powerful expertise

contact us

With energy demand escalating and climate change now a major concern, there are strong reasons to make use of renewable geothermal energy resources.

In New Zealand, as in many countries, geothermal is the only natural renewable energy source capable of providing reliable base load electricity generation, with more than 95% availability.

Whatever your plans, expertise matters. GNS Science has been a world-leader in understanding and sustainable development of the Earths cauldron of energy for over 50 years.

We are internationally recognised for innovative, robust geoscientific research, expertise and consultancy advice. GNS Science has provided expert assistance for successful geothermal projects in New Zealand, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Chile and other countries worldwide.

For exploration, drilling, environmental sustainability, field development, optimal production, and ongoing resource management well help power your project success.

To know more about the services and expertise of the GNS Science geothermal team, and how we can support the success of your project, visit:

www.gns.cri.nz/geothermal/or call us on

+64 7 374 8211 or email us at

geothermal@gns.cri.nz

contact us

Wairakei Location Principal Location Other Locations

Wairakei Research Centre114 Karetoto RoadWairakei 3377Private Bag 2000Taupo 3352New ZealandT +64-7-374 8211F +64-7-374 8199

GNS Science 1 Fairway Drive, AvalonLower Hutt 5010PO Box 30 368Lower Hutt 5040New ZealandT +64-4-570 1444F +64-4-570 4600

National Isotope Centre30 Gracefield RoadLower Hutt 5010PO Box 31312Lower Hutt 5040New Zealand T +64-4-570 1444F +64-4-570 4657

Dunedin Research Centre764 Cumberland StreetDunedin 9016Private Bag 1930Dunedin 9054New ZealandT +64-3-477 4050F +64-3-477 5232

case studies power renewedpowerful expertise

geothermal science

power renewed

Geothermally-heated glasshousesGourmet Mokai Ltd grow tomatoes and capsicums in 5.5ha of climate-controlled greenhouses on the Mokai Geothermal Field in New Zealands central north island. The heat source for the glasshouses is by heat exchangers, utilising 170C geothermal fluids obtained from Tuaropaki geothermal well MK-2.

GNS Science, with our technical partners, provided geochemistry advice for the design of the heat exchanger to minimise corrosion and scaling. The heat exchanger transfers heat from the geothermal steam and fluids, to water in a closed circuit that is used in the glasshouses. Pipe rail heating is used in every path

case studies

Assisting environmental legislation in Chile Chile has announced its intention to develop indigenous geothermal resources for electricity generation. This aims to overcome a current energy crisis caused by insecurity of supply from other sources.

In 2006, the Chilean government requested assistance from New Zealand for geothermal environmental policy development under the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Chile, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and New Zealand.

GNS Science undertook a collaborative study with non-profit organisation Fundacion Chile to review international environmental legislation and provide guidance to the Chilean Government on legislation to govern geothermal development. We also provided cost information for exploration, development and production, and for mitigation of environmental effects.

Recommendations by GNS Science included:

Havinganindependentpanelofexpertstoreviewmonitoring of the resource and environmental effects, and recommend changes to a regulating authority.

Allocatinggeothermalresourcestocategoriessuchas protected or development, to reduce uncertainty in permitting.

Ensuringdifferentoperatorsonthesameresourceshare information and collaborate formally through a joint resource management plan, to avoid adverse effects from competitive strategies.

Chile has recently embarked on a policy to explore for their geothermal resources and a delegation recently visited New Zealand to discuss geothermal environmental policy and management strategies. GNS Science will continue to interact and provide specialist services.

of the greenhouse and additional small pipes can be elevated to the height of the plant heads.

GNS Science continues to be involved in projects at the glasshouses, as well as production and injection drilling, and monitoring of the geothermal field. For example, Tuaropaki Trust are currently looking at innovative options for carbon dioxide enrichment in the greenhouse. Carbon dioxide (CO) enhances growth of the produce, and currently this is supplied by bulk CO stored in tanks. We are working on a technology to separate CO from other off-gases from the geothermal power plant to supply the greenhouses.

Resource assessment and explorationThe GNS Science geothermal team can help you to delineate the system, assess the resource capacity, and identify and mitigate the development risks. We utilise a diverse range of scientific assessment and modelling services. We can:

Evaluate existing geoscientific data and provide recommendations for an exploration programme and feasibility study

Design and undertake field exploration programmes

Undertake chemical characterisation of surface features and reservoir fluids

Interpret subsurface temperatures, processes and flow paths

Run geophysical surveys including MT, seismic acquisition, tensor LOTEM, resistivity and gravity techniques

Offer aeromagnetic and airborne infrared mapping for difficult terrain

Locate permeability including fault location, porosity contrasts and fracture characterisation

Assess hydrothermal mineralogy and petrology

Undertake conceptual modelling

Define resource capability, maximum flows, and chemical criteria

Assist with reservoir modelling, with 2D and 3D structural controls on fluid flow

Recommend strategies to optimise resource development

Complete due diligence and prefeasibility studies.

Whats the potential of your geothermal resource? How can it best be sustainably developed? What issues will need to be managed? The GNS Science geothermal team and our scientific partners offer you specialist expertise and guidance for all stages of geothermal exploration, development and production.

Sustainable production and resource managementTo control costs and promote investor confidence, it is critical to utilise geothermal energy in sustainable and efficient ways.

Optimum withdrawal rates need to match the recharge. Alternative resources need to be reserved, to maintain indefinite energy output. Production problems, such as scaling and corrosion by process and aquifer fluids, need to be controlled to reduce costs and development risk, and to increase efficiency.

GNS Science will assist you with:

Assessment of reservoir performance and assisting with production, injection and resource issues

Geothermal well targeting advice

Use of tracers to locate high-permeability flows

Quantitative determination of mass flow

Modelling 3D and 4D characteristics including permeability, fluid pathways and drawdown

Modelling kinetic and thermodynamic chemical reaction paths

Power station design for optimum circuit flow chemistry, matching the characteristics of the resource

Geochemical analysis and problem solving to mitigate development challenges such as corrosion, scaling and injection returns

Optimising production and injection strategies

Monitoring resource boundary changes.

Targeted geothermal drilling Our success at targeting a variety of permeability structures is demonstrated by our leading role in all current major geothermal developments in New Zealand.

These include Rotokawa, where faults are targeted; Mokai and Ohaaki which have formational permeability; Kawerau which has basement fracture permeability; and Wairakei, which targets auto-brecciated rhyolite.

We have supplied geological rig services for more than 50 wells since 2004, to a maximum depth over 3000 metres. Our success rate (exceeding 90%) in achieving exploration and production goals is unsurpassed in New Zealand.

GNS Science has an experienced team of geothermal rig geology specialists for every stage of a geothermal exploration or production/injection drilling programme.

Well targeting, and geological prognosis

Rig geology including interpretation of downhole stratigraphy

Interpretation of alteration mineral assemblages, fluid inclusion studies etc, to resolve system hydrology and evolution

Interpretation of lithostratigraphic controls on fluid flow, and structural analysis

Proven ability to transfer technical expertise to mud loggers and drilling engineers.

World-class analytical services All laboratory analyses are undertaken in an uncompromising research environment. You can be certain of optimum precision, and quality control.

Our laboratory services include:

Majorandtraceanalysesofcondensate,gasandwater

Stableisotopeanalysesoffluidsandminerals

Petrology,petrographyandx-raydiffraction

Fluid-inclusionmicrothermometry

Radiometricdatingoffluidsandrocks

Measurementofphysicalrockproperties

Surfacesamplingoffluidsandgases

Extremophilesresearch.

Research leadership Long-term research is an integral part of solving challenges in geothermal exploration, development and production. Research underpins our consultancy expertise. Ongoing collaborative research with top overseas researchers and laboratories, including USGS, BGS, ICDP, IEA-GIA members and various universities, maintains GNS Science among the geothermal world leaders.

Up-skill your team We have a long history of involvement in a variety of training programmes. Our experts are keen to assist practical training of scientists and technicians in all areas.

Delivering environmental expertiseEvery geothermal project plan considers the wider environment. Regardless of location, it is crucial that impacts are avoided or mitigated. Responsible management supports long-term social, environmental and financial success.

GNS Science offers environmental expertise for every stage of your project planning, exploration, development and long-term resource management. Our scientists are experienced in modelling, monitoring, assessment and consultancy to support compliance with environmental regulations and preparation of environmental assessments needed for permits.

Baseline modelling of environmental impacts including geochemistry, seismicity and surface thermal features

Predicting and monitoring subsidence impacts

Injection flow surveys and simulation of effects

Sampling and analysis of geothermal fluids and gases

Micro-earthquake monitoring.

reliable, renewable energy

Direct use of geothermal resourcesIn many regions, even those without extensive surface geothermal activity, there is an opportunity to access low temperature geothermal energy. In addition to direct extraction, options include cascaded field development, use of waste fluid streams from power stations, and harnessing of energy from abandoned oil wells and methane-rich spring systems.

Currently, the main worldwide direct uses for low temperature geothermal resources are space heating, bathing, domestic heat pumps, heating greenhouses, and aquaculture. Other applications include snow melting, fog dispersion, de-icing and numerous industrial uses.

At GNS Science, we offer proven expertise for exploration, delineation and resource assessment of low enthalpy geothermal systems.

Today, over 7% of New Zealands power is generated from geothermal resources. By 2020 this could exceed 20%. GNS Science will be instrumental in achieving this goal.

powerful expertise

contact us

With energy demand escalating and climate change now a major concern, there are strong reasons to make use of renewable geothermal energy resources.

In New Zealand, as in many countries, geothermal is the only natural renewable energy source capable of providing reliable base load electricity generation, with more than 95% availability.

Whatever your plans, expertise matters. GNS Science has been a world-leader in understanding and sustainable development of the Earths cauldron of energy for over 50 years.

We are internationally recognised for innovative, robust geoscientific research, expertise and consultancy advice. GNS Science has provided expert assistance for successful geothermal projects in New Zealand, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Chile and other countries worldwide.

For exploration, drilling, environmental sustainability, field development, optimal production, and ongoing resource management well help power your project success.

To know more about the services and expertise of the GNS Science geothermal team, and how we can support the success of your project, visit:

www.gns.cri.nz/geothermal/or call us on

+64 7 374 8211 or email us at

geothermal@gns.cri.nz

contact us

Wairakei Location Principal Location Other Locations

Wairakei Research Centre114 Karetoto RoadWairakei 3377Private Bag 2000Taupo 3352New ZealandT +64-7-374 8211F +64-7-374 8199

GNS Science 1 Fairway Drive, AvalonLower Hutt 5010PO Box 30 368Lower Hutt 5040New ZealandT +64-4-570 1444F +64-4-570 4600

National Isotope Centre30 Gracefield RoadLower Hutt 5010PO Box 31312Lower Hutt 5040New Zealand T +64-4-570 1444F +64-4-570 4657

Dunedin Research Centre764 Cumberland StreetDunedin 9016Private Bag 1930Dunedin 9054New ZealandT +64-3-477 4050F +64-3-477 5232

case studies power renewedpowerful expertise

geothermal science

power renewed

Geothermally-heated glasshousesGourmet Mokai Ltd grow tomatoes and capsicums in 5.5ha of climate-controlled greenhouses on the Mokai Geothermal Field in New Zealands central north island. The heat source for the glasshouses is by heat exchangers, utilising 170C geothermal fluids obtained from Tuaropaki geothermal well MK-2.

GNS Science, with our technical partners, provided geochemistry advice for the design of the heat exchanger to minimise corrosion and scaling. The heat exchanger transfers heat from the geothermal steam and fluids, to water in a closed circuit that is used in the glasshouses. Pipe rail heating is used in every path

case studies

Assisting environmental legislation in Chile Chile has announced its intention to develop indigenous geothermal resources for electricity generation. This aims to overcome a current energy crisis caused by insecurity of supply from other sources.

In 2006, the Chilean government requested assistance from New Zealand for geothermal environmental policy development under the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Chile, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and New Zealand.

GNS Science undertook a collaborative study with non-profit organisation Fundacion Chile to review international environmental legislation and provide guidance to the Chilean Government on legislation to govern geothermal development. We also provided cost information for exploration, development and production, and for mitigation of environmental effects.

Recommendations by GNS Science included:

Havinganindependentpanelofexpertstoreviewmonitoring of the resource and environmental effects, and recommend changes to a regulating authority.

Allocatinggeothermalresourcestocategoriessuchas protected or development, to reduce uncertainty in permitting.

Ensuringdifferentoperatorsonthesameresourceshare information and collaborate formally through a joint resource management plan, to avoid adverse effects from competitive strategies.

Chile has recently embarked on a policy to explore for their geothermal resources and a delegation recently visited New Zealand to discuss geothermal environmental policy and management strategies. GNS Science will continue to interact and provide specialist services.

of the greenhouse and additional small pipes can be elevated to the height of the plant heads.

GNS Science continues to be involved in projects at the glasshouses, as well as production and injection drilling, and monitoring of the geothermal field. For example, Tuaropaki Trust are currently looking at innovative options for carbon dioxide enrichment in the greenhouse. Carbon dioxide (CO) enhances growth of the produce, and currently this is supplied by bulk CO stored in tanks. We are working on a technology to separate CO from other off-gases from the geothermal power plant to supply the greenhouses.

Resource assessment and explorationThe GNS Science geothermal team can help you to delineate the system, assess the resource capacity, and identify and mitigate the development risks. We utilise a diverse range of scientific assessment and modelling services. We can:

Evaluate existing geoscientific data and provide recommendations for an exploration programme and feasibility study

Design and undertake field exploration programmes

Undertake chemical characterisation of surface features and reservoir fluids

Interpret subsurface temperatures, processes and flow paths

Run geophysical surveys including MT, seismic acquisition, tensor LOTEM, resistivity and gravity techniques

Offer aeromagnetic and airborne infrared mapping for difficult terrain

Locate permeability including fault location, porosity contrasts and fracture characterisation

Assess hydrothermal mineralogy and petrology

Undertake conceptual modelling

Define resource capability, maximum flows, and chemical criteria

Assist with reservoir modelling, with 2D and 3D structural controls on fluid flow

Recommend strategies to optimise resource development

Complete due diligence and prefeasibility studies.

Whatsthepotentialofyourgeothermalresource?Howcanitbestbesustainably developed? What issues will need to be managed? The GNS Science geothermal team and our scientific partners offer you specialist expertise and guidance for all stages of geothermal exploration, development and production.

Sustainable production and resource managementTo control costs and promote investor confidence, it is critical to utilise geothermal energy in sustainable and efficient ways.

Optimum withdrawal rates need to match the recharge. Alternative resources need to be reserved, to maintain indefinite energy output. Production problems, such as scaling and corrosion by process and aquifer fluids, need to be controlled to reduce costs and development risk, and to increase efficiency.

GNS Science will assist you with:

Assessment of reservoir performance and assisting with production, injection and resource issues

Geothermal well targeting advice

Use of tracers to locate high-permeability flows

Quantitative determination of mass flow

Modelling 3D and 4D characteristics including permeability, fluid pathways and drawdown

Modelling kinetic and thermodynamic chemical reaction paths

Power station design for optimum circuit flow chemistry, matching the characteristics of the resource

Geochemical analysis and problem solving to mitigate development challenges such as corrosion, scaling and injection returns

Optimising production and injection strategies

Monitoring resource boundary changes.

Targeted geothermal drilling Our success at targeting a variety of permeability structures is demonstrated by our leading role in all current major geothermal developments in New Zealand.

These include Rotokawa, where faults are targeted; Mokai and Ohaaki which have formational permeability; Kawerau which has basement fracture permeability; and Wairakei, which targets auto-brecciated rhyolite.

We have supplied geological rig services for more than 50 wells since 2004, to a maximum depth over 3000 metres. Our success rate (exceeding 90%) in achieving exploration and production goals is unsurpassed in New Zealand.

GNS Science has an experienced team of geothermal rig geology specialists for every stage of a geothermal exploration or production/injection drilling programme.

Well targeting, and geological prognosis

Rig geology including interpretation of downhole stratigraphy

Interpretation of alteration mineral assemblages, fluid inclusion studies etc, to resolve system hydrology and evolution

Interpretation of lithostratigraphic controls on fluid flow, and structural analysis

Proven ability to transfer technical expertise to mud loggers and drilling engineers.

World-class analytical services All laboratory analyses are undertaken in an uncompromising research environment. You can be certain of optimum precision, and quality control.

Our laboratory services include:

Majorandtraceanalysesofcondensate,gasandwater

Stableisotopeanalysesoffluidsandminerals

Petrology,petrographyandx-raydiffraction

Fluid-inclusionmicrothermometry

Radiometricdatingoffluidsandrocks

Measurementofphysicalrockproperties

Surfacesamplingoffluidsandgases

Extremophilesresearch.

Research leadership Long-term research is an integral part of solving challenges in geothermal exploration, development and production. Research underpins our consultancy expertise. Ongoing collaborative research with top overseas researchers and laboratories, including USGS, BGS, ICDP, IEA-GIA members and various universities, maintains GNS Science among the geothermal world leaders.

Up-skill your team We have a long history of involvement in a variety of training programmes. Our experts are keen to assist practical training of scientists and technicians in all areas.

Delivering environmental expertiseEvery geothermal project plan considers the wider environment. Regardless of location, it is crucial that impacts are avoided or mitigated. Responsible management supports long-term social, environmental and financial success.

GNS Science offers environmental expertise for every stage of your project planning, exploration, development and long-term resource management. Our scientists are experienced in modelling, monitoring, assessment and consultancy to support compliance with environmental regulations and preparation of environmental assessments needed for permits.

Baseline modelling of environmental impacts including geochemistry, seismicity and surface thermal features

Predicting and monitoring subsidence impacts

Injection flow surveys and simulation of effects

Sampling and analysis of geothermal fluids and gases

Micro-earthquake monitoring.

reliable, renewable energy

Direct use of geothermal resourcesIn many regions, even those without extensive surface geothermal activity, there is an opportunity to access low temperature geothermal energy. In addition to direct extraction, options include cascaded field development, use of waste fluid streams from power stations, and harnessing of energy from abandoned oil wells and methane-rich spring systems.

Currently, the main worldwide direct uses for low temperature geothermal resources are space heating, bathing, domestic heat pumps, heating greenhouses, and aquaculture. Other applications include snow melting, fog dispersion, de-icing and numerous industrial uses.

At GNS Science, we offer proven expertise for exploration, delineation and resource assessment of low enthalpy geothermal systems.

Today, over seven percent of New Zealands power is generated from geothermal resources. By 2020 this could exceed twenty percent. GNS Science will be instrumental in achieving this goal.

Resource assessment and explorationThe GNS Science geothermal team can help you to delineate the system, assess the resource capacity, and identify and mitigate the development risks. We utilise a diverse range of scientific assessment and modelling services. We can:

Evaluate existing geoscientific data and provide recommendations for an exploration programme and feasibility study

Design and undertake field exploration programmes

Undertake chemical characterisation of surface features and reservoir fluids

Interpret subsurface temperatures, processes and flow paths

Run geophysical surveys including MT, seismic acquisition, tensor LOTEM, resistivity and gravity techniques

Offer aeromagnetic and airborne infrared mapping for difficult terrain

Locate permeability including fault location, porosity contrasts and fracture characterisation

Assess hydrothermal mineralogy and petrology

Undertake conceptual modelling

Define resource capability, maximum flows, and chemical criteria

Assist with reservoir modelling, with 2D and 3D structural controls on fluid flow

Recommend strategies to optimise resource development

Complete due diligence and prefeasibility studies.

Whatsthepotentialofyourgeothermalresource?Howcanitbestbesustainably developed? What issues will need to be managed? The GNS Science geothermal team and our scientific partners offer you specialist expertise and guidance for all stages of geothermal exploration, development and production.

Sustainable production and resource managementTo control costs and promote investor confidence, it is critical to utilise geothermal energy in sustainable and efficient ways.

Optimum withdrawal rates need to match the recharge. Alternative resources need to be reserved, to maintain indefinite energy output. Production problems, such as scaling and corrosion by process and aquifer fluids, need to be controlled to reduce costs and development risk, and to increase efficiency.

GNS Science will assist you with:

Assessment of reservoir performance and assisting with production, injection and resource issues

Geothermal well targeting advice

Use of tracers to locate high-permeability flows

Quantitative determination of mass flow

Modelling 3D and 4D characteristics including permeability, fluid pathways and drawdown

Modelling kinetic and thermodynamic chemical reaction paths

Power station design for optimum circuit flow chemistry, matching the characteristics of the resource

Geochemical analysis and problem solving to mitigate development challenges such as corrosion, scaling and injection returns

Optimising production and injection strategies

Monitoring resource boundary changes.

Targeted geothermal drilling Our success at targeting a variety of permeability structures is demonstrated by our leading role in all current major geothermal developments in New Zealand.

These include Rotokawa, where faults are targeted; Mokai and Ohaaki which have formational permeability; Kawerau which has basement fracture permeability; and Wairakei, which targets auto-brecciated rhyolite.

We have supplied geological rig services for more than 50 wells since 2004, to a maximum depth over 3000 metres. Our success rate (exceeding 90%) in achieving exploration and production goals is unsurpassed in New Zealand.

GNS Science has an experienced team of geothermal rig geology specialists for every stage of a geothermal exploration or production/injection drilling programme.

Well targeting, and geological prognosis

Rig geology including interpretation of downhole stratigraphy

Interpretation of alteration mineral assemblages, fluid inclusion studies etc, to resolve system hydrology and evolution

Interpretation of lithostratigraphic controls on fluid flow, and structural analysis

Proven ability to transfer technical expertise to mud loggers and drilling engineers.

World-class analytical services All laboratory analyses are undertaken in an uncompromising research environment. You can be certain of optimum precision, and quality control.

Our laboratory services include:

Majorandtraceanalysesofcondensate,gasandwater

Stableisotopeanalysesoffluidsandminerals

Petrology,petrographyandx-raydiffraction

Fluid-inclusionmicrothermometry

Radiometricdatingoffluidsandrocks

Measurementofphysicalrockproperties

Surfacesamplingoffluidsandgases

Extremophilesresearch.

Research leadership Long-term research is an integral part of solving challenges in geothermal exploration, development and production. Research underpins our consultancy expertise. Ongoing collaborative research with top overseas researchers and laboratories, including USGS, BGS, ICDP, IEA-GIA members and various universities, maintains GNS Science among the geothermal world leaders.

Up-skill your team We have a long history of involvement in a variety of training programmes. Our experts are keen to assist practical training of scientists and technicians in all areas.

Delivering environmental expertiseEvery geothermal project plan considers the wider environment. Regardless of location, it is crucial that impacts are avoided or mitigated. Responsible management supports long-term social, environmental and financial success.

GNS Science offers environmental expertise for every stage of your project planning, exploration, development and long-term resource management. Our scientists are experienced in modelling, monitoring, assessment and consultancy to support compliance with environmental regulations and preparation of environmental assessments needed for permits.

Baseline modelling of environmental impacts including geochemistry, seismicity and surface thermal features

Predicting and monitoring subsidence impacts

Injection flow surveys and simulation of effects

Sampling and analysis of geothermal fluids and gases

Micro-earthquake monitoring.

reliable, renewable energy

Direct use of geothermal resourcesIn many regions, even those without extensive surface geothermal activity, there is an opportunity to access low temperature geothermal energy. In addition to direct extraction, options include cascaded field development, use of waste fluid streams from power stations, and harnessing of energy from abandoned oil wells and methane-rich spring systems.

Currently, the main worldwide direct uses for low temperature geothermal resources are space heating, bathing, domestic heat pumps, heating greenhouses, and aquaculture. Other applications include snow melting, fog dispersion, de-icing and numerous industrial uses.

At GNS Science, we offer proven expertise for exploration, delineation and resource assessment of low enthalpy geothermal systems.

Today, over seven percent of New Zealands power is generated from geothermal resources. By 2020 this could exceed twenty percent. GNS Science will be instrumental in achieving this goal.

Resource assessment and explorationThe GNS Science geothermal team can help you to delineate the system, assess the resource capacity, and identify and mitigate the development risks. We utilise a diverse range of scientific assessment and modelling services. We can:

Evaluate existing geoscientific data and provide recommendations for an exploration programme and feasibility study

Design and undertake field exploration programmes

Undertake chemical characterisation of surface features and reservoir fluids

Interpret subsurface temperatures, processes and flow paths

Run geophysical surveys including MT, seismic acquisition, tensor LOTEM, resistivity and gravity techniques

Offer aeromagnetic and airborne infrared mapping for difficult terrain

Locate permeability including fault location, porosity contrasts and fracture characterisation

Assess hydrothermal mineralogy and petrology

Undertake conceptual modelling

Define resource capability, maximum flows, and chemical criteria

Assist with reservoir modelling, with 2D and 3D structural controls on fluid flow

Recommend strategies to optimise resource development

Complete due diligence and prefeasibility studies.

Whatsthepotentialofyourgeothermalresource?Howcanitbestbesustainably developed? What issues will need to be managed? The GNS Science geothermal team and our scientific partners offer you specialist expertise and guidance for all stages of geothermal exploration, development and production.

Sustainable production and resource managementTo control costs and promote investor confidence, it is critical to utilise geothermal energy in sustainable and efficient ways.

Optimum withdrawal rates need to match the recharge. Alternative resources need to be reserved, to maintain indefinite energy output. Production problems, such as scaling and corrosion by process and aquifer fluids, need to be controlled to reduce costs and development risk, and to increase efficiency.

GNS Science will assist you with:

Assessment of reservoir performance and assisting with production, injection and resource issues

Geothermal well targeting advice

Use of tracers to locate high-permeability flows

Quantitative determination of mass flow

Modelling 3D and 4D characteristics including permeability, fluid pathways and drawdown

Modelling kinetic and thermodynamic chemical reaction paths

Power station design for optimum circuit flow chemistry, matching the characteristics of the resource

Geochemical analysis and problem solving to mitigate development challenges such as corrosion, scaling and injection returns

Optimising production and injection strategies

Monitoring resource boundary changes.

Targeted geothermal drilling Our success at targeting a variety of permeability structures is demonstrated by our leading role in all current major geothermal developments in New Zealand.

These include Rotokawa, where faults are targeted; Mokai and Ohaaki which have formational permeability; Kawerau which has basement fracture permeability; and Wairakei, which targets auto-brecciated rhyolite.

We have supplied geological rig services for more than 50 wells since 2004, to a maximum depth over 3000 metres. Our success rate (exceeding 90%) in achieving exploration and production goals is unsurpassed in New Zealand.

GNS Science has an experienced team of geothermal rig geology specialists for every stage of a geothermal exploration or production/injection drilling programme.

Well targeting, and geological prognosis

Rig geology including interpretation of downhole stratigraphy

Interpretation of alteration mineral assemblages, fluid inclusion studies etc, to resolve system hydrology and evolution

Interpretation of lithostratigraphic controls on fluid flow, and structural analysis

Proven ability to transfer technical expertise to mud loggers and drilling engineers.

World-class analytical services All laboratory analyses are undertaken in an uncompromising research environment. You can be certain of optimum precision, and quality control.

Our laboratory services include:

Majorandtraceanalysesofcondensate,gasandwater

Stableisotopeanalysesoffluidsandminerals

Petrology,petrographyandx-raydiffraction

Fluid-inclusionmicrothermometry

Radiometricdatingoffluidsandrocks

Measurementofphysicalrockproperties

Surfacesamplingoffluidsandgases

Extremophilesresearch.

Research leadership Long-term research is an integral part of solving challenges in geothermal exploration, development and production. Research underpins our consultancy expertise. Ongoing collaborative research with top overseas researchers and laboratories, including USGS, BGS, ICDP, IEA-GIA members and various universities, maintains GNS Science among the geothermal world leaders.

Up-skill your team We have a long history of involvement in a variety of training programmes. Our experts are keen to assist practical training of scientists and technicians in all areas.

Delivering environmental expertiseEvery geothermal project plan considers the wider environment. Regardless of location, it is crucial that impacts are avoided or mitigated. Responsible management supports long-term social, environmental and financial success.

GNS Science offers environmental expertise for every stage of your project planning, exploration, development and long-term resource management. Our scientists are experienced in modelling, monitoring, assessment and consultancy to support compliance with environmental regulations and preparation of environmental assessments needed for permits.

Baseline modelling of environmental impacts including geochemistry, seismicity and surface thermal features

Predicting and monitoring subsidence impacts

Injection flow surveys and simulation of effects

Sampling and analysis of geothermal fluids and gases

Micro-earthquake monitoring.

reliable, renewable energy

Direct use of geothermal resourcesIn many regions, even those without extensive surface geothermal activity, there is an opportunity to access low temperature geothermal energy. In addition to direct extraction, options include cascaded field development, use of waste fluid streams from power stations, and harnessing of energy from abandoned oil wells and methane-rich spring systems.

Currently, the main worldwide direct uses for low temperature geothermal resources are space heating, bathing, domestic heat pumps, heating greenhouses, and aquaculture. Other applications include snow melting, fog dispersion, de-icing and numerous industrial uses.

At GNS Science, we offer proven expertise for exploration, delineation and resource assessment of low enthalpy geothermal systems.

Today, over seven percent of New Zealands power is generated from geothermal resources. By 2020 this could exceed twenty percent. GNS Science will be instrumental in achieving this goal.

powerful expertise

contact us

With energy demand escalating and climate change now a major concern, there are strong reasons to make use of renewable geothermal energy resources.

In New Zealand, as in many countries, geothermal is the only natural renewable energy source capable of providing reliable base load electricity generation, with more than 95% availability.

Whatever your plans, expertise matters. GNS Science has been a world-leader in understanding and sustainable development of the Earths cauldron of energy for over 50 years.

We are internationally recognised for innovative, robust geoscientific research, expertise and consultancy advice. GNS Science has provided expert assistance for successful geothermal projects in New Zealand, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Chile and other countries worldwide.

For exploration, drilling, environmental sustainability, field development, optimal production, and ongoing resource management well help power your project success.

To know more about the services and expertise of the GNS Science geothermal team, and how we can support the success of your project, visit:

www.gns.cri.nz/geothermal/or call us on

+64 7 374 8211 or email us at

geothermal@gns.cri.nz

contact us

Wairakei Location Principal Location Other Locations

Wairakei Research Centre114 Karetoto RoadWairakei 3377Private Bag 2000Taupo 3352New ZealandT +64-7-374 8211F +64-7-374 8199

GNS Science 1 Fairway Drive, AvalonLower Hutt 5010PO Box 30 368Lower Hutt 5040New ZealandT +64-4-570 1444F +64-4-570 4600

National Isotope Centre30 Gracefield RoadLower Hutt 5010PO Box 31312Lower Hutt 5040New Zealand T +64-4-570 1444F +64-4-570 4657

Dunedin Research Centre764 Cumberland StreetDunedin 9016Private Bag 1930Dunedin 9054New ZealandT +64-3-477 4050F +64-3-477 5232

case studies power renewedpowerful expertise

geothermal science

power renewed

Geothermally-heated glasshousesGourmet Mokai Ltd grow tomatoes and capsicums in 5.5ha of climate-controlled greenhouses on the Mokai Geothermal Field in New Zealands central north island. The heat source for the glasshouses is by heat exchangers, utilising 170C geothermal fluids obtained from Tuaropaki geothermal well MK-2.

GNS Science, with our technical partners, provided geochemistry advice for the design of the heat exchanger to minimise corrosion and scaling. The heat exchanger transfers heat from the geothermal steam and fluids, to water in a closed circuit that is used in the glasshouses. Pipe rail heating is used in every path

case studies

Assisting environmental legislation in Chile Chile has announced its intention to develop indigenous geothermal resources for electricity generation. This aims to overcome a current energy crisis caused by insecurity of supply from other sources.

In 2006, the Chilean government requested assistance from New Zealand for geothermal environmental policy development under the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Chile, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and New Zealand.

GNS Science undertook a collaborative study with non-profit organisation Fundacion Chile to review international environmental legislation and provide guidance to the Chilean Government on legislation to govern geothermal development. We also provided cost information for exploration, development and production, and for mitigation of environmental effects.

Recommendations by GNS Science included:

Havinganindependentpanelofexpertstoreviewmonitoring of the resource and environmental effects, and recommend changes to a regulating authority.

Allocatinggeothermalresourcestocategoriessuchas protected or development, to reduce uncertainty in permitting.

Ensuringdifferentoperatorsonthesameresourceshare information and collaborate formally through a joint resource management plan, to avoid adverse effects from competitive strategies.

Chile has recently embarked on a policy to explore for their geothermal resources and a delegation recently visited New Zealand to discuss geothermal environmental policy and management strategies. GNS Science will continue to interact and provide specialist services.

of the greenhouse and additional small pipes can be elevated to the height of the plant heads.

GNS Science continues to be involved in projects at the glasshouses, as well as production and injection drilling, and monitoring of the geothermal field. For example, Tuaropaki Trust are currently looking at innovative options for carbon dioxide enrichment in the greenhouse. Carbon dioxide (CO) enhances growth of the produce, and currently this is supplied by bulk CO stored in tanks. We are working on a technology to separate CO from other off-gases from the geothermal power plant to supply the greenhouses.

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With energy demand escalating and climate change now a major concern, there are strong reasons to make use of renewable geothermal energy resources.

In New Zealand, as in many countries, geothermal is the only natural renewable energy source capable of providing reliable base load electricity generation, with more than 95% availability.

Whatever your plans, expertise matters. GNS Science has been a world-leader in understanding and sustainable development of the Earths cauldron of energy for over 50 years.

We are internationally recognised for innovative, robust geoscientific research, expertise and consultancy advice. GNS Science has provided expert assistance for successful geothermal projects in New Zealand, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Chile and other countries worldwide.

For exploration, drilling, environmental sustainability, field development, optimal production, and ongoing resource management well help power your project success.

To know more about the services and expertise of the GNS Science geothermal team, and how we can support the success of your project, visit:

www.gns.cri.nz/geothermal/or call us on

+64 7 374 8211 or email us at

geothermal@gns.cri.nz

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Wairakei Location Principal Location Other Locations

Wairakei Research Centre114 Karetoto RoadWairakei 3377Private Bag 2000Taupo 3352New ZealandT +64-7-374 8211F +64-7-374 8199

GNS Science 1 Fairway Drive, AvalonLower Hutt 5010PO Box 30 368Lower Hutt 5040New ZealandT +64-4-570 1444F +64-4-570 4600

National Isotope Centre30 Gracefield RoadLower Hutt 5010PO Box 31312Lower Hutt 5040New Zealand T +64-4-570 1444F +64-4-570 4657

Dunedin Research Centre764 Cumberland StreetDunedin 9016Private Bag 1930Dunedin 9054New ZealandT +64-3-477 4050F +64-3-477 5232

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Geothermally-heated glasshousesGourmet Mokai Ltd grow tomatoes and capsicums in 5.5ha of climate-controlled greenhouses on the Mokai Geothermal Field in New Zealands central north island. The heat source for the glasshouses is by heat exchangers, utilising 170C geothermal fluids obtained from Tuaropaki geothermal well MK-2.

GNS Science, with our technical partners, provided geochemistry advice for the design of the heat exchanger to minimise corrosion and scaling. The heat exchanger transfers heat from the geothermal steam and fluids, to water in a closed circuit that is used in the glasshouses. Pipe rail heating is used in every path

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Assisting environmental legislation in Chile Chile has announced its intention to develop indigenous geothermal resources for electricity generation. This aims to overcome a current energy crisis caused by insecurity of supply from other sources.

In 2006, the Chilean government requested assistance from New Zealand for geothermal environmental policy development under the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Chile, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and New Zealand.

GNS Science undertook a collaborative study with non-profit organisation Fundacion Chile to review international environmental legislation and provide guidance to the Chilean Government on legislation to govern geothermal development. We also provided cost information for exploration, development and production, and for mitigation of environmental effects.

Recommendations by GNS Science included:

Havinganindependentpanelofexpertstoreviewmonitoring of the resource and environmental effects, and recommend changes to a regulating authority.

Allocatinggeothermalresourcestocategoriessuchas protected or development, to reduce uncertainty in permitting.

Ensuringdifferentoperatorsonthesameresourceshare information and collaborate formally through a joint resource management plan, to avoid adverse effects from competitive strategies.

Chile has recently embarked on a policy to explore for their geothermal resources and a delegation recently visited New Zealand to discuss geothermal environmental policy and management strategies. GNS Science will continue to interact and provide specialist services.

of the greenhouse and additional small pipes can be elevated to the height of the plant heads.

GNS Science continues to be involved in projects at the glasshouses, as well as production and injection drilling, and monitoring of the geothermal field. For example, Tuaropaki Trust are currently looking at innovative options for carbon dioxide enrichment in the greenhouse. Carbon dioxide (CO) enhances growth of the produce, and currently this is supplied by bulk CO stored in tanks. We are working on a technology to separate CO from other off-gases from the geothermal power plant to supply the greenhouses.