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# 110688 Cust: Cengage Au: David L. Goetsch Pg. No. 453 Title: Structural, Civil, and Pipe Drafting Server:

PMS 3015 U / KShort / Normal

DESIGN SERVICES OF

S4-CARLISLEPublishing Services

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Alloy Two or more metals combined, or metal combined with nonmetallic sub-stances, to obtain a desired performance characteristic, such as hardness, elasticity, and corrosion resistance.American standard beam Common name for an S-shape steel beam.Anchor bolts Bolts used to secure build-ing components to the foundation. In the case of primary framing, these bolts are em-bedded in the foundation and secured to the column baseplate.Angle Structural steel shape resembling an L. May be equal-leg angle or unequal-leg angle. Used in trusses and built-up girders.Architecture The combined art and sci-ence of designing buildings and other struc-tures for human use.ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials.Azimuth A horizontal direction mea-sured in degrees from 0 to 360 and usually measured from north.Balloon framing A type of wooden framing in which the studs extend in one piece from the sill to the double top plate. At one time popular for two-story dwellings, it is no longer widely used.Bars Round, square, or rectangular steel rods used for reinforcing concrete or fabri-cating steel members.Bay spacing The distance between pri-mary framing members measured parallel to the ridge or eave. Interior bays are mea-sured from centerline of frame to centerline of frame.Beam A large structural member of con-crete, steel, or wood used to support members over openings or from column to column.Bill of materials A comprehensive list of all materials needed to fabricate and erect the structural members for a job.Blueprints Common term for copies of original drawings. The term originated with a copying method seldom used any longer that actually produced a copy with white lines on a blue background. Most modern prints have a white background and dark blue or black lines.

Cadastral maps Maps that depict fea-tures in cities, towns, and counties. They are often used by county property appraisers for assessing taxes and by civil engineers for various types of municipal projects.

Chain A measuring tool used in survey-ing composed of links that were originally 66 feet long. The steel measuring tapes used by modern surveyors are sometimes called chains.

Channels A general term used to de-scribe steel C and MC shapes.

Civil engineering The engineering dis-cipline concerned with planning of roads, bridges, earthwork, maps, surveys, property descriptions, dams, canals, pipelines, and related projects.

Clear height Distance from the finished floor to the bottom of the rafter at the rafter-to-column connection.

Clear span Distance between columns.

COGO (coordinate geometry) A method used to create drawings in CAD that uses points or coordinates, geometric angles, bearings, and lengths.

Columns A vertical structural member usually attached to a footing and extending to the roof of the building. May be steel, concrete, or wood.

Concrete A mixture of cement, sand, ag-gregate, and water. It is usually reinforced with wire mesh and steel reinforcing bars when used in heavy construction.

Continuous beam frame A multiple-span structural frame consisting of straight or tapered solid-web sections whose exte-rior rafter-to-column moment connection stabilizes the structure.

Contour lines Lines on a map used to connect points of equal elevation and thereby indicate the elevation of land.

Contractor The person who supplies the necessary work and materials and coordi-nates subcontractors in building a structure.

Cross section A full section cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of a building.

C-shape or channel Structural steel shape that has a cross section resembling

an opening bracket ([). Similar to W-shapes with half-width flanges on one side. Used in trusses and built-up girders.Cut and fill A civil engineering term that describes moving earth from high areas to fill in low areas.Cutting plane A hypothetical plane that cuts through a structure at designated loca-tions to reveal inside conditions. Indicated on drawings with various types of arrows.Details A small part of a structure drawn separated from the structure to accentuate certain information.Eave height The vertical dimension from finished floor to eave.Eave purlin A roof secondary framing member located at the eave and used for attaching roof and wall panels.Eave strut A structural member at the eave to support roof panels and wall panels. It may also transmit wind forced from roof bracing to wall bracing.Elevations An orthographic representa-tion of a structure or part of a structure drawn on a flat, vertical plane as if the viewer’s line of sight is perpendicular to the plane.End post spacing Distance between centerlines of end posts.Endwall An exterior wall that is perpen-dicular to the ridge and parallel to the gable of the building.Engineering drawings Basic layout drawings of a structure used for design and engineering purposes.Erection drawings Drawings prepared especially for use on the jobsite in erect-ing a building. Used primarily in steel and precast concrete construction to show how the building fits together and in what order each piece is to be erected.Exterior bays Last frame spacing on either end of a building measured from the building line (outside face of girt) to the centerline of the first interior frame.Extrusion A structural member formed by forcing a material, such as steel, through a hole of the desired cross section; refers to both the process and the final product.

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gLOSSARY

# 110688 Cust: Cengage Au: David L. Goetsch Pg. No. 454 Title: Structural, Civil, and Pipe Drafting Server:

PMS 3015 U / KShort / Normal

DESIGN SERVICES OF

S4-CARLISLEPublishing Services

Fabrication details Detailed drawings of individual structural members describ-ing exactly how they are to be fabricated.

Flame brace Flame used in roof and walls to transfer loads, such as wind loads, and seismic and crane thrusts to the foundation.

Flange On structural steel shapes, such as C-shapes, S-shapes, and W-shapes, the horizontal portions at the top and bottom that are perpendicular to the web.

Footing An enlargement at the base of a column or bottom of a wall to distribute the load over a greater portion of ground and thereby prevent settling. Most footings are made of poured concrete.

Forge Process used in forming a metal structural member by heating and hammer-ing to the desired shape.

Foundation The bottom most portion of a wall or that part of the wall that rests on the footing and upon which the rest of the wall is built.

Framing plan A plan view drawn to scale that provides a bird’s eye view of the structural components of a building. Col-umns, beams and girders, roof members, floor members, and wall members all re-quire separate framing plans.

Geographic information system (GIS) A geographical database that con-tains information on features under, on, and above the ground (e.g., topography, streets, utility lines, transmission lines, sewer lines, and land use).

Girder A large, horizontal support mem-ber similar to a beam. The terms are dif-ferentiated in some schools of thought as follows: beams span from column to col-umn, whereas girders span from beam to beam.

Girt A secondary horizontal structural member attached to sidewall or endwall columns to which wall covering is attached and supported horizontally.

Grid survey The method of dividing a plot of land into a grid and taking elevations at each grid intersection.

Haunch The area of increased depth of the column or rafter member that is de-signed to account for the higher bending moments that occur at such places. Typi-cally, this occurs at the rafter-to-column connection.

I-beam Common name for an S-shape steel beam.

Interpolation An inexact but acceptable method of inserting missing values between

two known values. CAD technicians some-times interpolate when placing contour lines between known points.Iron A malleable (may be pressed and shaped without returning to its original form), ductile (may be stretched or ham-mered without breaking), metallic element. The main ingredient used in the production of steel. Once a common building material for bridges, it was gradually replaced by steel around the turn of the twentieth century.Cast iron has a higher carbon content (2.0–4.5 percent) and is less malleable (more brittle). It is shaped by pouring it in a fluid, molten state into molds. Steel alloys are next in decreasing order of carbon content (ap-proximately 0.2–2.0 percent), followed by wrought iron, which has less carbon content (approximately 0.2 percent). This makes wrought iron tough but more malleable; it is more easily shaped by heating and ham-mering (forging).Joists Horizontal structural members that support the floors and/or roof of a building.Longitudinal section A section cut through the length of a structure.Lot and block A method of describing parcels of land that can be used only if a plat containing metes and bounds descriptions has been recorded with a local government entity. Each parcel is given a lot number within a given block. This method is typi-cally used in subdivisions.Magnetic declination Horizontal angle between the magnetic north meridian and the true north meridian.Metes and bounds A method of de-scribing parcels of property using bearings and distances from a known point of begin-ning (POB).MOD 24 framing A wooden framing system that places joists, studs, rafters, and trusses in 24-inch modules.Narrow flange beam An S-shape steel beam.Pipe Hollow, cylindrical structural steel shape.Plan and profile Drawing of a road, ca-nal, utility line, or other feature that shows a plan view and a profile (section cut into the earth vertically). The profile view is typi-cally projected directly down and drawn below the plan view.Plat A drawing of a given piece of land from one individual parcel to a multiparcel subdivision.Plate In structural steel, a flat steel piece rectangular in cross section. In wood

construction, a term applied to 2 3 4 nailers placed on the sill and on top of the stud wall.Plot plan A drawing of a piece of prop-erty that shows all features on the property (also known as a site plan).Point of curve The point at which a straight line (such as the line representing the centerline of a highway) begins to curve.Post-and-beam endframe A structural framing system utilized at the endwall that is composed of corner post, end post, and rake beams.Post tensioning A method of prestress-ing concrete by stressing the steel strands after the concrete has been poured and allowed to harden.Precast concrete products Concrete members that are poured in forms at a plant or factory and allowed to harden. There are two types of precast products: prestressed products and reinforced products.Prestressed concrete products Con-crete products that are stressed before be-ing erected in a job. This is accomplished by passing high-strength steel strands through the form and applying stress to the strands either before or after the concrete is poured.Pretensioning Stressing the steel strands in a prestressed member before the concrete is poured into the form.Purlin A secondary horizontal structural member attached to the primary frame that transfers the roof loads from the roof cover-ing to the primary members.Rafter A fabricated member, with parallel flanges, that extends from the haunch member to the frame ridge. Any beam, in general, used in a primary frame. Ridge apex of building.Rebar Short term used for steel reinforc-ing bars used to reinforce concrete.Rectangular system A system devel-oped by the U.S. Bureau of Land Manage-ment used to describe parcels of land in a coordinate system within a given state.Retaining wall Structural wall used to hold back earth or other materials. There are two types: gravity and cantilever.Rigid frame A clear-span structural frame consisting of straight or tapered sec-tions whose rafter-to-column connection stabilizes the frame with respect to imposed loads. This frame is designed in accordance with AISC Type I construction.Rivet A metal fastener with a large head on one end used to connect multiple metal plates by passing the shank through aligned holes in the plates and hammering the plain end to form a second head.

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gLOSSARY

# 110688 Cust: Cengage Au: David L. Goetsch Pg. No. 455 Title: Structural, Civil, and Pipe Drafting Server:

PMS 3015 U / KShort / Normal

DESIGN SERVICES OF

S4-CARLISLEPublishing Services

Rod A square pole used by surveyors to take elevations when used in conjunction with a surveying device.

Rod bracing Rods are utilized in con-junction with purlins and girts to form a truss-type bracing system located in both roof and wall planes.

Rolled section A structural member formed by heating material, such as steel, and passing it through a series of rollers to achieve a desired shape.

Roof purlin A roof secondary member that is secured to frame rafters and supports the roof covering.

Roof system The exterior roof sur-face consisting of panels, closures, and attachments.

Section (in civil engineering) A portion of a township that contains 640 acres and is 1 mile square (except in areas where geo-graphical features interfere). For example, many sections in the state of Florida contain less than 640 acres because of the state’s odd shape and coastlines.

Section (in structural and pipe drawings) A type of drawing used to clarify details of construction.

Shear walls Walls designed to resist lat-eral loading from winds, underground dis-turbances, or blasts.

Shop drawings Drawings prepared to guide shop personnel in the fabrication of structural members for a job. Usually include fabrication details and a bill of materials.

Sidewall An exterior wall that is parallel to the ridge and sidewall of the building.

Slab A flat concrete area usually rein-forced with wire mesh and/or rebar(s).

Slope The degree of incline of a roof ex-pressed as a ratio of the vertical rise to the horizontal run.

Specifications Written instructions ac-companying the drawing containing in-formation about materials, workmanship, style, and other pertinent information.

S-shape or narrow flange beam Struc-tural steel shape that has a cross section resembling the letter I with sloped inner flange surfaces adjacent to the web. May be formed by extrusion or rolling. Desig-nated by the prefix S followed by the depth in inches and the weight per linear foot in pounds, such as S6310. Commonly called I-beam or American standard beam. Com-pare to W-shape.

Steel Any of a variety of iron-based me-tallic alloys having less carbon content than cast iron but more than wrought iron.

Stress Forces acting on structural mem-bers due to various types of loads. These forces are torsion, tension, compression, or shear.

Studs The primary vertical members of a wooden wall.

Subdivision A larger parcel of land that has been divided into smaller parcels. Many residential communities in the suburbs of larger cities are built on land that was subdivided.

Suspended floor A concrete floor sys-tem built above and off the ground.

Tilt-up walls Poured-in-place con-crete walls that are poured in forms on the ground and then tilted up into place by cranes or hoists.

Townships Divisions of land described by parallels and meridians, each containing 36 square miles.

Truss A framed structure consisting of straight members jointed to form a pattern of interconnecting triangles, usually made of wood or metal.

Utilities Services to homes, businesses, government buildings, and nonprofit orga-nizations such as electricity, water, sewer, cable, telephone, and Internet connections.

Wall girt A horizontal wall secondary member that is secured to columns and supports the wall covering.

Wall system The exterior wall sur-face consisting of panels, closures, and attachments.

Web On structural steel shapes, such as C-shapes, S-shapes, and W-shapes, the flat portion that is perpendicular to and joining the flanges. Also the system of members connecting the top and bottom chords of a truss.

Weld Joining two metal pieces by heating them and allowing them to flow together. Creating a bond by using another nonfer-rous metal that melts below 800° F is called soldering. Creating a bond by using another nonferrous metal that melts above 800° F is called brazing. The continuous deposit of fused metal created in these processes is called a bead. Other common fasteners used in metal structures include rivets, threaded bolts, and pin/eyebar connections.

Working drawings A set of drawings containing all information to complete a job from start to finish.

W-shape or wide flange beam Struc-tural steel shape that has a cross section resembling an H with flat inner flange sur-faces adjacent to the web. May be formed by extrusion or rolling. Designated by the prefix W followed by the depth in inches and the weight per linear foot in pounds, such as W18 3 40. Compare to S-shape.