊ`mV Ambo Va AemM àH$maÀ`m

MwH$m H$ÞS> _mÜ`_mÀ`m J{UV {df`mVhr Pmë`m hmoË`m. na§Vw H$ÞS> {dÚmÏ`mªZm ghm J«og _mH©$

XoÊ`mV Ambo. `mdê$Z _amR>r d H$ÞS> _mÜ`_mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò {ejU ~moS>m©H$Sy>Zhr Om{Udnyd©H$

oXm oX hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. `mdê$Z H$Zm©Q>H$ narjm ~moS>© ^mfoMo amOH$maU H$aV Agbobo

{XgyZ òVo. _amR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm H$_r JwU {_imë`mZo Ë`m§Mr nrN>ohmQ> hmoV Amho.18

4.4.4.4.6666.2.3 amï´>r` ^mfonmgyZ d§{MV.2.3 amï´>r` ^mfonmgyZ d§{MV.2.3 amï´>r` ^mfonmgyZ d§{MV.2.3 amï´>r` ^mfonmgyZ d§{MV

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{_iUma ZmhrV Ago gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZohr H$mhr àH$aUmV gm§{JVbo Agë`mMm XmIbm XodyZ

I§S>nrR>mZo OmV nS>VmiUrMm XmIbm Am{U Anydm©Mr `m{MH$m \o$Q>mibr.24

VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$mV

n[aMm[aHo$Mm Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$boë`m AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm _hmamï´>mV emgH$s` AÜ`mXoemMo H$maU

nwT>o H$ê$Z grB©Q>r àdoe ZmH$maÊ`mV Ambm.

naamÁ`mV Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$bobo _hmamï´>mV ZmoH$argmR>r nmÌ ZmhrV Agm Iwbmgm

àemgZmÀ`mdVrZo H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m_wio gr_m^mJmVrb AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªda AÝ`m` Pmbobm

{XgyZ òVmo. Ë`m§Mr AdñWm "AmB© Oody Km{bZm Am{U ~mn ^rH$ _mJy XoB©Zm' Aer Pmbr Amho.

H$Zm©Q>H$ a{hdmgr XmIbm Zgë`mZo ZmoH$ar Zmhr Va _hmamï´>mV XmIbm AgyZ nXdr H$Zm©Q>H$Mr

Ë`m_wio ZmoH$ar Zmhr.

4.4.4.4.6666.4.4.4.4 àemgH$s` g_ñ`màemgH$s` g_ñ`màemgH$s` g_ñ`màemgH$s` g_ñ`m

àemgZmV H$ÞS> ^mfoMr A§_b~OmdUr `m `moOZoImbr {Oëhm n§Mm`V ~oiJmdbm

931 nÌo H$ÞS>_YyZ Va BVa ^mfo_YyZ 37 nÌo Ambr. {Oëhm n§Mm`VZo EHy$U 1095 nÌo

Ho$di H$ÞS>_YyZM gaH$mabm d {d{dY g§K-g§ñWm§er nÌì`dhma H$aVmZm nmR>{dbr AmhoV.

AÝ` ^mfoVyZ åhUOo B§J«Or_ÜògwÓm OyZ 2011 _Üò EH$hr nÌ nmR>{dbo Zgë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo.

`mdê$Z gr_m^mJmV _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr JiMonr hmoVM Agë`mMo {ZXe©Zmg òVo.

212212212212

{Oëhm n§Mm`VÀ`m H$Zm©Q>H$ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ _m{gH$ AmT>mdm ~¡R>H$s_Ü o gaH$maÀ`m

{d{dY ImË`m§Zm H$ÞS>_Üò {H$Vr nÌo Ambr, BVa ^mfo_YyZ {H$Vr Ambr d Ë`m ImË`mV\}

H$ÞS>_YyZ {H$Vr d BVa ^mfo_YyZ {H$Vr nÌì`dhma Ho$bm `mMm OyZ_Yrb g§nyU© Vnerb H$bm d

g§ñH¥$Vr ImË`mZo {Xbm Amho. A~H$mar Cnm`wº$ ~oiJmd `m§Zm H$ÞS>_YyZ 1034 Va BVa

^mfo_YyZ 37 nÌo Ambobr AmhoV. A~H$mar ImË`mZo 397 nÌo H$ÞS>_YyZ {b{hbobr AmhoV.

Ho$di EH$ nÌ Ë`m§Zr BVa ^mfo_YyZ {b{hbobo Amho. aoer_ CnH$m_Jma Am`wº$, Am`wd}X `moJ,

Z°Mamon°Wr, hmo{_Amon°Wr {d^mJ Cng§MmbH$, {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð ~oiJmd, _{hbm d ~mbH$ë`mU

A{YH$mar `m nmM ImË`m§À`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr {H$Vr nÌo H$ÞS>_Üò d BVa ^mfo_YyZ nmR>{dbr Ë`mMm

VnerbM {Xbobm Zmhr.

{Oëhm g_mO H$ë`mU A{YH$mar, ~oiJmd `m§Zm 736 nÌo H$ÞS>_Üò, BVa ^mfo_YyZ

22 nÌo Ambr Va gXa ImË`mV\}$ 768 nÌo H$ÞS>_YyZ Va BVa ^mfo_YyZ 945 nÌo nmR>dyZ

XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. dmVm© ImË`mbm H$ÞS>_YyZ 130 nÌo Ambr Va H$ÞS>_YyZ 150 nÌo

nmR>{dbr AmhoV. EH$hr nÌ BVa ^mfo_YyZ {b{hÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr. `mdê$Z dmVm© ImË`mZo

H$ÞS>Mr A§_b~OmdUr e§â Q> o$ Ho$ë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. Va {Oëhm Zm|XUr A{YH$mè`m§Zr 198 nÌo

H$ÞS>_Üò Va BVa ^mfoVyZ 45 nÌo Ambr AmhoV. 125 nÌo BVa ^mfo_YyZ {b{hÊ`mV Amë`mMr

_m{hVr CnbãY Pmbr Amho. `mdê$Z H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma H$mZS>r ^mfoMm àMma d àgma H$aÊ`mg d

Ë`mMr gº$s H$aÊ`mMr H$moUVrhr g§Yr gmoS>V Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r BVa ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§Mr

H$moUVrhr H$Xa Ë`mgmR>r Ho$br OmV Zmhr.

4.4.4.4.6666.4.1 H$ÞS> gº$sMo Xwîn[aUm_.4.1 H$ÞS> gº$sMo Xwîn[aUm_.4.1 H$ÞS> gº$sMo Xwîn[aUm_.4.1 H$ÞS> gº$sMo Xwîn[aUm_

_amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m BÀN>o{dê$Ó Ë`m§À`mda H$ÞS> ^mfoMr gº$s H$ê$Z hiyhiy Ë`m§Mr {bnr,

^mfm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma H$arV Amho. H$ÞS> ^mfm {eH$Ê`mMr

BÀN>m ZgUmè`m ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§da Vr ^mfm {eH$Ê`mMr gº$s H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m

ì`º$sñdmV§Í`mda JXm AmUÊ`mgmaIo Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m ZyVZ ^mfm YmoaUm§Zwgma H$ÞS>

213213213213

^m{fH$ {dÚmWu H$ÞS>, B§J«Or qH$dm qhXr `m ^mfm {eHy$ eH$Vmo. na§Vw H$ÞS>oÎma ^m{fH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm

_mV¥^mfm, B§J«Or qH$dm qhXr d H$ÞS> Aem ^mfm {eH$mì`m bmJVmV. EImÚmbm Ë`mMr _mV¥^mfm

{eH$m`Mr Agob Va Ë`mda H$ÞS> gº$s Va AmhoM, na§Vw B§J«Or qH$dm qhXr `mn¡H$s EH$ ^mfm

gmoS>mdr bmJVo. Am{U g_Om EImÚmbm `m XmoÝhr ^mfm {eH$m`À`m AgVrb Va _mV¥^mfoVyZ {ejU

gmoS>mdo bmJob Aemdoir {bnr, ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr {Q>H${dUo gmh{OH$M H$R>rU OmVo. åhUyZ ho e¡j{UH$

YmoaU H$b_ 29 Ûmao {_imboë`m KQ>ZmË_H$ _yb yV h¸$m§Mo haU H$aUmao Amho.

~oiJmd_Yrb H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm A~m{YV amhmdr `mgmR>r ehamVrb Zm_\$bH$,

gyMZm\$bH$ Mma ^mfoV bmdÊ`mV `mdoV Agm R>amd gd©^m{fH$ ZJagodH$m§Zr _hmnm{bH$m ~¡R>H$sV

EH$_VmZo nmg Ho$bm. nU àemgZmZo `m R>amdmMr A§_b~OmdUr Z H$aVm \$º$ H$mZS>r ^mfoVrbM

\$bH$ bmdbo OmV AmhoV. OZVoÀ`m ^mdZm§Mm AmXa H$ê$Z bmoH$à{V{ZYtZr g^mJ¥hmV R>amd

Ho$bm. nU _amR>r Ûofm_wio _hmZJanm{bHo$Vrb àemgH$s` A{YH$mar Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aV

ZmhrV.

{Oëhm J«§Wmb`, H¥$fr ImË`mMo g§`wº$ g§MmbH$, {Oëhm gm§p»`H$s A{YH$mar, ghH$ma

ImË`mMo Cn{Z~§YH$, yJ © d I{ZO, _Ëñ` ImVo, newd¡ÚH$s` ImVo, {Oëhm {ejUm{YH$mar,

dZ Cng§ajUm{YH$mar, {Oëhm ghH$mar XyY CËnmXH$ g§K, {Oëhm {d_m A{KH$mar BË`mXr

ImË`m§Zr Amnë`m nÌì`dhmam§Mm Vnerb {Xbobm Zmhr. VmbwH$m n§Mm`VrMo B{Vd¥Îm d ~¡R>H$sÀ`m

ZmoQ>rgm _amR>r ^mfo_Üò XoÊ`mV `mì`mV Aer _mJUr _amR>r g^mgXmH$Sy>Z Ho$br Jobr. nU Ë`mH$S>o

Xwb©j Ho$bo Jobo. _amR>r ^mfo_Üò B{Vd¥Îm Z {Xë`m_wio VmbwH$m n§Mm`V gXñ`m§Zm MM}_Üò ^mJ

KoÊ`mg AS>Wim òVmo. g§JUH$ Z {_iÊ`mMo H$maU àemgZmH$Sy>Z nwT>o Ho$bo OmVo. H$mhrdoim

AIoaÀ`m jUr B{Vd¥Îm _amR>rVyZ XoÊ`mV òVo. Ë`m_Üò Ajå` MwH$m AgVmV. Ë`m_wio bmoH$emhr

_mJm©Zo {ZdS>yZ Amboë`m g^mgXm§Zm ~¡R>H$s_Üò ^mJ KoÊ`mg AS>Wim òVmo. `m~m~VMr I§V

n§Mm`V gXñ` gwaoe amOyH$a, am_M§Ð Hw$Ðo_ZrH$a, àVmn H$moir, a_oe ~oiJmdH$a, {gÓmßnm N>Ìo,

_mê$Vr âJmÊUmMo B. Zr ì`º$ Ho$bo.

214214214214

gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mV _amR>r ^mfoVyZ {Xbobo VH«$ma AO© pñdH$mabo OmV ZmhrV,

H$maU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo gr_m^mJmV _amR>r ^mfmM R>odm`Mr Zmhr Ago R>a{dbo Amho. nmobrg R>mUo,

gaH$mar d {Z_gaH$mar H$Moè`m, gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm, ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm òWo _amR>r ^mfoVyZ AO© Ho$bm

Va H$mZS>r A{YH$mar Vmo AO© \o$Hy$Z XoVmo qH$dm \$mSy>Z Q>mH$Vmo. H$ÞS> ^mfoV AO© {bhm, Aer V§~r

{Xbr OmVo. Ë`m_wio H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma d gaH$mar A{YH$mar `m§Zr gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r bmoH$m§Mo OrUo

_wpíH$b Ho$bo Amho.25

Ë`mMà_mUo {d{dY joÌmV ZmoH$argmR>r gr_mdmgr`m§Zr Ho$bobo AO© ho Oa

_amR>rV AgVrb Va Vo AO© N>mZZrVyZ CS>{dbo OmVmV. Am{U Oa B§J«Or_Üò Ho$boVa

_wbmIVrdoir VwPr _mV¥^mfm H$moUVr? VwPo {ejU H$moUË`m ^mfoVyZ Pmbo Amho? H$ÞS> òVo H$m?

gr_m^mJmVrb Amhog H$m? Ago AZoH$ àíZ {dMmabo OmVmV. Am{U ZmoH$arnmgyZ Ë`mbm Xya

R>odVmV. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Ago Ag§»` gr_m^mJmVrb Vê$U Cƒ {ejU dm ZmoH$arnmgyZ d§{MV

amhVmV d eodQ>r nmoQ>mnmÊ`mMm àíZ dm Hw$Qw>§~mMm JmS>m Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r hbŠ`m àVrMr H$m_o dm

ì`dgm` H$aVmV. Ë`m_Üò Jd§S>rH$m_, g|Q´>tJ, _Oya, H$m_Jma, doQ>a, S´>m`ìha, h_mb VgoM

nmZnÅ>r, \$m¡S´>t, dopëS>¨J B. N>moQ>o _moR>o ì`dgm` H$aVmZm {XgVmV. `mMm n[aUm_ Aem Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr

Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr X`Zr` ~Zbobr {XgyZ òVo ~aoMgo ~oH$ma `wdH$ ì`gZm§À`m

Amhmar OmVmV. Va Xm[aÐ`m_wio AZoH$ nmbH$m§À`mg_moa _wbrÀ`m {ddmhmgmR>r hþ§S>çmMr g_ñ`m

{Z_m©U hmoVo. Aem AZoH$ g_ñ`m§_wio Hw$Qw§~mMo ñdmñÏ` {~KS>Vo, Ë`m§Mm n[aUm_ g_mOmÀ`m

èhmgmda hmoVmo.

4.4.4.4.6666.4.2 gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mVhr _amR>r ^mfoMr JiMonr.4.2 gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mVhr _amR>r ^mfoMr JiMonr.4.2 gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mVhr _amR>r ^mfoMr JiMonr.4.2 gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mVhr _amR>r ^mfoMr JiMonr

H$Zm©Q>H$ emgZmMo H$m`Xo, {Z`_ qH$dm n[anÌHo$ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm _amR>rVyZ CnbãY hmoV

ZmhrV. _mb_Îmm§Mo XmIbo (àm°nQ>u EŠñQ´>°ŠQ>), h¸$nÌHo$ (aoH$m°S>© Am°\$ amB©Q>g²), drO ~rb,

aoeZH$mS>©, ~g d aoëdo AmajU \$m°åg©, nmoñQ>, ~±H$m, gaH$mar d ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` H$m`m©b`mVrb

AO©, {dÚmÏ`mªZm bmJUmao AOmªMo Z_wZo `m{edm` BVa H$mJXnÌo _wÔm_hÿZ H$ÞS>_Üò N>mnbr

OmVmV. Ë`m_wio _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMm hm

215215215215

VwKbH$s H$ma^ma bmoH$emhrda Kmbm KmbUmam AgyZ hr Owb_r amOdQ> B§J«Om§nojmhr AË`mMmar

Amho. `mg§X^m©V gr_mbT>çmMo Áòð> ZoVo S>m°. EZ. S>r. nmQ>rb åhUVmV, ""ñdmV§Í`nyd©H$mimV

{~«Q>rem§Zr ^maVr`m§da OodT>o AË`mMma Ho$bo, {VVHo$M AË`mMma gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ^mfH$m§da

H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo Ho$bo AmhoV. gr_mdmgr`m§darb AÝ`m` nmhÿZ Amåhr B§J«Om§À`m H$mimVM amhV

AmhmoV.''26

^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_iyZ OdiOdi 65 df} CbQ>br Varhr gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r

^m{fH$ nmaV§Í`mV Amho. AmOhr Ë`mbm Agwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm OmUdVo Amho. amoOramoQ>rMm àíZ

Ë`mÀ`mg_moa C^m Amho. bmoH$emhr ^maVm_Üò Ë`m§Mo h¸$, A{YH$mam§Mr nm`_„r Pmbr Amho.

H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Ë`m§Mo ^m{fH$ emofU, {nidUyH$ H$aV Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Jwbm_mà_mUo

dmJUyH$ XoV AgyZ doimodoir g§Yr {_iVmM H$gm`mà_mUo PmoS>nyZ H$mT>Vmo Amho. Aem à{V{H«$`m

g§emoYH$mOdi AZoH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr ì`º$ Ho$ë`m.

4.4.4.4.6666.4.3 H$mZS>r gº$s_wio Iw§Q>Umam {dH$mg Am{U X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrb AS>MUr.4.3 H$mZS>r gº$s_wio Iw§Q>Umam {dH$mg Am{U X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrb AS>MUr.4.3 H$mZS>r gº$s_wio Iw§Q>Umam {dH$mg Am{U X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrb AS>MUr.4.3 H$mZS>r gº$s_wio Iw§Q>Umam {dH$mg Am{U X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrb AS>MUr

gd©M H$mJXnÌo åhUOo _mb_ÎmoMr H$mJXnÌo, OÝ_, _¥Ë`y Zm|XUr, gmV~mam CVmao, {d{dY

emgH$s` AO©, XwH$mZm§darb Am{U ~gdarb nmQ>çm H$mZS>rV Agë`m_wio _amR>r _mUgmbm

gr_m^mJmV X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma H$aUo AdKS> Pmbo Amho. AZoH$doim gaH$maMo {Z`_, H$m`Xo g_OV

Zgë`mZo {Z`_, H$m`Xo nmibo OmV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio {Z`_, H$m`Xo nmibo Z Joë`mZo H$madmB©Mm

~S>Jm CJmam`bmgwÓm gaH$ma _mJonwT>o nmhV Zmhr. gaH$maÀ`m `moOZmgwÓm òWrb ñWm{ZH$ OZVobm

H$iV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio oWrb OZVoMm {dH$mg hmoV Zmhr Ago ~è`mM OUm§Zr gm§{JVbo.

Va H$ÞS>gº$sÀ`m A{VaoH$mMo CXmhaU bjmV KoVbo Va òWrb H$ÞS> bmoH$ {H$Vr {dÛdofr AmhoV

Vo H$iyZ òB©b. Va ~oiJmdÀ`m {gìhrb hm°pñnQ>b_Üò "Vwåhr H$ÞS> ~mobbmV Va Vw_À`mH$S>o

Ëdarb bj {Xbo OmB©b' Agm \$bH$M bmdbm Amho.27

Ë`m_wio BWë`m n[apñWVr{df`r ^mî`

H$aVmZm EH$ gw{e{jV J¥hñW åhUmbo, _hmamï´>mMr gmW hdr hmo. BWë`m _amR>rMr n[apñWVr {~H$Q>

Amho. gaH$maZo _wÔm_ bmMma H$aÊ`mMm {dS>m CMbbm`, ZmoH$è`m ZmhrV, Y§Xo ZmhrV, b¾ H$am`bm

Ka d eoVr {dH$Vmo, N>moQ>m Y§Xm gwê$ Ho$bm. nU gaH$mar H$m_ Ambo H$s gd© R>ßn nS>Vo. H$maU

216216216216

_amR>r _mUgm§Mr \$mB©b Q>o~bmda {\$aV amhVo, n¡go KoVbo OmVmV, N>i hmoVmo, _wbm§Zm ZmoH$è`m

{_iV ZmhrV. gJirH$S>o S>mdbbo OmVo. AmdmOm§Zr d Cƒmam§Zr Amåhr _amR>r Amho ho H$ibo H$s

\$º$ Ûof ngaVmo.

4.4.4.4.6666.5.5.5.5 amOH$s` g_ñ`mamOH$s` g_ñ`mamOH$s` g_ñ`mamOH$s` g_ñ`m

1957 nmgyZ Pmboë`m {dYmZg oÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$s_Üò _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrZo Amnbm

à^md XmI{dbm Amho. nU bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo hmoUmè`m {ZdS>UwH$s_Üòhr _amR>r ^m{fH$ C_oXdmam§Zm

Ìmg H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU H$ÞS>rJm§Zr Adb§~bobo {XgyZ òVo. gZ 1985 _Üò amOm^mD$ _mZo ho

_hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrMo C_oXdma {dYmZg obm C o AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m {damoYmV Vã~b

301 C_oXdma C o H$ê$Z {ZdS>UwH$sg_moa noMàg§J {Z_m©U Ho$bm hmoVm. Varhr amOm^mD$ _mZo

`m§Zr 33,139 _Vo KoD$Z {dO` g§nmXZ Ho$bm.

~oiJmd {OëømVrb EHy$U 485 J«m_n§Mm`Vrn¡H$s ImZmnya, ~oiJmd, hþ o$ar, {M¸$moS>r

d AWUr VmbwŠ`mVrb J«m_n§Mm`Vr_Üò _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mo n`m©`mZo _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrMo

qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$ AmKmS>rMo dM©ñd Amho. AZoH$ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mo J«m_n§Mm`VrV ~hþ_V

AgVmZmhr AÜ`j Am{U CnmÜ`j {ZdSUwH$sMo \$m°åg© d BVa H$mJXnÌo Ho$di H$ÞS>_Üò

Agë`mZo _amR>r ^m{fH$ C_oXdmam§Mo Zm_{ZX}eZ \$m°åg© AnmÌ hmoVmV d H$ÞS> ^m{fH$ C_oXdma

Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~t_wio {~Z{damoY {ZdSy>Z òVmo. H|$Ð d amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm g§nyU©

{ZdS>UwH$sMr H$mJXnÌo _amR>r ^mfoVyZ {Xbr nm{hOoV Agm AmXoe H$mT>bm AgVmZmhr H$Zm©Q>H$

gaH$ma OmUrdnyd©H$ Xwb©j H$aVo.

_VXma `mÚm V`ma H$aUo, _VXma `mXrV Zmd XmIb H$aUo qH$dm Zmd H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r

AgUmao AO© {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo \$º$ H$ÞS> ^mfoVM R>odë`mZo _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr AZoH$doim

J¡agmo` hmoVo. _VXmam§À`m hmoUmè`m J¡agmo`r~amo~aM _VXma `mXr H$ÞS> ^mfoVyZM à{gÓ hmoV

Agë`mZo _VXma `mXrV Zmd Zgboë`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {ZdS>UwH$sdoirM Amnbo _VXma `mXrV Zmd

Zgë`mMo g_OVo. Ë`m_wio ñdV§Ì ^maVmVrb bmoH$emhr à{H«$òVrb AË`§V _m¡ë`dmZ AgUmè`m

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gm{hpË`H$mbm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo dm _hmamï´> gaH$maZo `Wmo{MV Jm¡ad dm gÝ_mZ XodyZ Jm¡a{dë`mMo

{XgyZ òV Zmhr. `mdê$Z gr_m^mJmVrb gm{hpË`H$m§Mr nadS>M Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo.

S>m°. ^r_amd JñVr, _hmXod _moao, Eb. Ama. Mm¡Jbo, B§{Xam g§V, S>m°. AÀ`wV _mZo B.

gm{hpË`H$m§Zr Amnë`m boIZrÛmao g_mO KS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. na§Vw `m gdmªMr CnojmM

Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo.

4.4.4.4.6666.8 gr_m^mJmV nmobrgr AË`mMma.8 gr_m^mJmV nmobrgr AË`mMma.8 gr_m^mJmV nmobrgr AË`mMma.8 gr_m^mJmV nmobrgr AË`mMma

Jobr 55-60 df} H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m nmobrgm§Zr ~oiJmd Am{U gr_m^mJmVë`m _amR>r

^m{fH$m§da gmVË`mZo AË`mMma Ho$bo AmhoV. dmñV{dH$ H$m`Xm Am{U gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMr,

gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m Or{dVmMo ajU H$aÊ`mMr KQ>ZmË_H$ O~m~Xmar amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m nmobrg

{d^mJmMr Amho. _mÌ ho ImH$s dXuVrb nmobrg gm_mÝ` OZVodaM AË`mMma Am{U Owbw_ H$arV

AmhoV. _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr Amnë`m AÝ`m`m{damoYmV Á`m Á`m doir bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo _moM}, {ZXe©Zo,

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Am§XmobZo, gË`mJ«h, _oimdo, amñVm amoH$mo Am`mo{OV Ho$bo Ë`m Ë`m doir `m gaH$mar nmobrgm§Zr

Ë`m§À`mda bmR>r_ma, ~oNy>Q> Jmoir~ma, ImoQ>çm Ho$gog B. Ûmao AÝ`m`mMr n[agr_m JmR>br Amho.

nmobrgr AË`mMmamV AZoH$m§Mr S>moH$s \w$Q>br, aº$mMo nmQ> dm{hbo, hmVnm` _moSy>Z AmO {H$ËòH$OU

A§Wê$Umda nS>bo, _mVm-^{JZtZm d¡Yì` Ambooo. Va {H$ËòH$OU hþVmË_o Pmbo. ~è`mMdoiobm _amR>r

^m{fH$ XwH$mZXmam§Zm Ìmg XodyZ bmR>rh„m Ho$bobm Amho. JmS>rdê$Z OmUmè`m àdmemZm§hr {dZmH$maU

JmS>r AS>dyZ Ho$di _amR>r ^m{fH$ åhUyZ Ìmg XoUo, H$ÞS>_Üò {eì`m XoUo Am{U H$mJXnÌo _mJUo,

nwaoer H$mJXnÌo XoD$Zhr n¡emMr _mJUr H$aUo, Z Pmë`mg X§S> AmH$maUo d Ho$gog H$aUo dm nmobrgr

B§Jm XmI{dUo B. àH$ma H$Zm©Q>H$ nmobrg H$aVmZm {XgyZ òVmV. EdT>oM ZmhrVa â añË`mda

H$m`ÚmMm amOamognUo _wS>Xm nmS>Umè`m ~oiJmdÀ`m nmobrgm§Zr Z Pmboë`m IwZm~Ôb ~mam _amR>r

^m{fH$m§da ^maVr` X§S> {dYmZmÀ`m 302 H$b_mÝdò JwÝho Zm|X{dÊ`mMm {dH«$_M Ho$bm Amho.

AmO ~oiJmdmV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr nmobrgm§À`m N>mdUrMo {MÌ nhmd`mg {_iV AgyZ Ë`m§Mr

H$aS>r ZOa Ho$di _amR>r ^m{fH$m§daVrM Agbobr {XgyZ òVo. gr_m^mJmV H$moR>ohr gr_m_oimdm

Agmo, amñVm amoH$mo Agmo, gË`mJ«h, CnmofU, 1 Zmoìh|~aMm "H$mim {XZ' Agmo Aemdoir

~oiJmd_Üò H$S>oH$moQ> nmobrg ~§Xmo~ñV R>odbm OmVmo. ~oiJm_Üò H$moR>ohr H$moUË`mhr H$maUmZo X§Jb

KSy>Z Amë`mg Ë`mMo n[aUm_ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§ZmM ^moJmdo bmJVmV. `mMo H$maU ~oiJmd nmobrg

_amR>r ^m{fH$m§MmM nmR>bmJ H$aVmV, _maPmoS> H$aVmV, Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$ê$Z OZmdamà_mUo _mahmU

H$aVmV. _mOr _hmnm¡a lr. _mbmoOr Aï>oH$a `m§Zr g§emoYH$mbm gm§{JVbo H$s, ""~oiJmd nmobrgm§Zr

àËòH$doim _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da ImoQ>çm Ho$gog XmIb Ho$ë`m AmhoV. na§Vw AÚmn Ë`m_Yrb EH$hr

Ho$g gË`mV CVabobr Zmhr.'' `mdê$Z gaH$mar nmobrgm§Mr AÝ`m`r, AË`mMmar dmJUyH$ {H$Vr

^`mZH$ Amho ho `mdê$Z {XgyZ òVo.

{X. 4 {S>g|~a 2012 amoOr _ÜàmÌr òùiya òWo "_hmamï´> amÁ` òùiya' `m _amR>r

Apñ_VoMo àVrH$ _mZë`m Joboë`m \$bH$mMr _moS>VmoS> H$mhr H$ÞS> do{XHo$À`m Jw§S>m§Zr Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ

Amboo. Ë`mdoir H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMo A{YdoeZ d _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm _hmgr_m_oimdm `m YVuda MmoI

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nmobrg ~§Xmo~ñV g§nyU© ~oiJmd eha Am{U òùiya òWo V¡ZmV AgVmZm hr KQ>Zm KS>brM H$er?

hm àíZ AZoH$m§Zm nS>ë`mdmMyZ amhV Zmhr. nU `mMo Iao H$maU ~oiJmd nmobrgm§À`m

Am{edm©XmVyZM ho gd© KS>ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.

4.4.4.4.6666.8.1 gmam~§Xr Am{U nmobrg.8.1 gmam~§Xr Am{U nmobrg.8.1 gmam~§Xr Am{U nmobrg.8.1 gmam~§Xr Am{U nmobrg

gr_m^mJmVrb Odinmg 100 IoS>çm§V _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr

Á`mdoir gm_wXm{`H$[aË`m gmam~§Xr bT>m èñdr H$aÊ`mMm {ZYm©a _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr Ho$bm Ë`mdoir

hm bT>m _moS>rV H$mTy>Z gmam dgwbr H$am`MmM `m hÅ>mZo noQ>boë`m H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo nmobrg

{d^mJmbm OUy AmXoeM gmoS>bo AZ² gmam~§Xr bT>m _moS>rV H$mT>Ê`mMm {dS>mM nmobrgm§Zr hmVr

KoD$Z gr_m^mJmV hmhmH$maM _mOdbm. {~«Q>re amOdQ>rV, naH$s amOdQ>rV nmobrgm§Mr PmoQ>tJemhr,

A_mZwf d amZQ>r àH$ma KS>boë`m gdmªZm _mJo Q>mH$Umao O§Jbr, amjgr àH$ma òùiya òWo

8 \o$~«wdmar Vo 11 \o$~«wdmar 1960 `m Mma {XdgmV KS>bo Vo nmobrgm§Mo àH$ma _mZdVobm H$mir_m

\$mgUmaoM hmoVo. Ë`mdoiMo S>r.Eg.nr. bwB©g Am{U Ë`m§À`m VwH$S>rZo añVmoañVr OZmdam§Zm _maVmV

Ë`mà_mUo AZoH$ {ZanamY ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Jwam§gmaIo PmoS>nyZ H$mT>bo. òùiya Jmdmbm N>mdUrMo ñdê$n

XoD$Z ZmHo$~§Xr Ho$br. KamKamVrb YmÝ` d dñVy ~oH$m`XoeranUo ~mhoa H$mT>ë`m. Ë`mdoir gd©

_amR>r ^m{fH$ EH$ hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m amjgr H¥$Ë`mbm {damoY H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmM bwB©ggh gd©M

nmobrg Idibo Am{U AlyYyamMm _mam H$ê$Z XheV _mOdbr. bmR>çm§Zr _mahmU H$aÊ`mg

gwê$dmV Ho$br. VarnU _amR>r ^m{fH$ _mJo hQ>bm Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mda Jmoir~ma Ho$bm. Ë`m_Ü o

12 OU J§^ra OI_r Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m hëë`mV ~mbH$m§nmgyZ d¥Óm§n`ªV gd©M ór-nwéf gmnS>bo.

nmobrgm§Zr "gmam âm AÝ`Wm R>ma _mê$' Aem Y_Š`m XoD$Z KamVrb {_iob Vo gm{hË`, YmÝ`,

OZmdao Oá H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ë`mdoir AmS>do òUmè`m§Zm AmS>do Ho$bo, {ó`m§Zm Va dmÅ>ob

Vgo ~mobyZ Ë`m§À`m A~«yMo qYS>dS>o H$mT>bo. añË`mV, KamV, XwH$mZmV, dg{VJ¥hmV, XodKamV OoWo

AgVrb VoWyZ bmoH$m§Zm AmoTy>Z H$mTy>Z ~o\$m_ _mahmU H$ê$Z åh¡gya nmobrgm§Zr AÝ`m`mMr

n[agr_mM JmR>br hmoVr.31

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Ooìhm Ooìhm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma _amR>r _mUgm§da AÝ`m` H$aVo Voìhm àË oH$doir _hmamï´>

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_moM} H$mT>Vo nU Xadoir hr _amR>r _mUgm§Mr Am§XmobZo H$mZS>r nmobrg Ë`m§À`m X§Sw>Š`mZo _moSy>Z

H$mT>VmV. _J Vo {dO` _moao àH$aU Agmo qH$dm ~oiJmdmV {dYmZg^m A{YdoeZ àH$aU Am{U

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nmobrg Ë`m Am§XmobH$m§da ~imMm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mda A_mZwf bmR>rMmO© H$aVmV. Vo hohr ~KV

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øm X§S>obemhr_wio AZoH$ _amR>r Am§XmobH$m§Zm J§^ra OI_m Pmë`m AmhoV. H$mhr Am§XmobH$m§Zm Va

J§^ra eó{H«$òbmhr gm_moao Omdo bmJV Amho. Ë`m§À`m OI_m ~KyZ ho nmobrg {~«Q>re gaH$maMo

AmhoV H$s H$m`? Agm àíZ nS>ë`mdmMyZ amhV Zmhr.

4.4.4.4.6666.9 gr_m^mJ {dH$mgmnmgyZ d§{MV.9 gr_m^mJ {dH$mgmnmgyZ d§{MV.9 gr_m^mJ {dH$mgmnmgyZ d§{MV.9 gr_m^mJ {dH$mgmnmgyZ d§{MV

Jobr 55 Vo 60 df} gr_màíZ {ÔV nS>bobm AgyZ AmO Vmo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mV Amho.

Ë`m_wio `m gr_m^mJmda _hmamï´> gaH$ma Ogm Amnbm Xmdm gm§JV Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo H$Zm©Q>H$

gaH$mahr `m ^mJmda AmnbmM h¸$ gm§JyZ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr {nidUyH$ H$arV Amho. gr_m^mJmVrb

~hwg§»` OZVm hr _amR>r ^m{fH$ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr Vrd« BÀN>m _hmamï´>mV OmÊ`mMr Amho ho AZoH$doim

ñWm{ZH$ J«m_n§Mm`VrnmgyZ Vo {dYmZg oÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sVyZ XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho. Va AZoH$doim

_moM}, {ZXe©Zo, CnmofUo, _hm_oimdo Am`mo{OV H$ê$Z "ah|Jo Vmo _hmamï´> _|, Zhr Vmo Oob _|', "~oiJmd

Am_À`m h¸$mMo, Zmhr H$moUmÀ`m ~mnmMo' Aem KmofUm XoD$Z H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$mabm doimodoir _amR>r

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Iw§Q>bobm {XgyZ òVmo. `m gr_m^mJmbm AmO h¸$mMm dmbr H$moUrM ZgyZ Ë`m§Mr AdñWm

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hþ~ir-YmadmS>H$S>o C^mê$Z ~oiJmdH$S>o nmR> {\$a{dë`mMo {XgVo. `mMo H$maU CÚm ~oiJmd

_hmamï´>mbm X`md§ bmJob, _J Ë`mMm {dH$mg AmnU H$m H$am`Mm.

VgoM _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr N>moQ>o _moR>o ì`dgm`/CÚmoJ H$am`Mo Pmë`mg H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma

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_amR>rÛof åhUyZ `mg§X^m©V ~oiJmd_Üò H$m_Jmam§À`m àíZm§da H$m_ H$aV Agbobo {Xbrn H$m_V

åhUmbo, ""gr_m^mJmVë`m _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr H$m|S>r H$aÊ`mMm, H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z OmUrdnyd©H$

à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo`, `m~Ôb Xw_V Agy eH$V Zmhr, hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. `mbm {damoY {ZpíMVM

Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§H$[aVm KQ>ZoV Agboë`m VaVwXr A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMm

AmJ«h YaVm òD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ Ë`mEodOr Ho$di AÝ`m`mMm nmT>m dmMbm OmV Amho. Apñ_VoMo

amOH$maU Ioibo OmV Amho. n[aUm_r ^mfm§À`m q^Vr Cä`m amhV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio BWbo XmoÝhr

^mfm g_wXm` nañnam§nmgyZ XwamdÊ`mMr ^rVr Amho.''32

gr_m^mJmVrb AZoH$ _wbo H$ÞS>gº$s_wio emioV OmV ZmhrV, Oar emiobm Jobr Var

AY©dQ> emim gmoS>Ê`mMo à_mU A{YH$ Amho Va ~è`mM nmbH$m§À`m _Vo _wbm§Zm Cƒ {ejU XoUo

nadS>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Aer _wbo g_mOmVrb Cƒ nXì`mnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV. n`m©`mZo

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àVrMo ì`dgm` H$amdo bmJVmV. Aem Vê$Um§_Üò ì`gZm{YZVoMo à_mU A{YH$ dmT>Vo.

Va _wbtÀ`mÑï>rZo Cƒ {ejU XoUo nmbH$m§Zm EH$Va nadS>V Zmhr Am{U Xwgao åhUOo

gr_m^mJmVrb IoS>çm§V Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio _wbr ~m¡{ÓH$ÑîQ>çm hþema AgyZgwÓm

Ë`m§Zm AY©dQ> emim gmoS>mdr bmJVo. Va nmbH$m§Zm Amnë`m _wbrbm Ano{jV da emoYUo H$_r

{ejUm_wio Am{U Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr_wio eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nmbH$m§Zm Ka, eoVr JhmU R>odyZ,

H$O© H$mTy>Z _wbrMm {ddmh H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio nmbH$ H$O©~mOmar ~ZVmo. AmO g§nyU©

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gr_m^mJmVrb n[apñWVr nmhVm AkmZ, A§YlÓm, ~oH$mar, Xm[aÐ`, XodXmgr, ì`gZm{YZVm,

H$O©~mOmar, hþ§S>m àWm B. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zr J«mgbobr Amho.

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bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo _moM}, Am§XmobZo, CnmofU, gË`mJ«h, amñVm amoH$mo, H$mim {XZ, gr_m_oimdm B.

bT>çmdoir hr H$Zm©Q>H$ ajU do{XH$m g§KQ>Zm _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da h„m H$aUo, _amR>r bmoH$m§À`m

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^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoV Amho.

20 _o 2012 amoOr òùiya òWo _hmamï´> _¡XmZmda hmoUmè`m gr_m _oimì`mMr YmñVr

KoVboë`m H$ÞS> ajU do{XHo$À`m Jw§S>m§Zr nwUo-~|Jbmoa _hm_mJm©da {ZnmUrOdirb Vd§Xr KmQ>mV

_hmamï´> ~gda h„m H$ê$Z Vr àdmem§gh OmiÊ`mMm à`ËZ a{ddmar Xwnmar 12.30 dmOVm Ho$bm.

~gMmbH$ d dmhH$ `m§Zm A_mZwf _mahmU Ho$br. VgoM Zm§XoS> AmJmamMr H$moëhmnya-~oiJmd hr ~g

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Vd§Xr KmQ>mV ~g Joë`mda Ë`m {R>H$mUr AmYrM X~m Yê$Z ~gboë`m H$mhr Jw§S>m§Zr añË`mdaM

Q>m`g© OmiyZ ~g noQ>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ~g_Yrb àdmem§Zm X_XmQ>r Ho$br. ~gÀ`m H$mMm

XJS>, {dQ>m§Zr \$moS>ë`m. AWm©V Ë`m§À`mgmo~V d¥Îmdm{hZrMo nÌH$mahr hmoVo. hm nyd©{Z`mo{OV H$Q>

hmoVm Ago _V EH$m àdmemZo ì`º$ Ho$bo.33

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1956 nmgyZ Xadfu gr_m^mJmV 1 Zmoìh|~a hm {Xdg "H$mim {XZ' åhUyZ nmiÊ`mV

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EH$sH$aU g{_VrÀ`mdVrZo hm {Xdg "H$mim {XZ' åhUyZ nmiyZ gd© ì`dhma ~§X R>odbo OmVmV.

{X. 1 Zmoìh|~a 2011 amoOr em§VVoZo hm {XZ nmiÊ`mV òV AgVmZmM H$ÞS> ajU do{XHo$Mm

VmbwH$mÜ`j ~gZJm¡S>m nmQ>rb `mZo _§Jgwir (Vm. AWUr) òWo {edgoZm d Amo§H$ma gm`H$b _mQ>©

`m _amR>r \$bH$m§Zm H$mio \$mgbo. {X. 5 Zmoìh|~a 2005 amoOr ~oiJmd _hmZJanm{bHo$Mo _hmnm¡a

{dO` _moao, Am_Xma ~r. Am`. nmQ>rb Am{U lr. {edmOr gw§R>H$a `m {VKm§Zm ~|Jbmoa òWo H$ÞS>

do{XH$m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr Ë`m§À`m Vm|S>mbm H$mio \$mgyZ _mahmU Ho$br. A§Jmdarb H$nS>o

\$mSy>Z A_mZdr H$¥Ë` H$ê$Z _amR>r ^m{fH$m§darb amof amZQ>r nÓVrZo àH$Q> Ho$bm.

Va 1 Zmoìh|~a 2011 À`m "H$mù`m {XZr' ~oiJmdÀ`m _hmnm¡a _§Xm ~mioHw§$Ðr Am{U

Cn_hmnm¡a aoUy {H$„oH$a hOmam|À`m g§»òZo _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr H$mT>boë`m gm`H$b\o$arV gh^mJr

Pmë`mZo H$ÞS> ajU do{XHo$À`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr _hmZJanm{bHo$V _mJrb ~mOyZo àdoe H$ê$Z

_hmnm¡am§À`m Zm_\$bH$mbm H$mio \$mgbo. \$bH$ CngyZ Q>mH$bm, hmVmVrb H$mR>çm d XJS>m§Zr

_hmnm¡a H$jmÀ`m XadmOmÀ`m H$mMm \$moS>ë`m. Q>o~b-IwÀ`m© CMbyZ Q>mH$ë`m. VgoM g§JUH$,

Q>rìhr AmXtMr ZmgYyg H$ê$Z VoWo Z§JmZmM Ho$bm. _hmnm{bHo$darb hm h„m åhUOo

""bmoH$emhrdaM Ho$bobm h„m'' hmoVm. Aem àH$mao AZoH$m§Zr `m H¥$Ë`mMm {ZfoY Ho$bm.

Ë`mM~amo~a gr_màíZ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mV AgVmZm ~oiJmd òWo Zì`mZo ~m§YÊ`mV

Amboë`m {dYmZgm¡Y_Üò A{YdoeZ â{dÊ`mMm KmQ> H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo Ho$ë`mZo Ë`m A{YdoeZmbm

àIa {damoY åhUyZ _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrZo Ë`mM{Xder ~oiJmd òWo gr_mdmgr`m§Mm

_hmgr_m_oimdm KoD$Z _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr EH$OyQ>, VmH$X, _hmamï´>mV OmÊ`mMr AmOhr Agbobr

Vrd« BÀN>m àH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmD$bo CMbbr. nU ho H$Zm©Q>H$ ajU do{XHo$À`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm

Inbo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio `m _hm_oimì`mbm Jmb~moQ> bmdÊ`mgmR>r òùiya JmdÀ`m àdoehÔrV _amR>r

229229229229

^m{fH$m§Mr Apñ_Vm AgUmè`m "_hmamï´> amÁ` òùiya' `m Zm_\$bH$mMr VmoS>\$moS> H$ê$Z hm

\$bH$M CÜdñV H$ê$Z gr_mdmgr` _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr Apñ_VmM Zï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

hr KQ>Zm g_OVmM gd© òùiyadmgr Ë`mM amÌr EH${ÌV òD$Z VodT>çmM VmH$XrZo Ad¿`m XmoZ

VmgmV Vmo \$bH$ "Oemg Vgm' nwÝhm C^m H$ê$Z H$ÞS> ajU do{XHo$À`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm Amnë`m

EH$OwQ>rÛmao à{VAmìhmZM {Xbo. VgoM Ë`m§À`m H¥$Ë`mMm {ZfoY H$ê$Z g§~§{YV H$m`©H$Ë`mªda IQ>bo

XmIb H$aÊ`mMr _mJUr Ho$br. JmdmVrb dmVmdaU VUmdnyU© ~Zbo. _mÌ `m EH§$XarV KQ>Zo_Ü o

~oiJmd nmobrgm§Zr _mÌ ~¿`mMrM y{_H$m KoVë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo. `m KQ>Zobm H$maUr yV Agboë`m

H$Zm©Q>H$ ajU do{XHo$bm nmobrgm§Mm AmVyZ nmqR>~mM Agë`mMo OmUdbo.34

gr_m^mJmV H$ÞS> ajU do{XHo$Mm _wOmoanUm {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Mmbbm AgyZ Ë`mbm

H$mZS>r A{YH$marhr gmW XoV Agë`mMo AZoH$doim {ZXe©Zmg Ambo Amho. Ho$XZya, Vm. ~oiJmd

òWrb _amR>r emioMm eVH$_hmoËgdr \$bH$ H$ÞS> ajU do{XHo$À`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr H$mTy>Z Ë`mVyZ

Amnbm _amR>rÛof XmIdyZ {Xbm Amho.

4.4.4.4.6666.11 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m.11 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m.11 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m.11 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m

H|$Ðr` ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma \$bH$, B{Vd¥Îm, n[anÌHo$,

_mb_Îmm§Mo CVmao, _amR>r ^mfoVyZ XoÊ`mV `mdoV Aer VH«$ma _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zr _mZdm{YH$ma

Am`moJmH$S>o Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mZwgma _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJmÀ`m Am`wº$m§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m

g{Mdmb`mbm nÌ nmR>dyZ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m VH«$mar Xya H$aÊ`mMr gyMZm Ho$br hmoVr.

nU g{Mdmb`mZo `m gyMZm YwS>H$mdyZ bmdë`m. gd© H$m`m©b`m§Vrb n[anÌHo$, ~gdarb \$bH$,

B{Vd¥Îm _amR>r ^mfoVyZM {Xbr OmV Agë`mMo nÌ nmR>dyZ _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm Amamon ImoQ>m

Agë`mMo nÌ H|$Ðr` _mZdm{YH$ma Am`moJmbm {Xbo. dmñV{dH$ ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$

Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maetMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {Oëhm àemgZmMr AgVo.

nU {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§ZrgwÓm njnmVrnUm Ho$bm Amho. amOH$s` ZoË`m§À`m Bemè`mZwgma gd© n[anÌHo$

H$ÞS>_YyZM H$mT>br OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma{damoYr g§Vmn ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

230230230230

_hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gr_m^mJmVrb OZVm añË`mda CVabr Amho.

Va AZoH$m§Zr Amnë`m ~mobŠ`m à{V{H«$`m {Xë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò -

1.1.1.1. _Zmoha ^mdHy$ H§$J«miH$a_Zmoha ^mdHy$ H§$J«miH$a_Zmoha ^mdHy$ H§$J«miH$a_Zmoha ^mdHy$ H§$J«miH$a

OÝ_-_¥Ë`yMo XmIbo, \$m°åg© ho H$ÞS> ^mfoVyZ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m_Üò H$m` Amho VoM

H$iV Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo _amR>r, B§J«Or d H$ÞS> `m {VÝhr ^mfm§_YyZ \$m°åg© CnbãY Pmë`mg

H$moUmbmM, H$moUVrM AS>MU òUma Zmhr. nU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMm _amR>rÛof _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da

AÝ`m` H$ê$Z A{¾narjmM KoV Amho. d`mÀ`m 40 ì`m dfu Amåhmbm H$ÞS> {eH$Ê`mgmR>r

n{hbrÀ`m dJm©V ~gÊ`mMr nmir gaH$maZo AmUbr Amho Aer {VIQ> à{V{H«$`m _Zmoha H§$J«miH$a

`m§Zr {Xbr Amho.

2.2.2.2. à_moX XogyaH$aà_moX XogyaH$aà_moX XogyaH$aà_moX XogyaH$a

H$Zm©Q>H$ {Oëhm àemgZmZo ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$ Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma _amR>r,

B§J«Or d H$ÞS> ^mfoV H$mJXnÌo, AO©, ~gdarb Zm_\$bH$ d gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mV _amR>r \$bH$

bmdÊ`mMr {ZVm§V JaO Agë`mMo _V ì`º$ Ho$bo.

3.3.3.3. em§Vm AmS>mdem§Vm AmS>mdem§Vm AmS>mdem§Vm AmS>md

"H$mhrM H$imog V`ma Ýhm`' - {gìhrb hm°pñnQ>b_Üò Amnë`m gwZobm CnMmamH$[aVm

KoD$Z Amboë`m CMJm§d òWrb em§Vm AmS>md `m§Zm H$ÞS>Mm J§Y Zmhr. CMJm§d ho Jmd gr_oda

Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm {gìhrb hm°pñnQ>b{edm` n`m©` Zmhr. H$ÞS> òV Zgë`mZo hm°pñnQ>b_Üò

"gJi§M H$mZS>rV gm§JË`mV H$m`M H$imog V`ma Ýhm`', "AmV§§ `m d`mV H$mZS>r {eH$mog,

Hw$R>o OmV§b§ gm§Jm', "S>m°ŠQ>a, Zg© gJirOU {H$b{~b H$aË`mV, H$m` gm§Jmoë`mV VoM H$ioZm'

Aer à{V{H«$`m em§Vm AmS>md `m§Zr {Xbr.

231231231231

4.4.4.4. _m§Jare Xoenm§S>o_m§Jare Xoenm§S>o_m§Jare Xoenm§S>o_m§Jare Xoenm§S>o

~oiJmdMr ~mOmanoR> gr_m^mJmVrb à{gÓ ~mOmanoR> AgyZ Jmodm, M§XJS>, JS>qh½bO,

H$moëhmnya, gmd§VdmS>r, gm§Jbr, g§Ho$ída, {ZnmUr Aem ~hþVm§e _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr Zmi ~oiJmd

~mOmanoR>oer Owibr Amho. dma§dma Vo ~oiJmdbm òV AgVmV nU gr_m^mJmV àdoe H$aVmM

añË`mda H$mZS>r \$bH$ {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio Amåhm ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mrhr AS>MU hmoVo. \$bH$ H$mZS>rV

Agë`mZo H$moUVm añVm H$moR>o OmVmo VoM H$iV Zmhr, Mm¡H$mMo Zmd H$iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _ZñVmn

hmoVmo.

darb à{V{H«$`m~amo~aM AÜ``ZjoÌmV àË`j g§emoYH$mZo oQ> XoD$Z g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z

_m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br. Ë`mdoir gr_màíZmer g§~§{YV ZoVo, _mOr Am_Xma, _mOr _hmnm¡a VgoM

gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z g§emoYH$mbm Amboë`m à{V{H«$`m `m{R>H$mUr ì`º$ Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

Ë`m_Üò -

4.4.4.4.6666.12 g§emoYH$mMo AZw^d.12 g§emoYH$mMo AZw^d.12 g§emoYH$mMo AZw^d.12 g§emoYH$mMo AZw^d

{X. 1 OyZ 2012 amoOr g§emoYZ Aä`mgjoÌmVrb _{hboer ~mVMrV H$aVmZm Agm

AZw^d g§emoYH$mbm Ambm H$s, _{hboMo {ejU 4 Wr n`ªV _amR>r ^mfoVyZ Pmbo hmoVo. EHo$ {Xder

Z§XJS> òWo {VÀ`m ZmVbJm_Üò EH$ ì`º$s _aU nmdbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio _`Vmbm OmÊ`mgmR>r Vr

Jmodmdog_Üò (~oiJmd) Ambr Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ n[adhZ _§S>imÀ`m ~g_YyZ àdmg H$aÊ`mg

{ZKmbr. JmS>rV àdmer OmñV Agë`mZo H§$S>ŠQ>a Ë`m _{hboMo {VH$sQ> H$mT>on`ªV JmS>r nmohMbr

hmoVr Hw$g_irbm. Ë`mdoir H§$S>ŠQ>a {VÀ`mda AmoaS>bm Am{U JmS>r Z§XJS>bm Zmhr Om§~moQ>rbm OmV

Amho Ago åhUyZ Hw$g_ir òWo gmoSy>Z {Xbo. gH$mir 8.00 dmOVm Kam~mhoa nS>bobr _{hbm

Xwnmar 4.00 dmOVm _`VmÀ`m {R>H$mUr Jobr, Vmon`ªV gd© A§Ë`{dYr Pmbobm hmoVm. ho Ho$di H$ÞS>

^mfoV JmS>rMo \$bH$ Agë`m_wioM Pmbo.

232232232232

{X. 28 _o 2012 amoOr g§emoYH$ ImZmnya VmbwŠ`mVrb ZmJaJmoir `m IoS>çmV _m{hVr

g§H${bV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jobm AgVmZm VoWo H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mr AZwgyMr _wbmIV ^ê$Z KoV AgVmZm

VoWo Xwgè`m H$moUË`m H$m_mgmR>r H$Zm©Q>H$s nmobrg Ambo. Amåhr OoWo _m{hVr KoV hmoVmo Ë`m{R>H$mUr

òD$Z H$ÞS>_ÜòM H$m` Mmbbo Amho? Ago {dMmaV hmoVo. Voìhm Amåhmbm H$ÞS> ^mfm g_Obr

Zmhr. na§Vw Am_À`mOdi EH$ 10 dfm©Mm _wbJm åhUmbm H$s H$m` Mmbbo Amho? Ago {dMmaVmV.

Voìhm g§emoYH$ `m ZmË`mZo _r qhXr_Üò CÎma {Xbo, _r `m {df`mda g§emoYZ H$aV AgyZ _m{hVr

Jmoim H$aV Amho. Voìhm Vo _bm åhUmbo Vwåhr H$moRy>Z AmbmV? hmM {df` Vwåhr H$m {ZdS>bm?

H$ÞS> ^m{fH$ ZìhVo H$m? Ago åhUyZ Ë`m JmdmVyZ _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mg _‚mmd Ho$bm.

g§emoYZ {df`mer g§~§{YV Xwæ`_ gmYZgm_J«rMm dmna H$ê$Z _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r

~oiJmd _hmZJanm{bH$m, VmbwH$m n§Mm`V Am{U {Oëhm n§Mm`V `m {R>H$mUr Joë`mZ§Va g§emoYH$mbm

àm_w»`mZo ^mfoMr AS>MU Ambr. g§~§{YV A{YH$mar H$ÞS>_YyZM ~moby bmJbo. Ë`m_Üò _mPm

g§emoYZ {df` _amR>r ^m{fH$m§er g§~§{YV Agë`mZo _m{hVr {_iÊ`mg {Xa§JmB© bmJbr.

~è`mM doiobm g§~§{YV H$m`m©b`mVyZ _m{hVr g§H${bV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYH$mbm Amnë`mgmo~V

H$ÞS> ^mfoMo nyU© kmZ AgUmar ì`º$s KoD$Z Omdo bmJVo.

gr_m^mJmVrb H$mhr _amR>r emim, hm`ñHy$b_YyZ AZwgyMr ^ê$Z KoV AgVmZm g§~§{YV

{ejH$m§Zr _m{hVr XoÊ`mg Q>mimQ>mi Ho$br. `mMo H$maU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMo Amåhr ZmoH$a Agë`mZo

Iar _m{hVr {Xë`mg ^{dî`mV Am_À`mda H$madmB© hmoB©b. nU gr_m^mJmVrb gd©gm_mÝ`

eoVH$è`m§Zr, H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr, Vê$UdJm©Zo H$moUmMohr XS>nU dm ^rVr Z ~miJVm _Z_moH$ionUmZo

g§emoYH$mbm _m{hVr XoD$Z ghH$m`© Ho$bo.

_hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_màíZmda AmO{_Vrg VwaiH$ ñdê$nmV g§emoYZ Pmë`mZo

g§emoYH$mbm {df`mer g§~§{YV nydm©ä`mg, boI, emoY{Z~§Y `m§Mm dmna H$aUo AS>MUrMo R>abo.

233233233233

4.4.4.4.6666.12.1 g§emoYH$mOdi Amboë`m à{V{H«$`m.12.1 g§emoYH$mOdi Amboë`m à{V{H«$`m.12.1 g§emoYH$mOdi Amboë`m à{V{H«$`m.12.1 g§emoYH$mOdi Amboë`m à{V{H«$`m

1.1.1.1. lr. gwaoe amOyH$a lr. gwaoe amOyH$a lr. gwaoe amOyH$a lr. gwaoe amOyH$a ---- VmbwH$m n§Mm`V g{_Vr gXñ`, Vwa_war VmbwH$m n§Mm`V g{_Vr gXñ`, Vwa_war VmbwH$m n§Mm`V g{_Vr gXñ`, Vwa_war VmbwH$m n§Mm`V g{_Vr gXñ`, Vwa_war (((({X. 28/5/2012{X. 28/5/2012{X. 28/5/2012{X. 28/5/2012))))

`m§Zr ñdV:Mm AZw^d g§emoYH$mbm gm§{JVbm. gaH$mar ZmoH$arV AgVmZm H$m_mÀ`m

{R>H$mUr _§Í`mMm \$moZ Ambm Voìhm _r Ë`m§À`mer _amR>rV ~mobbmo. Ë`mdoir _§Ìr _mÂ`mda AmoaS>bo

Am{U H$ÞS>_YyZ ~mobm Ago R>UH$mdbo. _mÌ _r H$ÞS> òV Zmhr Ago gm§{JVë`mda bmJbrM _bm

ZmoH$ardê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambo.

2.2.2.2. gm¡. _rZm _wVHo$H$a gm¡. _rZm _wVHo$H$a gm¡. _rZm _wVHo$H$a gm¡. _rZm _wVHo$H$a ---- MoAa_Z, H§$J«mirMoAa_Z, H§$J«mirMoAa_Z, H§$J«mirMoAa_Z, H§$J«mir----AbVJm J«m_n§Mm`V, Vm. ~oiJmd AbVJm J«m_n§Mm`V, Vm. ~oiJmd AbVJm J«m_n§Mm`V, Vm. ~oiJmd AbVJm J«m_n§Mm`V, Vm. ~oiJmd

(((({X. 5/2/2012{X. 5/2/2012{X. 5/2/2012{X. 5/2/2012))))

AmO H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo gJirH$S>oM H$mZS>rH$aU Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`m_wio emim,

_hm{dÚmb`, nmobrg, H$moQ>©H$Moar_Üò Joë`mda VoWrb A{YH$mar dm H$_©Mmar _amR>r oV Zgob Va

~mhoa ìhm? Ago R>UH$mdyZ gm§JVmV. VgoM _amR>r ^m{fH$ Am§XmobZo, CnmofU, _oimdo, H$mim{XZ

`m_Üò gh^mJr Pmë`mg Ë`m§À`mda H$madmB©Mm ~S>Jm CJmaVmV. `mg§X^m©V Ë`m åhUmë`m,

1 Zmoìh|~a `m{Xder gr_m^mJmV H$mim{XZ nmibm OmVmo. _mÌ Ë`mM{Xder H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma

"amÁ`mamohU {XZ' _moR>çm Ym_Yw_rZo gmOam H$aVo. Ë`m{Xder gd© H$ÞS> A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmè`m§Zm

H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma gwÅ>r Omhra H$aVo. _mÌ _amR>r ^m{fH$ H$_©Mmè`m§Zm H$m_mda ~mobmdVo, VgoM Ho$di

_amR>r ^m{fH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm nXmoÞVr, godmgw{dYm ZmH$maV AgVo.

3.3.3.3. lr. emhÿ Zm§JZyaH$a, {ejH$, H$mnmobr hm`ñHy$b, Vm. ImZmnya lr. emhÿ Zm§JZyaH$a, {ejH$, H$mnmobr hm`ñHy$b, Vm. ImZmnya lr. emhÿ Zm§JZyaH$a, {ejH$, H$mnmobr hm`ñHy$b, Vm. ImZmnya lr. emhÿ Zm§JZyaH$a, {ejH$, H$mnmobr hm`ñHy$b, Vm. ImZmnya (((({X. 7/2/2012{X. 7/2/2012{X. 7/2/2012{X. 7/2/2012))))

H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo AmOamoOr emio_Yrb gd© H$mJXnÌo H$ÞS>_YyZM R>odÊ`mMr gº$s Ho$br

Amho. Am_Mo hm`ñHy$b _amR>r _mÜ`_mMo AgyZgwÓm gd© H$mJXnÌo, ZmoQ>rgr, nÌì`dhma B.

H$ÞS>_ÜòM R>odmdoV d Vgo Ahdmb d[að> H$m`m©b`mV nmR>dyZ XoÊ`mMr gº$s Ho$br Amho.

H$ÞS>gº$s_wio òWrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm qhXr `m amï´>^mfobm _wH$mdo bmJVo Va H$ÞS> {df` AdKS> OmV

Agë`mZo {dÚmÏ`mªMr `m {df`mbm Zm AgVo. VarnU ho {dÚmWu Amnë`m _mV¥^mfoÀ`m _amR>r

{df`mg Zmnmg hmoVmV Am{U H$ÞS> {df`mV _mÌ A{YH$ JwU KoD$Z nmg hmoVmV `m_mJMo CKS>

234234234234

Jw{nV _mÌ AÚmn g_Obobo Zmhr.

4.4.4.4. lr. gwaoe lr. gwaoe lr. gwaoe lr. gwaoe ZmiH$a, _mS>oJ§wOr, Vm. ImZmnya ZmiH$a, _mS>oJ§wOr, Vm. ImZmnya ZmiH$a, _mS>oJ§wOr, Vm. ImZmnya ZmiH$a, _mS>oJ§wOr, Vm. ImZmnya (((({X. 8/2/2012{X. 8/2/2012{X. 8/2/2012{X. 8/2/2012))))

`m§Zr Amnë`m _wbm§Zm H$ÞS> {df`mV àW_ loUrV nmg _mÌ KamV H$ÞS> {b{hVm, dmMVm

òV Zmhr, H$m? Agm àíZ H$ê$Z nwT>o åhUmbo H$s, H$ÞS> {df`mV gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm nmg H$aÊ`mMr

gº$s H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo Ho$br Amho. H$maU H$ÞS> ^mfoMm àgma H$aUo, {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _ZmV H$ÞS>

^mfo{df`r AmdS> {Z_m©U H$aUo d n`m©`mZo _amR>r ^mfoMo IƒrH$aU H$aUo hm H$Q> Amho.

Ë`m_wio _wbm§Zm H$ÞS> {eHy$Zhr {b{hVm, dmMVm òV Zgë`mZo Amåhm gr_mdm{g`m§Mr AdñWm

"Am§Yi§ XiV§`, AZ² Hw$Ì nrR> ImV§`' Aer Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo.

5.5.5.5. gm¡. {dÚm {dÇ>b nmQ>rb, _m{UH$dmS>r, Vm. ImZmnya gm¡. {dÚm {dÇ>b nmQ>rb, _m{UH$dmS>r, Vm. ImZmnya gm¡. {dÚm {dÇ>b nmQ>rb, _m{UH$dmS>r, Vm. ImZmnya gm¡. {dÚm {dÇ>b nmQ>rb, _m{UH$dmS>r, Vm. ImZmnya (((({X. 23/2/2012{X. 23/2/2012{X. 23/2/2012{X. 23/2/2012))))

`m§À`mer g§emoYH$ ~mVMrV H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo H$s, Amåhr gr_mdmgr` H$m`_

X[aÐrM. Amåhr "Zm _hmamï´>mV - Zm H$Zm©Q>H$mV' Am_À`mgmR>r H$moUrhr dmbr Zmhr. Amåhm _amR>r

bmoH$m§Zm {dH$mgmMo _mJ©M _m{hV ZmhrV. Am_M§ Zer~ _wbm§da Adb§~yZ. nU _wbm§Zm {eH$dmd§,

Ë`m§Zm Am_À`mgmaI§ H$ï>àm` OrdZ òD$ Zò, {ejU XoD$Z _moÇ>§ H$amd§ åhQ>b§ Va ^mfm AmS>

Ambr. ^mfo_wio ZmoH$ar Zmhr Am{U ZmoH$ar Zgë`mZo Hw$Qw>§~mMm nmoQ>mnmÊ`mMm àíZ g_moa Ambm?

_wb§ ~oH$mar_wio ì`gZr ~Zy bmJbrV. VgoM JmdmV AmOhr ~g (Eg.Q>r.) òV Zmhr. drO, nmUr,

añVo `mH$S>o H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma OmUrdnyd©H$ Xwb©j H$aV Amho. Ho$di _amR>r ^m{fH$ åhUyZ. AmVm

VwåhrM gm§Jm Amåhr _amR>r ^m{fH$ hr MyH$ H$moUmMr? H$moUr {ejm ^moJm`Mr? AJXr ^mdZmde

hmoD$Z Amnë`m g_ñ`m§Mm nmT>m Ë`m dmMV hmoË`m.

6.6.6.6. S>m°. JrVm {H$UrH$a, àmW{_H$ AmamS>m°. JrVm {H$UrH$a, àmW{_H$ AmamS>m°. JrVm {H$UrH$a, àmW{_H$ AmamS>m°. JrVm {H$UrH$a, àmW{_H$ Amamo½` H|$Ð, ~oi§H$s, Vm. hþ o$ar o½` H|$Ð, ~oi§H$s, Vm. hþ o$ar o½` H|$Ð, ~oi§H$s, Vm. hþ o$ar o½` H|$Ð, ~oi§H$s, Vm. hþ o$ar (((({X. 17/10/2012{X. 17/10/2012{X. 17/10/2012{X. 17/10/2012))))

Ë`m åhUmë`m, gr_m^mJmV AmOhr ~hþVm§e bmoH$ ho _amR>rM ~mobVmV. qH$~hþZm Amåhmbm

_amR>r òV Agë`mZo ê$½Um§er {dMmanyg H$aUo gmono OmVo, ~hþVm§er noe§Q> hogwÓm Mm§Jbo _amR>r

~mobVmV. CbQ> H$ÞS>bm à{VgmX XoV ZmhrV. nwT>o Ë`m åhUmë`m, hm ^mJ AOyZhr _mJmg,

A{dH${gV AgyZ ~hþVm§er bmoH$g§»`m X[aÐr Amho. Ë`m_wio bmoH$ ì`gZr AmhoV, V§~mIy, {~S>r,

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{gJmaoQ>, Xmê$ B. ì`gZm§À`m Amhmar JoboV. Ë`m_wio Cƒ {ejUmMo à_mU H$_r AgyZ Amamo½`mH$S>o

åhUmdo Vgo bj XoV ZmhrV. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Ë`m§À`m Amamo½`mda d EH§$XarV Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ d

gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrda hmoVmo.

7.7.7.7. lr. ~m~y ^mdH$mZm nmQ>rb, _lr. ~m~y ^mdH$mZm nmQ>rb, _lr. ~m~y ^mdH$mZm nmQ>rb, _lr. ~m~y ^mdH$mZm nmQ>rb, _moXJo, Vm. hþ o$ar moXJo, Vm. hþ o$ar moXJo, Vm. hþ o$ar moXJo, Vm. hþ o$ar (((({X. 10/10/2012{X. 10/10/2012{X. 10/10/2012{X. 10/10/2012))))

gr_màíZmgmR>r gmVË`mZo PJS>Umao {Zð>md§V H$m ©H$V}, àËòH$ _moMm©V, gË`mJ«hmV,

Am§XmobZmV gh^mJr AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, _moXJo Jmd 90% _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mo Amho. òWo _amR>r

emim d hm`ñHy$b AgyZ nwaoer {dÚmWu g§»`m Amho. nU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo H$ÞS>gº$sVyZ JmdmV

H$ÞS> emim H$mT>br. nU nwaogo {dÚmWu ZmhrV. AmO Anwar {dÚmWug§»`m AgyZhr H$ÞS> emioV

nwaoem gw{dYm AmhoV, _mÌ _amR>r emioV ZmhrV. hm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMm ^mfmÛof Amho Va _amR>r

hm`ñHy$b AgyZ Ë`mbmhr H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMr Am{W©H$ _XV Zmhr. doimodoir _mJUr H$ê$ZXoIrb

Amåhmbm [aH$må`m hmVmZoM naVmdo bmJVo. _mÌ _hmamï´> gaH$maZo Am_À`m hm`ñHy$bÀ`m B_maV

~m§YH$m_mgmR>r Am{W©H$ _XV XoD$Z gr_mdm{g`m§À`m nmR>rer C o Agë`mMo XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho.

Vo nwT>o åhUmbo Am_Mr {nT>r gr_màíZmgmR>r bTy>Z g§nbr Varhr hm àíZ gwQ>bobm Zmhr, ho Ag§M

am{hbo Va Am_À`m _wbm§Mr, ZmVd§S>m§Mr H$m` AdñWm hmoUma? Ago ^m{dH$ CX²Jma H$mT>bo AmhoV.

8.8.8.8. lr. JUnVr A_¥V {eamoS>H$a, {edR>mU, Vm. {M¸$moS>r lr. JUnVr A_¥V {eamoS>H$a, {edR>mU, Vm. {M¸$moS>r lr. JUnVr A_¥V {eamoS>H$a, {edR>mU, Vm. {M¸$moS>r lr. JUnVr A_¥V {eamoS>H$a, {edR>mU, Vm. {M¸$moS>r (((({X. 26/1/2012{X. 26/1/2012{X. 26/1/2012{X. 26/1/2012))))

Ë`m§À`m _Vo, amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJm_wio Amåhmbm {ejm ^moJmdr bmJVo. Ho$di _amR>r

^m{fH$ åhUyZ ZmoH$ar {_iV Zmhr, Oa {_imbrM Va hbŠ`m àVrMr, VoWohr d[að> H$ÞS>

A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z emofU, {nidUyH$, gVV AÝ`m`, AË`mMma. Ë`m_wio _mZ{gH$ Ìmgmbm gm_moao

Omdo bmJVo. nXmonXr An_mZ ghZ H$ê$Z ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Va H$ÞS> òV Zgë`mZo ~è`mMdoim

AmnbrM H$mJXnÌo Amnë`mbm g_OV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio gr_m^mJmV amhÿZ H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMr

ZmoH$ar H$aUo åhUOo "^rH$ ZH$mo nU Hw$Ìm Amda' Aer AdñWm Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo.

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9.9.9.9. lr. bú_U YZmOr ~oiJmdH$a, Ym_Uo, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. bú_U YZmOr ~oiJmdH$a, Ym_Uo, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. bú_U YZmOr ~oiJmdH$a, Ym_Uo, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. bú_U YZmOr ~oiJmdH$a, Ym_Uo, Vm. ~oiJmd (((({X. 5/11/2011{X. 5/11/2011{X. 5/11/2011{X. 5/11/2011))))

ñdV: nXdrn`ªV {ejU AgyZhr _bm _mÂ`m KamMr, eoVmMr, VgoM drO, nmUr

`m~m~VMr H$mJXnÌo dmMVm òV ZmhrV ho XwX}d. Ë`m_wio A{e{jV _mUgm§à_mUo Xwgè`mda {dg§~yZ

ahmdo bmJVo. VgoM `m _hmamï´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_màíZm_wio JmdmVrb dmVmdaU VUmdnyU© ~ZVo.

_amR>r-H$ÞS> ^m{fH$ `m§À`mV gm_§Oñ` {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. {deofV: {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m H$mimV _amR>r

^m{fH$m§Mr g§KQ>Zm åhUyZ _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_Vr d H$Zm©Q>H$Mo BVa nj nañna{damoYr

{ZdS>UwH$m bT>dVmZm hm g§Kf© nhm`bm {_iVmo. Ë`m_wio JmdMr em§VVm §J nmdVo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_

EHy$U g_mOì`dñWoda hmoVmo.

10.10.10.10. gm¡. Eg. E_. H$dS>o, {e{jH$m, bmoHy$a, Vm. AWUr gm¡. Eg. E_. H$dS>o, {e{jH$m, bmoHy$a, Vm. AWUr gm¡. Eg. E_. H$dS>o, {e{jH$m, bmoHy$a, Vm. AWUr gm¡. Eg. E_. H$dS>o, {e{jH$m, bmoHy$a, Vm. AWUr (((({X. 29/5/2012{X. 29/5/2012{X. 29/5/2012{X. 29/5/2012))))

`m§À`mer g§emoYH$mZo ~mVMrV Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m åhUmë`m, Amåhr _amR>r ^m{fH$,

nU Amåhmbm H$ÞS> òVo. emioV XmoÝhr ^m{fH$ _wbo AmhoV. Amåhr gdmªZm g_mZ dmJUyH$ XoVmo.

_mPo ñdV:Mo _V gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg Ë`m åhUmë`m, Amåhr H$Zm©Q>H$mVM amhUma, H$maU Amåhmbm

H$Yr XwOm^mdmMr dmJUyH$ {_imbobr Zmhr. {edm` H$Zm©Q>H$mV {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mo\$V nmg,

dømnwñVHo$, {eî`d¥Î`m, gm`H$br dmQ>n B. gw{dYm {_iVmV Ago naIS> _V _m§Sy>Z EH$àH$maMo

Amåhr gr_mdmgr` ZgyZ H$Zm©Q>H$MoM A{YH¥$V a{hdmer Agë`mMo XmIdyZ {Xbo.

11.11.11.11. lr. Amßnæ`m _mê$Vr ZmB©H$, H$moQ>, Vm. hþ o$ar lr. Amßnæ`m _mê$Vr ZmB©H$, H$moQ>, Vm. hþ o$ar lr. Amßnæ`m _mê$Vr ZmB©H$, H$moQ>, Vm. hþ o$ar lr. Amßnæ`m _mê$Vr ZmB©H$, H$moQ>, Vm. hþ o$ar (((({X. 13/10/2011{X. 13/10/2011{X. 13/10/2011{X. 13/10/2011))))

Vo åhUmbo H$s, Amåhmbm H$Zm©Q>H$mVM ahm`bm AmdS>Vo. H$maU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m

gmo`rgdbVr OmñV AmhoV. `mnojm _hmamï´>mV A{YH$ Mm§Jbo H$m` AgUma? _wbJr OÝ_ë`mg

{VÀ`m Zmdmda H$m`_ R>od, eó{H«$`m _mo\$V, {ejU _mo\$V, gm`H$b _mo\$V, ~g nmg,

{eî`d¥Î`m VgoM eoVH$è`m§Zm bmB©Q> ~rb H$_r, _moQ>a ~rb _mo\$V, J[a~m§Zm aoeZ ñdñV, d¥Ó,

{dYdm, An§J B. {ZamYma KQ>H$m§gmR>r H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m {deof `moOZm AmhoV. nU EH$ _mÌ H$s,

H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo _amR>r-H$ÞS> XmoKm§Zmhr g_mZ dmJUyH$ X`mdr. Am_À`mM JmdmV emgZ_mÝ`

J«§Wmb` Amho, _mÌ Ë`m_Yrb gd© nwñVHo$ hr H$mZS>rM AmhoV. Aemdoir _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da AÝ`m`

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hmoVmo.

12.12.12.12. Hw$. H$„mßnm gQ>dmßnm {eamoS>H$a, {dÚmWu, Hw$. H$„mßnm gQ>dmßnm {eamoS>H$a, {dÚmWu, Hw$. H$„mßnm gQ>dmßnm {eamoS>H$a, {dÚmWu, Hw$. H$„mßnm gQ>dmßnm {eamoS>H$a, {dÚmWu, Vm. {M¸$moS>r Vm. {M¸$moS>r Vm. {M¸$moS>r Vm. {M¸$moS>r (((({X. 21/5/2012{X. 21/5/2012{X. 21/5/2012{X. 21/5/2012))))

g§emoYH$mbm hm {dÚmWu Amnbo AZw^d AJXr nmoQ>{VS>H$sZo gm§JV hmoVm. Vmo åhUmbm,

gr_màíZmMm H§$Q>mim Ambm`? d¡VmJ Ambm`? H$maU Amåhm {dÚmÏ`mªZm hm ZmhH$ Ìmg.

emioV {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z, VnmgUr A{YH$mè`m§H$S>y>Z VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$ d _hmamï´> gaH$maH$Sy>Zhr

Ìmg hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio AmåhmbmM g_OoZm, ""Am_Mm ~mn H$moU?'' H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s _hmamï>? H$moUmH$S>o

Amåhr hmV ngam`Mo. nmbH$ åhUVmV Amåhr _hmamï´>mMoM, nU emioV Jwê$OZ åhUVmV,

Amåhr H$Zm©Q>H$mMo. dJm©V _amR>rMm {ejH$ åhUVmo, _amR>r loð>!, Va H$ÞS>À`m Vmgmbm H$ÞS>

{ejH$ åhUVmo, H$ÞS> ^mfm loð!>, Va {VH$S>o B§J«OrMm {ejH$ åhUVmo OmJ{VH$ ^mfm åhUyZ B§J«Or

loð>! Ë`m_wio Amåhm {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _ZmV g§ «_mdñWm {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho

13.13.13.13. lr. g{Ve bú_U ~m|Jmio, qenr, _ÊUya, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. g{Ve bú_U ~m|Jmio, qenr, _ÊUya, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. g{Ve bú_U ~m|Jmio, qenr, _ÊUya, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. g{Ve bú_U ~m|Jmio, qenr, _ÊUya, Vm. ~oiJmd (((({X. 9/12/2011{X. 9/12/2011{X. 9/12/2011{X. 9/12/2011))))

ì`dgm`mZo qenr Agboë`m `m Vê$UmZo 10 dr Z§Va {ejU AY©dQ> gmoSy>Z `m

ì`dgm`mH$S>o dibm. Vo åhUmbo, Jobr 55-60 df} hm gr_m^mJ Ooìhm A{YH$ JaO hmoVr Voìhm

_hmamï´>mV Jobm Zmhr Va _J AmVm OmdyZ H$m` Cn`moJ? AmVm Amåhr òWo nyU©nUo pñWa AmhmoV.

Am_Mr Kao, O_rZ, Jw§VdUyH$ `m gd© ~m~r H$Zm©Q>H$m_Üò AmhoV. Á`mdoiobm H$ÞS> gº$s Pmbr

Voìhm gd© H$mJXnÌm§Mo ^mfm§Va _amR>rMo H$ÞS>_Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambo, Voìhm _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm \$ma

Ìmg Pmbm. AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo Am{U AmVm Oa nwÝhm _hmamï´>mV Om`Mo åhQ>bo

Va nwÝhm H$ÞS>Mo _amR>r ^mfoV ê$nm§Va H$amdo bmJUma, hoM CÚmoJ Amåhr H$am`Mo H$m? AmVm Va

Amåhmbm WmoS>r H$m hmoB©Zm H$ÞS> ^mfm {bhm`bm, dmMm`bm d ~mobm`bm òVo. _J òWoM ahm`Mo.

VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$mV AZoH$ `moOZm§Mm bm^ KoVm òVmo, {dÚmÏ`mªZm nmg, gm`H$b, {eî`d¥Î`m,

dømnwñVHo$ B. Va eoVH$è`m§Zm drO _mo\$V, d¥Ó, An§J, {dYdm§Zm Xa_hm noÝeZ,

Xm[aÐàofoImbrb bmoH$m§Zm YmÝ` `moOZm B. {_iV AgVmZm _hmamï´>mV H$embm? Ago ñnï> _V

_m§Sy>Z nwT>o åhUmbo, _mÌ Amåhmbm _hmamï>r`Z g§ñH¥$Vr AmdS>Vo. Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md AmOhr

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Am_À`mda Amho. Amåhr AmOhr Kar, g_mOmV _amR>rM ~mobVmo. Xgam, {Xdmir, {edO`§Vr,

JUnVr CËgd CËgmhmZo am~dVmo. Ë`m_wio Am_À`m Ñï>rZo hm àíZ {ZH$m_r Pmë`mMo dmQ>Vo.

14.14.14.14. lr. am_M§Ð B©ída nmQ>rb, _mS>oJw§Or, ImZmnya lr. am_M§Ð B©ída nmQ>rb, _mS>oJw§Or, ImZmnya lr. am_M§Ð B©ída nmQ>rb, _mS>oJw§Or, ImZmnya lr. am_M§Ð B©ída nmQ>rb, _mS>oJw§Or, ImZmnya (((({X. 28/1/2012{X. 28/1/2012{X. 28/1/2012{X. 28/1/2012))))

`m _amR>r ^m{fH$ H$m`©H$Ë`m©Zo gr_màíZm~m~V Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m AÝ`m`r

dmJUwH$s~m~V gr_m^mJmVrb _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrÀ`m ZoË`m§ZmM Xmofr R>adbo Amho. Ë`m§À`m

_Vo, gr_màíZ {MKiÊ`mMo H$m_ `m ñdmWu amOH$s` ZoË`m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. gÎmmYmar ~ZÊ`mgmR>r

åhUyZ gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m {hVmMm {dMma Z H$aVm gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Mm dmÅ>ob Vgm

Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm. gm_mÝ` H$m`©H$V} _moR>çm AmeoZo gH$mir KamVyZ ^mOr-^mH$ar ~m§YyZ KoD$Z

`m _moM}, gË`mJ«h, Am§XmobZm_Üò gh^mJr hmoVmV. nU ho amOH$s` ZoVo _mÌ _r _moR>m?

H$s Vy _moR>m? `mgmR>r EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJio hmoV am{hbo. Ë`mVyZM _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrMr AZoH$

N>H$bo hmoD$Z AmO Odinmg gr_m^mJmV AR>am g{_Ë`m Agboë`m {XgyZ òVmV.

Am{U `m {dg§JVrMm \$m`Xm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma KoV Amho. Ë`m_wio H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$mabm Xmof XoÊ`mnojm

`m _amR>r amOH$s` ZoË`mZm§M Xmof XoUo `mo½` R>aob Ago naIS> _V _m§S>bo. nwT>o Vo åhUmbo H$s,

`m gr_màíZm_wio Am_Mo Va ZwH$gmZ PmboM nU _wbm§Mo hmoD$ Zò `mgmR>r _wbm§Zm {ejUmgmR>r

_hmamï´>mVM R>odbo Amho.

15.15.15.15. lr. EH$ZmW Ho$gaH$a, {eßnya, Vm. hþ o$ar lr. EH$ZmW Ho$gaH$a, {eßnya, Vm. hþ o$ar lr. EH$ZmW Ho$gaH$a, {eßnya, Vm. hþ o$ar lr. EH$ZmW Ho$gaH$a, {eßnya, Vm. hþ o$ar (((({X. 2{X. 2{X. 2{X. 2/6/2012/6/2012/6/2012/6/2012))))

H$Zm©Q>H$mV _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm Jm¡U ñWmZ Amho. emim, _hm{dÚmb` àdoemdoir,

ZmoH$ar_Üò, nXmoÞVrdoir, ì`dgm`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr, ImOJr dm gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mV, XdmImÝ`mV B.

{R>H$mUr àW_ H$ÞS> ^m{fH$m§Zm àmYmÝ` XoD$Z _amR>rÛof H$mT>bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Amåhr H$Zm©Q>H$mV

amhV Agbmo Var Am_Mr g§ñH¥$Vr _hmamï´>mMrM. _hmamï´>mVM Amåhr AmO ZmoH$è`m H$aVmo.

JS>qh½bO, H$mJb, {_aO, H$moëhmnya, nwUo, _w§~B© B. eham§_Üò H$_r {ejUm_wio hbŠ`m àVrÀ`m

ZmoH$è`m dm ì`dgm` H$ê$Z CXa{Zdm©h MmbdVmo. Ë`m_wio Am_Mm {dH$mg Iw§wQ>bm Amho. `mVyZ ~mhoa

nS>m`Mo Agob Va Ë`mgmR>r bdH$amV bdH$a gr_màíZmMm {ZH$mb bmJyZ _hmamï´>mV OmVm Ambo

239239239239

nm{hOo. _hmamï>r`Z g§ñH¥$Vr{df`r Amåhmbm A{YH$ OdirH$Vm Amho.

16.16.16.16. lr. dm`. ìhr. nmQ>rb, {ejH$, H§$J«mir, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. dm`. ìhr. nmQ>rb, {ejH$, H§$J«mir, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. dm`. ìhr. nmQ>rb, {ejH$, H§$J«mir, Vm. ~oiJmd lr. dm`. ìhr. nmQ>rb, {ejH$, H§$J«mir, Vm. ~oiJmd (((({X. 5/6/2012{X. 5/6/2012{X. 5/6/2012{X. 5/6/2012))))

amOH$s` ZoË`m§ZrM gr_màíZmMo ^m§S>db Ho$bo Amho. `mMo n[aUm_ amOH$s` ZoË`m§Zm ^moJmdo

bmJV ZgyZ gd©gm_mÝ` _amR>r ^m{fH$m§ZmM gmogmdo bmJVmV. H$maU H$moUË`mhr H$m`m©b`mV

Joë`mg amOH$s` ZoË`m§Mr H$m_o nQ>H$Z hmoVmV. hmb hmoVmV Vo gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§MoM.

`m_wio H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m AÝ`m`-AË`mMmamMo ^ú` òWrb gm_mÝ` _mUyg, {dÚmWu, H$m_JmaM

hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio hr n[apñWVr AerM am{hë`mg _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm ^{dî`mV AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Zm gm_moao

Omdo bmJob. AmO gr_m^mJmVrb AZoH$ Vê$U ZmoH$ar ì`dgm`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV OmVmV. N>moQ>o _moR>o

ì`dgm` Ë`m_Üò Jd§S>r, g|Q´>tJ, \$aer {\$Q>tJ, a§JH$m_ B. H$ê$Z Amnbm M[aVmW© Mmb{dVmV.

Va Amåhr _hmamï´>mVM ZmoH$ar H$aV AgyZ Am_À`m _wbm§Zm _hmamï´>mVM {ejU XoUma `mMo H$maU

Amåhmbm _hmamï>r`Z g§ñH¥$VrMm amñV A{^_mZ Amho. Am_Mo nyd©O, ZmVbJ gd© _hmamï´>r`ZM.

Ë`m_wio Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m {ZU©`mMr Amåhr \$ma dmQ> nmhmV Zmhr H$maU Amåhr VZ, _Z, YZ `mZo

_hmamï´>r`M Agë`mMo gm§{JVbo.

darbà_mUo {d{dY joÌmVrb ì`º$s¨À`m à{V{H«$`m§dê$Z Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s, ~hwVm§er

bmoH$m§Mm _hmamï´>r`Z g§ñH¥$Vrer OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMo YmoaU _amR>r

^m{fH$m§da AÝ`m`H$maH$ Amho. amÁ` nwZa©MZm Am`moJmZo Ho$boë`m MwH$sMr {ejm Amåhmbm ^moJmdr

bmJV Amho. ~hþVm§er bmoH$ gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$M AmhoV. VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo

Aëng§»`mH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Á`m godmgw{dYm nwa{dë`m nm{hOoV Ë`m nwa{dë`m OmV Zgë`mZo

gr_mdmgr`m§Mr AdñWm "Zm Ka H$m, Zm KmQ> H$m' Aer Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo.

4.4.4.4.6666.13 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm {ZYm©a.13 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm {ZYm©a.13 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm {ZYm©a.13 _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mm {ZYm©a

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H|$Ð gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ano{jV à`ËZ Pmbobo {XgV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio eodQ>r _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrZo

240240240240

_hmamï´> gaH$ma_m\©$V Cƒm{YH$ma g{_VrÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr gdm}ƒ Ý`mb`mb`mV `m àíZm~m~V

`m{MH$m XmIb H$ê$Z gr_mdmgr` OZVm Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m {ZH$mbmH$S>o S>moio bmdyZ ~gbr Amho.

nU Vmon`ªV gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maÀ`m hþHw$_emhrbm gm_mooao OmdoM

bmJV Amho. Ë`m§À`m AÝ`m`mMo ^ú` ~Zmdo bmJV Amho. `m AÝ`m`mbm H§$Q>miyZ AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm§Zr

VgoM _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrZohr gr_màíZ gwQ>on`ªV hm g§nyU© gr_m^mJ H|$Ðem{gV àXoe H$amdm

`mMr _mJUr H|$Ð gaH$maH$S>o Ho$br Amho Va H$mhr _amR>r ^m{fH$ H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr gr_màíZ bdH$amV

bdH$a gwQ>mdm `mgmR>r {d{dY àH$mao {ZYm©a Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_Üò -

1.1.1.1. lr. am_ qeXmoiH$alr. am_ qeXmoiH$alr. am_ qeXmoiH$alr. am_ qeXmoiH$a

1956 nmgyZ àËòH$ Am§XmobZmV gh^mJ KoVbm. àËòH$ bT>çmV nmobrgm§À`m bmR>çm

Imëë`m, Ë`mÀ`m doXZm AOyZhr Ë`m§Zm ghZ H$amì`m bmJVmV. Ago {Zð>md§V H$m`©H$V},

Ë`m§Zr ""gr_màíZ gwQ>on`ªV XmT>r H$aUma Zmhr Aer _mPr à{Vkm Amho, AmO Zm CÚm hm àíZ

gwQ>ob Aer Amem dmQ>Vo. Vgo KS>ob Voìhm Am`wî` gmW©H$s bmJob.'' Agm {ZYm©a Ho$bm Amho.

`m~m~VMm Amnbm {ZYm©a g§Ho$VñWimda {Xbm Amho.

2.2.2.2. lr. _Yw H$U~JuH$a lr. _Yw H$U~JuH$a lr. _Yw H$U~JuH$a lr. _Yw H$U~JuH$a ((((~oiJmd~oiJmd~oiJmd~oiJmd))))

d`mÀ`m 11 ì`m dfm©nmgyZ gr_m^mJmV gH«$s`, ~è`mM doiobm Ordmda CXma hmoD$Z

bT>çm_Üò PmoHy$Z {Xbo. gr_màíZmg§X^m©V Á`m Á`m doir bT>o, Am§XmobZo, _moM}, ZoË`m§À`m g^m

Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m Ë`m Ë`m doir ZoË`m§Zm gr_màíZmg§X^m©V d¡`{º$H$ nmVirda ì`mgnrR>mdaM

AS>{dbo. IwÔ VËH$m{bZ n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mr ~oiJmd òWrb g^m ~§X nmS>br.

Ë`mdoir nmobrgm§Zr _ma~S>d Ho$br. Va g§`wº$ _hmamï´> Mm¡H$mV Á`mdoir g^m ~mobm{dbr Ë`mdoir

H$U~JuH$a `m§Zr Omhrag oV Amnbo à{VkmnÌ Ho$bo, ""Omon`ªV gr_màíZ gwQ>V Zmhr, Vmon`ªV _r

nm`mV Mßnb KmbUma Zmhr.''

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Aer à{Vkm H$ê$Z AmOnmdoVmo Vo A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm {XgVmV. Agm hm {Zð>mdmZ

H$m`©H$Vm© 1986 À`m H$ÞS>gº$sdoir nmobrgm§À`m hmVr bmJyZ qhS>bJm òWo AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV

Ambr. nmobrgm§H$Sy>Z _ma~S>d H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Va Zohê§$À`m g odoir H$U~JuH$a `m§Zr Ë`m§Mr g^m

_ÜòM ~§X nmSy>Z gr_màíZm~m~V Amnbo åhUUo EoHy$Z ¿`m`bm ^mJ nmS>bo. Ë`mdoir nmobrgm§Zr

Ë`m§Zm bmWm~wŠŠ`m§Zr _mabo, VwS>{dbo, Vm|S> Xm~bo, \$a\$Q>V Zobo, EdT>oM ZìhoVa Vm|S>mV Mßnb

H$m§o~Ê`mV Ambr Z§Va AQ>H$ Ho$br. Va e§H$aamd MìhmU `m§Zm gr_màíZm~m~V ñdV:À`m aº$mZo

nÌ {bhÿZ nmR>{dbo hmoVo. Va ~°. A§Vwbo _w»`_§Ìr AgVmZm A§JR>m H$mnyZ aº$mMm {Q>im bmdbm hmoVm.

BVH$s YJ `m gm_mÝ` d Jar~ H$m ©H$Ë`mª_Üò hmoVr d AmOhr Amho ho Ë`m§À`m AmoKdË`m

Mohè`mdê$Z g§emoYH$mbm OmUdV hmoVo. `mdoir S>moù`m§VyZ Xw:Imly§ZmgwÓm dmQ> _moH$ir H$ê$Z XoV

hmoVo.

3.3.3.3. _mOr Am_Xma ìhr. dm`. MìhmU _mOr Am_Xma ìhr. dm`. MìhmU _mOr Am_Xma ìhr. dm`. MìhmU _mOr Am_Xma ìhr. dm`. MìhmU ((((ImZmnyaImZmnyaImZmnyaImZmnya))))

ImZmnya JmdMo _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrMo ZoVo `m§Zr 1 Zmoìh|~a 1985 amoOr H$mù`m

{XZmÀ`m g oV Omhra KmofUm Ho$br H$s, ""gr_màíZ 1 _o 1986 À`m AmV gwQ>bm ZmhrVa

{X. 1 _o 1986 amoOr hþVmË_m Mm¡H$, _w§~B© òWo AmË_XhZ H$aUma.'' Aer KmofUm Ho$br d g§nyU©

gr_m^mJmV Ii~i _mObr. Ë`mdoir _m. Eg. E_. Omoer, ZmZmgmho~ Jmoao, ~mimgmho~ R>mH$ao,

eaXOr ndma `m gdmªZr MìhmUgmho~m§Zm nÌo nmR>dyZ Amåhr AmVm gr_màíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar KoVbr Amho Ë`m_wio AmnU Amnbm AmË_XhZmMm {ZU©` _mJo KoD$Z Amåhmbm g§Yr

X`mdr Aer {dZ§Vr H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZo MìhmUgmho~m§Zr {dZ§Vrg _mZ XoD$Z AmË_XhZmMm {ZU©`

Ë`mdoir _mJo Z KoVm VhHy$~ Ho$bm.

Ë`mZ§Va _m. MìhmUgmho~m§Zr ImZmnya VmbwŠ`mVyZ _hmamï´> EH$sH$aU g{_VrÀ`m

P|S>çmImbr gd© H$m`©H$Ë`mªÀ`m AmJ«hmñVd C_oXdmar AO© XmIbm Ho$bm. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zr Ago boIr

{Xbo H$s, ""_r Am_Xma Pmë`mda VrZ dfm©V gr_màíZ gwQ>bm ZmhrVa _r hþVmË_m Mm¡H$, _w§~B© òWo

AmË_XhZ H$arZ.'' Ë`mà_mUo Ë`m§Zr R>aë`mà_mUo {X. 17 OmZodmar 1993 amoOr hþVmË_m

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{XZm{XderM AmË_XhZ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoD$Z AkmVdmgmV {ZKyZ Jobo d Ë`m{Xder gH$mir

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AdñWoV Amnbm {ZU©` nyU©Ëdmg ZoÊ`mgmR>r CVabo. Voìhm H$mhr H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr Ë`m§Zm AmoiIbo d

Ë`m§À`mH$S>rb noQ´>mob H°$Z, bm`Q>a AmXr gm{hË` {hgH$mdyZ KoVbo. Ë`mdoir Odinmg nmM hOma

bmoH$m§Mm O_md O_bm hmoVm. Va nmobrgr V¡ZmV H$S>oH$moQ> ~§Xmo~ñV hmoVm. hm ñdV:Mm AZw^d

MìhmUgmho~m§Zr d`mÀ`m 85 ì`m dfu g§emoYH$mOdi gm§{JVbm Amho.

4.4.4.4.6666.14 _hmamï´>.14 _hmamï´>.14 _hmamï´>.14 _hmamï´>----H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y

A{bH$S>oM H$mbde Pmbobo g§emoYH$ e§. ~m. Omoer `m§Zr "_èhmQ>r g§ñH¥$Vr H$mhr g_ñ`m'

`m Amnë`m J§«WmV _ahÅ>o Am{U H$mZS>r ho àmMrZH$mir EH$M bmoH$ hmoVo Ago XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho.

_amR>çm§Mr nyd©na§nam doXH$mimVrb `XwOZm§n`ªV nmohmoMVo. H$Zm©Q>H$s`m§Mm Vwd©gy§er K{Zð> g§~§Y

Agbobm {XgVmo. ho `Xy Am{U Vwd©gy Oar doJdoJù`m Q>moù`m§Vbo Agbo Var `m Q>moù`m AJXr

OdiH$sÀ`m ZmË`mZo OmoS>boë`m hmoË`m. {edm` `m àXoem§da amÁ` H$aUmao amï´>Hy$Q> KamUo

`mXdd§er` hmoVo. åh¡gyaMo AmOMo amOKamUo `Xwd§er` Amho Am{U {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo _mVwb

KamUoXoIrb OmYd åhUOo `mXdd§er` hmoVo. AZoH$ df} AmO AmnU Á`m§Zm _hmamï´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$

åhUVmo Ë`m§À`mda EH$M amOKamUo amÁ` H$arV hmoVo. ""n¡R>UMo gmVdmhZ, ~Xm_rMo MmbwŠ`,

_bIoS>Mo amï´>Hy$Q> Am{U H$ë`mUMo MmbwH$` `m Mmahr amOdQ>rV _amR>rZo Amnbo ñdV§Ì Ka _m§S>bo

ZìhVo. H$Zm©Q>H$s`m§À`m amOdQ>rV Vr H$mZS>r OdiM dmT>V Jobr.35

e§. ~m. Omoer `m§À`m da {ZX}{eboë`m nwñVH$mVrb `m CVmè`mdê$Z _amR>r d H$mZS>r

^mfm§Mo d ^mfH$m§Mo g§~§Y {H$Vr K{Zð> hmoVo Vo ñnï> hmoVo.

4.4.4.4.6666.14.1 _amR>r.14.1 _amR>r.14.1 _amR>r.14.1 _amR>r----H$mZS>r g§~§YH$mZS>r g§~§YH$mZS>r g§~§YH$mZS>r g§~§Y

H$mZS>r Am{U _amR>r Aem doJdoJù`m Zmdm§Zr AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m bmoH$m§Mm ì`dhma hOmamo

dfmªnmgyZ EH$_oH$m§V Jw§Vbobm Amho. XmoÝhr ^mfm§Vrb åhUr, eãX dJ¡a|Mo __© d Am¡{MË` H$iÊ`mg

nañnam§Mo gm{hË` Am{U na§nam `m§À`m Aä`mgmMrM JaO Amho. nU Vo H$aV AgVmZm EHo$H$Q>çmMm

243243243243

ñdV§Ì Aä`mg Z H$aVm Xmohm|Mmhr nañna Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aob. H$Zm©Q>H$mMr CÎma gr_m

VrM _hmamï´>mMr X{jU gr_m. `m gr_maofodaM `m XmoZ Xoem§À`m OwionUmMr Vmo|S>AmoiI hmoVo.

`m gr_oda Zagmo~mdmS>r, JmUJmnya, Am¡Xw§~a, Hw$ê$JÈ>r VgoM {dÇ>bjoÌ n§T>anya, {gÓam_joÌ

gmobmnya, ^dmZrjoÌ VwiOmnya, _§JidoT>o, JmoH$U©, H$moëhmnya, ~mhþ~br B. Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñWio

AmhoV. `m ñWim§Mo ^º$ ho _hmamï´> d H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _amR>r d H$mZS>r ^m{dH$M AmhoV.

_amR>çm§Mr {H$ËòH$ Hw$bX¡dVo H$Zm©Q>H$mV AmhoV Am{U AmO _hmamï´>mV O_m Pmboë`m

joÌm§Vrb XodVm§Mo ^º$ H$Zm©Q>H$mV Zm§XV AmhoV. _amR>çm§À`m ehmÊUd Hw$itMm B{Vhmg H$Zm©Q>H$mV

emoYmdm bmJob d åh¡gya_Yrb H$mhr XoeñW åhU{dUmao Kar EH$OmVrMr _amR>r ~mobVmV Am{U

X{jU _hmamï´>mVrb _mÜ`XoeñW ~hþVoH$ H$mZS>r ~mobUmamM AgVmo.

VgoM "Mm§_wS>amò H$a{d`V|' `m _amR>rVrb àW_ dmŠ`m~Ôb _hmamï´>r` gm{hpË`H$ \$ma

A{^_mZ ~miJV AgVmV. Vmo Mm_w§S>am` H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _moR>m JÚ J«§WH$ma Amho, Agm_mÝ` eyam§Mm

AJ«Ur Amho Am{U Agm_mÝ`, CÞV, ^ì` d gw§Xa Aem Jmo_Q>oída _yVuMm à{Vð>mnH$ Amho.36

4.4.4.4.6666.15.2 _hmamï´>.15.2 _hmamï´>.15.2 _hmamï´>.15.2 _hmamï´>----H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmUH$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmUH$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmUH$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmU

^maVr` g§KamÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ 1973 n`ªV åh¡gya amÁ` åhUyZ AmoiIë`m

OmUmè`m `m H$ÞS> _wbwImbm 1 Zmoìh|~a 1973 nmgyZ H$Zm©Q>H$ Zmd {_imbo. `m àm§Vm§Mr ^mfm

H$ÞS> Agbr Var qhXr-_amR>r ^mfm ~mobUmao AZoH$ bmoH$ BWo AmhoV. _hmamï>mMm H$ÞS>er

F$UmZw~§Y Va AmhoM, nU Ym{_©H$-amOH$s` joÌm§Vhr `m XmoZ KQ>H$amÁ`m§V {deof OdirH$

AmT>iVo. gVamì`m eVH$mV ~§Jiwamg ehmOramOo ^mogë`m§Mo _amR>r ~mÊ`mMo amÁ` hmoVo Va

n§T>anyaMo {dÇ>b _§{Xa hmo`gH$ {dîUwdY©Z (B. g. 1108 Vo B. g. 1152) `m H$ÞS> amOmZo

~m§Ybo Amho hr XmoZ CXmhaUo _amR>r-H$mZS>r g§~§Y gm§JÊ`mg nwaoer AmhoV. n§T>arMm {dR>mo~m hm Va

H$mZS>r _wbwImVyZ AmUbobm. Ogm Vmo dmaH$ar n§WmMo Hw$bX¡dV Amho VgmM Vmo AZoH$ H$ÞS>rJm§Mo

Cnmñ` X¡dV Amho. ZmJn§M_r, lmdUr ewH«$dma, ZdamÌ, Xgam ho H$Zm©Q>H$mV gmOao hmoUmao gU

_amR>r arVr^mVrZo hmoVmV. EdT>oM ZìhoVa Amnbr Am{XËàmUy~mB© hrM H$ÞS>rJm§Mr Áòð>m bú_r

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hmo`. `m XmoZ g§ñH¥$VrV K{Zð> g§~§Y AmT>iVmo.37

^mfmdma àm§VaMZoZ§VaMm "_hmamï´>' AmO Amnë`m S>moù`m§g_moa Amho. ^mfoÀ`m gr_maofm

\$ma ì`mnH$ Am{U VodT>çmM nwgQ> AgVmV. H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb ~oiJmd, Jwb~½`m©n`ªV Oer AOyZhr

_amR>r ^mfm ~mobbr OmVo VerM CXJra, bmVyan`ªV H$ÞS> ^mfmhr ~mobbr OmVo. ZX`m§Mo H$mR>

Am{U nd©Vm§À`m am§Jm amÁ`mMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ _`m©Xm R>ady eH$V Agë`m Var ^mfoMr _`m©Xm R>ady eH$V

ZmhrV. åhUyZ AmOMm _hmamï´> S>moù`m§g_moa R>odyZ ~mamì`m eVH$mVrb H$Zm©Q>H$ Am{U _hmamï´>

AmOÀ`mnojm doJim hmoVm. H$mZS>r amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr AmOÀ`m _hmamï´>mVrb H$mhr ^mJmV gÎmm{dñVma

Ho$bm hmoVm Va _amR>r amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr AmOÀ`m H$Zm©Q>H$mV gÎmm {Z_m©U Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m_wio XmoÝhr

àm§VmV amOH$s` Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmU _moR>çm à_mUmV Mmby hmoVr. _hmamï´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$

hr eVH$mZweVHo$ eoOmar amÁò AmhoV. Ooìhm XoemÀ`m gr_mM {ZpíMV ZìhË`m VoìhmnmgyZ `m XmoZ

amÁ`m§À`m g§ñH¥$Vr_Üò XodmUKodmU gwê$ Amho..

_amR>r-H$ÞS> ^md¡Š` g§_obZmgmR>r CX²KmQ>H$ åhUyZ H$Zm©Q>H$Mo nmQ>~§Ymao d gm§ñH¥${VH$

_§Ìr JmoqdX H$aOmoH$ `m§Zm gr_màíZm~m~V nÌH$mam§Zr N>oS>bo AgVm Vo åhUmbo, "XoemVrb N>moQ>r

amÁò R>adVmZm ^mfmdma àm§VaMZm Pmbr. Ë`mMdoir _hmamï´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$À`m gr_m R>aUo JaOoMo

hmoVo. na§Vw Vgo Pmbo Zmhr. Varhr XmoÝhr amÁ`m§Vrb H$ÞS> Am{U _amR>r _mUgo JwÊ`mJmoqdXmZo Zm§XV

AmhoV. g§ñH¥$VrMo AmXmZàXmZ gwê$ Amho. nU A{bH$S>oM amOH$s` hoVyZo ào[aV gr_mdmX

nwÝhm S>moHo$ H$mT>V Amho. Ë`mbm H$maU \$º$ amOH$maUM Amho ho Amåhmbm _m{hV Amho.

Ë`m amOH$maUmnmoQ>r Hw$R>ë`m ^mfoMm Ûof H$aUo {H$Vr `mo½` Amho?' nwT>o Vo åhUmbo, XoemMr AI§S>Vm

{Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r gmè`m ^mfm, àXoem§Mm gÝ_mZ H$amdmM bmJob, AÝ`Wm `m XoemMo VwH$S>o hmoVrb.

_hmamï´> gaH$maMo Amåhr H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmo. Joë`m H$mhr dfm©nmgyZ `m amÁ`mV ~gdoída O`§Vr gmOar

H$aÊ`mV òVo. Vo nmhÿZ Amåhr H$Zm©Q>H$mV {edmOr _hmamOm§Mr O`§Vr gwê$ Ho$br. Aem nÓVrZo

g§ñH¥$VrMo AmXmZàXmZ ìhm`bmM nm{hOo. EH$_oH$m§À`m ^mfm§Mm gÝ_mZ PmbmM nm{hOo hrM Am_Mr

y{_H$m Amho.

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_hmamï´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ eoOmar Agë`mZo XmoÝhr àXoemV aº$g§~§YmZo Owibobr _mUgo

AmhoV. Ë`m_wio XmoÝhr àXoem§àVr XmoKm§À`mhr ^mdZm AmhoV. Ë`m A{YH$ ÑT> Pmë`mg gr_màíZ

òUmaM Zmhr Agohr _V _m§S>bo.

Va _hmamï´>mMo Xw½Y{dH$mg_§Ìr _YwH$aamd MìhmU `m§Zr àËòH$mbm Amnë`m ^mfoV

{eH$Ê`mMm, {b{hÊ`mMm, ~mobÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. gbmo»`mMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$ê$Z ^mfmd¥ÓrMo

H$m_ hmVr KoVë`mg gr_mdmX amhUma Zmhr. H$Zm©Q>H$ Am{U _hmamï´>mbm EoŠ`mMo à{VH$ ~Zdy.

~§JiyaÀ`m H$ÞS> àm{YH$ma g§ñWoÀ`mdVrZo Am`mo{OV _amR>r-H$ÞS> ^mfm ^md¡Š` g§_obZmgmR>r

XmoKohr EH$m ì`mgnrR>mda Ambo hmoVo. g§_obZmbm XmoÝhr àm§VmVyZ gw_mao XrS> hOma H$ÞS>-_amR>r

^mfH$ Ambo hmoVo. n{hbo ñdmJVJrV H$ÞS>_YyZ Pmbo. Ë`mZ§Va bJoM "O`moñVwVo O`moñVwVo' ho JrV

_amR>r ^mfoVyZ gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

_amR>r ^mfm, gm{hË` d g§ñH¥$Vr `mV Mm§Jbo _mobmMo Ago nwîH$i Amho Am{U Ë`mMm

ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`m_wio Amnbr ^mfm, gm{hË` d g§ñH¥$Vr g_¥Ó hmoV AmhoV Ago H$mZS>r ^mfH$m§Zm

_ZmnmgyZ dmQy> bmJbo Va H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _amR>r ^mfH$m§{df`r Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ AmpË_`Vm dmQy> bmJob.

H$Zm©Q>H$mV Oo _amR>r ^mfH$ AgVrb Ë`m§À`m ^mfoÀ`m, gm{hË`mÀ`m d g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {dH$mgmbm Vo

{damoY H$aUma ZmhrV. CbQ> CÎmoOZ XoVrb Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$mVbo _amR>r ^mfH$XoIrb H$mZS>rMm

Aä`mg amOrIwfrZo H$ê$ bmJVrb. AerM n[apñWVr H$mZS>rÀ`m ~m~VrV _hmamï´>mV hmoB©b.

H$Zm©Q>H$mV amhÿZ Amnbr Apñ_Vm nwgbr OmV Zmhr Ago _amR>r ^mfH$m§Zm dmQ>bo d VerM ^mdZm

_hmamï´>m{df`r H$mZS>r ^mfH$m§Mr Pmbr Va gr_màíZmdê$Z Or H$Qw>Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho Vr H$_r

hmoB©b Am{U _J Vmo gmoS>dUo gwb^ hmoB©b. H$Xm{MV Vmo gmoS>{dÊ`mMr Amdí`H$VmM amhUma Zmhr.

~oiJmd~m~V gm§Jm`Mo Pmë`mg _amR>r AgyZhr H$mZS>rM§ diU Agbobr Am{U H$mZS>r

AgyZhr _amR>rM§ diU Agbobo AZoH$ bmoH$ ~oiJmdmV AmhoV. òWrb _amR>r d H$mZS>r g_wXm`m§Mo

nañnam§er g§~§Y ho nydm©nma Mm§Jbo AmhoV. `m XmoÝhr ^m{fH$m§_Üò H$Yr ^m{fH$ g§Kf© Zmhr.

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`mg§X^m©V H$mQ>H$a åhUVmV, `m XmoZ g_wXm`m_Üò AmnU \$aH$M H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. XmoÝhr

g_wXm`m§Mo gU, CËgd, X¡dVo g_mZ AmhoV. XmoKm§Mrhr amhUr, AmMma{dMma, _Vo WmoS>Š`mV

g§ñH¥$Vr ~hþVm§er g_mZM Amho. Va Ym{_©H$ Xodio, XodVm§Mr Zmdo, gU, OÌm, CËgd ho ga{_giM

AmhoV. `m~m~V Ho$. Eb. B©. H$m°boOmV {eH$Umè`m gw_m nmQ>rb d ~o~r Jd§S>r åhUmë`m H$s, ""Amåhr

H$mZS>r AmhmoV nU AmfmT>r EH$mXer, JUnVr, Xgam, {Xdmir gJioM gU Amåhr gmOao H$aVmo.

Ogo _hmamï´>mV gmOao H$aVmV VgoM BWohr gmOao H$aVmo.''38

Ë`mMà_mUo ZmVog§~§Ym~m~V gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V} {Xbrn H$m_V `m§Zr gm§{JVbo H$s, Ë`m§À`m

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Vr _amR>r ~mobVo, Xwgar gyZ XmdU{JarH$S>Mr Amho, Vr H$mZS>rV ~mobVo. Ë`m_wio Amåhr Ooìhm

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dfmªnmgyZ ^m{fH$ Apñ_VoÀ`m H$mÌrV gmnS>bm Amho.

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g§emoYH$mZo Amnë`m AÜ``Z {df`mgmR>r {ZdS> Ho$boë`m ~oiJmd, ImZmnya, {M¸$moS>r, hþ o$ar d

AWUr `m VmbwŠ`mV ~hþVm§er _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agë`mZo VoWrb bmoH$m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr

hr _amR>r dm _hmamï´>r`Z Amho. Jobr 55 Vo 60 df} Amnë`m h¸$mÀ`m _hmamï´>mV OmÊ`mgmR>r `m Zm

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gw{dYm {Xë`m nm{hOoV. emioV, _hm{dÚmb`mV, gaH$mar dm ImOJr H$m`m©b`mV, XdmImZo, aoëdo,

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AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Wm§~bo nm{hOoV. nU H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Am_À`m h¸$m§daVr JXm AmUV Amho.

247247247247

Amåhr bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo bT>V AgVmZm Amåhm _amR>r ^m{fH$m§da bmR>r_ma H$aUo, Ho$gog XmIb

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H$ÞS> ^m{fH$m§er ZgyZ H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maer Amho.

4.4.4.4.8888 g_mamong_mamong_mamong_mamon

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H$ÞS> gº$s YmoaUm_wio _amR>r ^m{fH$ OZVo_Üò Ag§Vmof ngabm. Eg. Q>r. \$bH$ H$mZS>rV,

gaH$mar H$m_H$mOmMo H$mZS>rH$aU `m_wio _amR>r ^m{fH$ hiyhiy gaH$maÀ`m YmoaUm§nmgyZ Xya OmD$

bmJbm. H$maU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§À`m g_ñ`m H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo ^m{fH$ hÅ>mhmgm_wio OmUyZ KoVë`m

ZmhrV. VgoM H$mZS>r ^mfoVrb gaH$maMo YmoaU _amR>r ^m{fH$m§Zm g_Obo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gaH$ma d

_amR>r ^m{fH$m§_Üò Xar dmT>V Jobr d Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoV Joë`m.

dmñV{dH$[aË`m gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ^m{fH$ d H$ÞS> ^m{fH$ `m§À`m_Üò AndmX dJiVm g§Kf©,

V§Q>o ^m{fH$ H$maUmdê$Z Pmbo ZmhrV qH$dm Ë`m§À`mV X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamdoir ^m{fH$ VmUVUmd Zmhr.

H$mhr gaH$maYm{O©Ê`m H$ÞS> g§KQ>Zm _amR>r ^m{fH$ g§ñH¥$VrdaVr, _amR>r \$bH$mdaVr

A{VaoH$snUm H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV. Ë`mVyZ ^m{fH$ g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmo. gr_m^mJm_Üò g§Kf© hm XmoZ

^m{fH$m§_Ybm ZgyZ H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma d _amR>r ^m{fH$m_Ybm Amho. H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` njmMo

gaH$ma H$Zm©Q>H$_Üò gÎmoda Ambo Var Vo A{YH$ à^mdrnUo H$mZS>rgº$sMo YmoaU gr_m^mJm_Ü o

Adb§~Vo. Ë`mVyZ Amnbr ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr Zï> hmoB©b `m ^rVrZo _amR>r ^m{fH$ Ë`mbm g§KQ>rVnUo

{damoY H$aVmV.

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g§X © gyMrg§X © gyMrg§X © gyMrg§X © gyMr

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