GM Diesel TechnologyCharles E. Freese V

Executive Director, Diesel EngineeringGeneral Motors Corporation

GM’s Long Term VisionRemove the automobile from the energy and environmental equation

Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy

ReducedVehicle

Emissionsand

IncreasedVehicle Fuel

Economy

Near-Term

Mid-Term

Long-Term

IncrementalInternal Combustion

Engine and TransmissionImprovements

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Hydrogen Infrastructure

Hybrid ElectricVehicles

The Propulsion Application Map

Drive Cycle

Duty

Cycl

e

Stop-and-Go

(City)

Continuous

(Highway)

Commercial (High Load)

Consumer (Light load)

Drive Cycle

Duty

Cycl

e

Stop-and-Go

(City)

Continuous

(Highway)

Commercial (High Load)

Consumer (Light load)

The Propulsion Application Map

Heavy Duty Pickup Truck

Commuter Car

Diesel HybridBus

Over the Road Truck

Non-towing HighwayGas Car & SUV

City Car(Gas Hybrid)

Diesel Powertrain Market Today•Globally

– Medium and heavy duty vehicles (Class 4-8 vehicles)

•European – Penetration rates in light-duty cars approaching 50

percent

•Asia-Pacific (Korea, India and potentially China are growing markets)– Strong diesel bias in Korean SUV market (over 90%

diesel)

•North America– Heavy duty pick-up trucks for towing and hauling

Why Use Diesels?•Heavy duty towing and hauling•Fuel economy improvement objectives

– Positive influence on CO2 and fuel economy

•Improve vehicle performance with lower displacement engine– Fun to drive

•Achieve benefit of tax incentives in European markets

Challenges to North American Light-Duty

Diesel Market

Chart Assumptions: 20,000 Annual vehicle milesDiesel Fuel Economy Advantage: Europe 30%, Bin 5 North America 25%6% Annual Financing Rate Available

Veh

icle

Mileag

e,

miles

Vehicle Mileage Required to Recover Diesel Engine Cost

Economic Model – Diesel Break-Even PointComparison between U.S. & Europe

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000Initial Purchase Price, U.S. $

35 MPG

30 MPG

25 MPG

20 MPG

Gas=15 MPG

North America Gas=Diesel=$1.50/Gal

15202530

Gas=35 MPG

Europe Gas=$3.50/Gal

Diesel=$2.75/Gal

Europe and U.S. Tier 2 FTP-75 EmissionsLight-Duty

Emission = Emission Index X Fuel Consumption(g/mile) (g/kg fuel) (kg fuel/mile)

Standard NOxPM

Bin 10 0.60 g/mile 0.080 g/mileBin 8 0.20 g/mile 0.020 g/mileBin 5 0.07 g/mile 0.010 g/mileBin 4 0.04 g/mile 0.010 g/mileEuro 3 0.50 g/km 0.050 g/kmEuro 4 0.25 g/km 0.025 g/kmEuro 5 (TBD)

0.08-0.20 g/km

0.0025-0.010 g/km

NOx (g/km)

Bin 10

Euro 4

Euro 3

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

PM

(g

/mile)

PM

(g

/km

)

0.02

0.05

0.06

0.04

0.02

0

Bin 8

NOx (g/mile)1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.2

0.10

0.080.05

0.03

0.01

0.09

0.07

0.06

0.04

0.03

0.01

Euro 5 (TBD)Bin 5

Moving to a lower bin adds incremental cost to gasoline off-

set vehicles

Bin 4 offset

0.07 NOx Fleet2008 MY +

1 - Bin 8Diesel0.20g

NOx/mileDiesel penetration

0.04 NOx

0.04 NOx

0.04 NOx

0.04 NOx

4.33 - Bin 4 Gasto Offset

Offsetting Diesel NOx Emissions – Tier 2

Aftertreatment SystemsBalancing the requirements of FTP with US06

NO

x C

on

ver s

i on

Effi

cien

c y (

%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

SCR Effective Range

LNT Effective Range

Typical ThermalOperating “Windows”

Catalyst Operating Temperature (degrees C)

Light Duty Diesel US06

Catalyst Temps Light Duty

Diesel FTPCatalyst Temps

Advanced Controls

Diesel EngineEnabling Technology Development

Advanced Boost

Configurations

HCCIHomogene

ousCombustio

n

PCCIPre-Mixed

Charge Comb.

Reduced Compressio

n Ratio

Enhanced EGR

Cooling

Advanced EGR

Systems

DPF, SCR & LNT

Aftertreatment

Low Temp / Low Soot

Combustion

VVT / VVA

Summary•Portfolio approach is required for

advanced powertrain strategies

•To compete globally, diesels will be a critical component of the powertrain portfolio

•Emission regulations, fuel price, taxation based on engine displacement and fuel consumption largely dictate markets where diesels are popular today

•Diesel technology advancements over past 15 years have radically changed public perception of diesels

SummaryMarket Factors in North America

•GM continues to apply North American diesel engines where they maximize customer benefits:– Larger vehicles– Towing and hauling utility applications

•U.S. market has benefited from diesel technology

•Growing market share of diesel vehicles in the full-size truck segment implies improved U.S. consumer acceptance of diesel powered vehicles

•Must address North American NOx standards (one sixth that of Europe) at an acceptable cost

GM Diesel TechnologyCharles E. Freese V

Executive Director, Diesel EngineeringGeneral Motors Corporation