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Glossary Terms
3D Pose estimation 1
AC motor 1103
ACC 806
Access time 256
AdaBoost 806
Adaptive control 55
ADAS 74
Advanced biofuel 629
Advanced driver assistance system 353
AER 870
AGT 831
All-electric range (AER) 911
Alternating current (AC) 122
Alternative fuel 629
Alternatives analysis 235
Alternator 593
Amp-hour (Ah) 122
Annualized operating cost 256
Antilock braking system (ABS) 882
APC 100
APM 831
APTS 100
Architecture 467
Armature winding 1103
Articulated bus 256
At-grade BRT 256
ATRA 831
Automated guided transit (AGT) 256
Automotive night vision 959
Average operating speed 256
Average speed 704
AVL 100
Balance of plant (BOP) 525
Baseline 806
Battery 122, 494, 1082
Battery electric vehicle 1082
Battery management system (BMS) 122
Battery pack 122
Battery state of charge 593
Battery string 122
Battery-powered electric vehicle (BEV) 911
Bayes classifier 806
Beacon, traffic pylon, guiding reflector post 353
Bedstead barrier 667
BEV 851
BGF 1133
Bike lane 196
Bike locker 196
Bike rack 196
Bike station 196
Biodiesel 1006
Biofuels 911
Biomass 1006
Bio-oil 1006
Bogie or truck (United States) 256
Brake controller 882
Brake-by-wire 882
Braking energy 882
Braking forces 1060
Braking performance 1060
Braking system 1060
Branding 235
BRT 100, 292
Brushless DC motor 1103
Build-operate-transfer (BOT) 256
Bus 196
Bus corridor 235
Bus lane 235, 256
Bus priority 235
Bus rapid transit 704, 947
Bus rapid transit (BRT) 212
Bus rapid transit (BRT) or bus transit with high level of
service (BHLS) 256
Bus rapid transit vehicle 212
Bus transit system (BTS) 256
Buses 554
Busway 235
Buy America 212
Calibration 1033
CAN 806
Capacity 1082
Capital assistance/expenditures 212
1164 Glossary Terms
Carpools 554
CBD 704
CD 870
CDR 870
Cell 122
CFAR 806
Channelization device 667
Charge depleting (CD) 911
Charge sustaining (CS) 911
Classification 438
CMOS 806
CMOS image sensor 959
Cognitive vehicle 311
Comfort 235
Commercial speed 235
Commingled operation 683
Common relevant picture 311
Commuter rail 704
Commuter rail service 212
Complex hybrid vehicles 593
Computer vision 1033
Congestion pricing 566
Consist 256
Contextual map 438
Contrast sensitivity 422
Control (power split) strategy 494
Conventional vehicle 890
Converter 593
Cooperative group (CG) 311
Coulombic efficiency 122
C-rate 122
Cross-subsidization 257
CS 870
CTRV 806
CVT 1103
Dangerous situation 311
Data alignment 438
DC motor 1103
Deadheading 257
Dedicated lines 537
Depth of discharge 1082
Depth of discharge (DoD) 122
Design-build model 257
Design-build-operate-maintain (DBOM) model 257
Diametrical line (or route) 257
Diesel gallon equivalent (DGE) 629
Diesel IC engine 593
Digital map 806
DIMS 395
Direct current (DC) 122
Disparity 806
Distraction 395
DoD 870
Doppler 806
Drive cycle 593, 939
Driver Assistance System (DAS) 1, 311, 385, 959
Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) 385
Driver biological 395
Driver Characteristics 385
Driver physical 395
Driving performance 395
Driving simulator 368
DSM 851
DTC 1103
Dual-mode 831
Dual-mode buses 220
Dynamic envelope 667
Dynamic mapping 438
Dynamic range 959
Economy of scale 257
Edge city 704
Elasticity of demand 257
Electric coupling 467
Electric load 614
Electric vehicle 467, 890, 1082
Electric vehicle (EV) 525
Electromagnetic spectrum, visible (VIS) and
near-infrared (NIR) 959
Electronic fare payment 100
emf 1103
Energy capacity 1082
Energy storage 614
Environmental perception 353
Epipolar line 806
Equivalence ratio 1006
EU 806
EV 870
Express bus 704
Express lane 566
Express toll lanes (ETL) 566
Expressway 566
Extended constant power range 939
Externalities 235
Factor Analysis 385
1165Glossary Terms
False alarm rate 806
Fare collection 235
Fatigue 395
Federal Transit Administration 212
Field winding 1103
Field-oriented control 25
FIR (far-infrared) 806
Fixed-route bus service 212
Flashing light signal assembly 667
Flat world assumption 806
Fleet management 100
FOC 1103
Frequency 257
FRT 831
Fuel cell 525, 593
Fuel cell electric vehicle 1082
Fuel cell vehicle 467
Fuel consumption 1060
Fuel-cell vehicle (FCV) 911
G2V 851
Gap 753
Gasohol 1006
Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) 629
General purpose lanes (GP) 566
Generator 593, 1103
Geographical routing 1133
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 353
Global positioning system (GPS) 257
GPS (global positioning system) 806
GPSR 1133
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) 911
Grid route structure 704
GRT 831
Guideway 257, 753
Haar wavelets 806
Headway 235, 257
Heavy rail 705
HEV 851, 870
High occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane 257
High-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes 554
High-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes 554
High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel
cell (HT-PEMFC) 525
HMI (human–machine interface/interaction) 368
HOT Lane 566
HOV 566
Human Factors 385
Human-centered design 368
Hybrid 395, 614
Hybrid brake system 882
Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) 494
Hybrid electric vehicle 467, 1082
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) 525, 593, 911
Hybrid energy storage 614
Hybrid vehicle 257, 890
Hybrid vehicles 554
Hydrocarbons 890
Inattention 395
Induced traffic/demand 537
Induction machine (IM) 25
INS 806
Instrumented vehicle 368
Intelligent transport system (ITS) 235
Intelligent transportation system (ITS) 257, 1033
Intelligent transportation systems 220
Interior permanent magnet (IPM) 25
Interlining 257
Internal combustion engine (ICE) 525, 593
Internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) 911
Interurban 705
Inverter 593
ISG 1103
Iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm 1
ITR 1133
ITS 100
ITS (intelligent transport systems) 368
Joint development 947
Laser range finder (LIDAR) 1033
Laser scanner 74, 353
Lateral tire forces 338, 991
Level of service (LOS) 257
Light rail 196, 705
Light rail transit 683
Light rail transit (LRT) 212, 257, 667
Light rail vehicle (LRV) 257
Light rail vehicles (LRVs) 667
Lignocellulose 1006
Line capacity 257
Linked trip 257
Load factor or coefficient of utilization 257
Local minimum 1133
Locally preferred alternative 257
Longitudinal tire forces 338, 991
Low-emission and energy-efficient vehicles 554
1166 Glossary Terms
Low-temperature PEM fuel cell (LT-PEMFC) 525
LRT 292
Maglev (magnetic levitation) 753
Magnetic Induction 753
Magnets, electromagnetic 753
Magnets, permanent 753
Magnets, superconducting 753
Managed lanes 566
Marginal cost 257
Maximum load section (MLS) 257
MCL 807
Measures 395
Mechanical coupling 467
Memory effect 122
Metro 196
Metro rail 292
Metropolitan planning organization (MPO) 257
Microgrid 593
Mixture calorific value 629
mmf 1103
Modal split 212, 257
Mode 705
Monorail 258
Motion planning 311
Motor 1103
Multidestination transit route networks 705
Multifocal vision system 55
Multi-laser sensing system 438
Multimodal 220
National Transit Database (NTD) 258
Naturalistic driving behavior 368
Network system 831
New urbanism 292
NIR 74, 807
NIRWARN 807
No-build scenario 258
Non-traction load 614
NUR 1133
O-Bahn 258
Observer or estimator 338, 991
Off-line stations 831
Off-quadrant 667
Off-road vehicle 594
Oleaginous microorganisms 1006
OM 851
Open circuit voltage 1082
Operating assistance/expenditures 212
Operating speed 258
Operation mode 467
Opportunity cost 258
Optical flow 1
ORT 566
Pantograph 258
Parallel hybrid vehicles 594
Paratransit 235, 258
Particle Filter 807
Passenger capacity 235
Pavement markings 667
PCC Streetcar 705
Peak section load 235
Pedestrian 667
Pedestrian automatic gate 667
Pedestrian-light rail at-grade crossing 667
People mover 258
Permanent magnet material 25
Permanent magnet synchronous machine
(PMSM) 25
PHEV 851, 870
Physical signal extraction 395
Plug-in hybrid 593
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) 494, 911
Point-to-point 831
Positive control device 667
Power electronic converter 939
Power electronics 594
Power plants 1060
Prediction 311
Preparatory behavior 368
PReVENT 807
Primary battery 123
Privatization 213
ProFusion 807
Proof-of-payment (POP) Fare Collection System 706
Proportional-integral (PI) controller 122
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) 525
PRT 831
Public transport 235
Public transport service 213
Public transportation 947
Public transportation (also called transit, public
transit, or mass transit) 667
Public transport/transit 196
Public–private partnership 235
Public–private partnership (PPP) 258
1167Glossary Terms
Public–private partnerships/models 213
Pulse power efficiency 494
Pump-to-wheels (PTW) 911
Purchased transportation services 213
Quality of service 220
Quaternion 1
RADAR 807
Radial line (or route) 258
Radial transit route systems 706
Range image 438
Rapid transit 236, 706
Real-time passenger information (RTPI) 258
Rectifier 594
Reformate 525
Regenerative braking 882, 939
Regular 258
Reliability 236, 385
Renewable fuel 629
Reserved lane 566
Right-of-way (ROW) 258
Right-of-way (r-o-w) 667
Road construction site 353
Road marking 353
ROC 807
ROI 807
Rolling stock 213
Root mean square (RMS) 123
Saccade 55
Saccharification 1006
Safety barrier 353
Scene flow 1
Scene understanding 438
Scheduled speed 706
SDR 1133
Secondary battery 123
Segmentation 438
Selective attention 55
Self selection 947
Self-discharge rate 123
Sensor calibration 438
Series hybrid vehicles 594
Service operation plan 236
Shared corridor 683
Shared right-of-way 683
Shared track 683
Shinkansen 537
Short turning 258
Shuttle 258
Sideslip angle 338, 991
Signal priority 100
Simulation 100
SLI batteries 123
Slug lines 566
Smart growth 947
Smooth-pursuit movement 55
SOC 870
Solid polymer fuel cell (SPFC) 525
Space-averaged load factor 258
Stakeholders 220
State of charge (SoC) 123
State of health (SoH) 123
Stereo camera system 807
Stereo vision 1
Streetcar 258, 706
Subjective report 395
Suburban rail 196
Superconductors 753
Surface-mounted PMSM (SM-PMSM) 25
Sustainable 890
Sustainable Development 258
Swing gate 667
Switched reluctance motor 939
Synthesis gas 1006
Tangential route (or Line) 258
Technology push/market pull 220
Temporal separation 683
TEN 537
TGV 537
Timed-transfer system (TTS) 259
Tire forces 338, 991
TOD 292
Toll 566
Traction 706
Traction load 614
Tractive effort 1060
Traffic control devices 667
Traffic signal 236
Tramway 259
Transit 706
Transit choice riders 220
Transit ridership 292
Transit signal priority (TSP) 259
Transit value capture 292, 947
Transit-oriented development 213
1168 Glossary Terms
Transit-oriented development (TOD) 220, 236
Transit-oriented development, or TOD 706
Transmissions 1060
Transportation demand management 100
Transportation Equity Act for
the 21st Century 213
Transportation 890
Travel time savings 213
Traveler information 100
Triacylglycerol (TAG) 1006
Trolley bus 707
Truck 259
T-Test 385
Tunneling Effects 537
Two-class problem 807
Ultracapacitor 594
Ultracapacitor (electrochemical capacitor) 494
Unlinked trip 259
Urban Mass Transportation Act 213
UTM 807
V2B 851
V2G 851
Validity 385
Value pricing 566
VANET 1133
Vanpools 554
Vehicle control systems 338, 991
Vehicle detection 1033
Vehicle dynamics 338, 991
Vehicle energy source 1082
Vehicle maintenance 213
Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) 707
Vehicle operations 213
Vehicle performance 1060
Vehicle resistance 1060
Vehicle simulations 494
Vehicle tracking 1033
Verkehrsverbund or federation of transit
operators 707
Vertical (normal) tire forces 338, 991
Vestibulo-ocular reflex 55
VGA 807
Visual odometry 55
VMT 292, 566
VOR 566
VOT 566
Watt-hour (Wh) 123
Well-to-pump (WTP) 911
Well-to-wheels (WTW) 911
Wide dynamic range (WDR) 959
Wireless vehicular communication 311
X factor 939
Yaw angle 1
Yaw rate 1
Z-crossing 667
Zonal service 259
Index
Aabsorbed glass mat battery 164–165
absorptive glass mat 1093
accelerometer 346, 999
accident
– drowsiness-related 418
– involving children 77
– pedestrian-related 81
accumulator, bladder-type 612
acetonitrile (AN) 520
acid degradation 1016, 1022
activated carbon (AC) 187
active bumper 82
active pedestrian protection system
(APPS) 81
active perception 56
active safety vehicles (ASV) 80
active vision 56
AdaBoost (adaptive boosting) 816, 823
– algorithm 92
– cascade 92
– classifier 1038, 1045, 1054
– training process 93
adaptive cruise control (ACC) 80, 85, 354
adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) 412
ad hoc on-demand distance vector 1133
advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) 80
advanced greedy forwarding (AGF) 1137,
1153, 1155
advanced lead-acid battery consortium
(ALABC) 164
advanced pre-crash safety system 401
advanced public transportation systems
(APTS) 101–102
– control strategies 109
– measures of effectiveness (MOE) 106
advanced traffic management system
(ATMS) 106
advanced traveler information system
(ATIS) 106
air-electrode batteries 513
airline-HST cooperation 547
air pollution 856, 890
air traffic control 317
alcohol/alcoholic
– fuel 635, 646
– route 1028
algae/algal 1015
alkaline fuel cell (AFC) 487, 532
all-bus system 287
AlNiCo alloys 33
alternative fuel 648–649
– classification 631
– on engine performance 630
– legislation 630
– market share 632
– properties 635
– technical implications 630
– well-to-wheel analysis 649
ambient temperature lithium battery 1098
AMULETT 84
ANFIS model 412
angular-rate sensor 65
anti-brake system (ABS) 525
anti-lock brake system (ABS) 85, 339, 886,
992, 1076, 1080
aqueous potassium hydroxide 170
arterial median busways 221
artificial neural network (ANN) 403, 409
at-grade busway 274
attention assist system 401
autogas 636
auto-highway expansion 261
automated
– guideway transit (AGT) 277, 831, 834
– parking facility 848
– passenger counters (APC) 111
– people mover 831, 834, 846
– transit technologies 848
– vehicle 848
– location (AVL) 101, 237, 253
– monitoring (AVM) 101
atic
autom– braking 95
– cab signaling (ACS) 699
– driver assistance systems, machine-
vision-based 988
– emergency break 354
– mapping 363
– passenger counters (APC) 101, 108, 112
– pedestrian gate 680
– train control (ATC) 699
– train protection (ATO) 271
– train stop (ATS) 699
– vehicle location (AVL) 108
auto mobilization 259
automotive
– automotive vision environment 968
– dynamicmotion analyzer (ADMA) 356
– electronic technologies 339
– imaging application 960
– imaging environment 962, 965
– industry, sensor fusion 809
– night vision systems 807
autonomous road vehicle 311
auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) 405
autothermal reformation (ATR) 527
available vehicle-occupancy (AVO) 562
average eye closure speed (AECS) 415
awareness model 397
azeotropic ethanol 1011, 1025
Bback-emf 32, 43
bagasse 1025
balanced intermodal transportation 263, 277
battery 122–128, 182, 494–495, 502–503
– assembled characteristic charging 135
– assembled constant-current charging 135
– assembled taper characteristic
charging 135
– bulk charge 124
– capacitive contactless charger 147
– cells 126
– balancing 152
– construction 162
– charger configurations 138
– charge-sustaining (CS) mode 870
– charging circuits 155
– with AC sources 138
– electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) 149
– electromagnetic interference
(EMI) 149
– for photovoltaic (PV) systems 136
– charging efficiency 160
– charging protocols 146
– charging techniques 122, 131
– chemistries 125, 158
– choosing 165
– constant-current charging 132
– constant-voltage charging 132
– contactless charging 146
1170 Index
– current 139
– current-based SoC estimation 151
– dry 165
– efficiency 160
– electrical modeling 160
– electric vehicles (BEV) 497, 851, 903,
910
– electrochemistry 162
– electromagnetic interference (EMI) 148
– energy capacity 165
– energy density 502
– energy loss 616
– energy management
– depth of discharge (DoD) 1084
– state of charge (SoC) 1084
– energy/power ratio 879
– energy storage systems (BESS) 145
– equalization charge 124
– failure 124
– float charging 124
– gravity measurement 151
– health measurement 150
– internal resistance 160
– Kalman filter technique 151
– lead
– acid 124, 125, 161
– antimony 164
– calcium 163
– life 166
– lithium
– ion 175
– iron sulfide 129
– management 122, 128, 150, 155, 492
– management systems (BMS) 470
– cell charge equalization 152
– DC-DC converter methods 154
– flying capacitor 153
– passive balancing 152
– standby batteries 150
– switched capacitor charge
equalization method 153
– maximum power output 160
– metal air 130
– mixed constant-current and constant-
voltage charging 133
– multi-output transformer 153
– nickel-cadmium 126, 168
– nickel-metal hydride 127, 169
– nickel-zinc 130
– power 165
– pulse-charging technique 134
– pulse-width modulation charge
regulators 138
– rapid charge 124
– rechargeable 159
– separator 124, 150, 165, 492
– series charge regulators 136
– shunt charge regulators 137
– single-phase, phase-controlled
rectifiers 139
– sodium-beta 131
– sodium sulfur 129
– starting-lighting-ignition 125
– state of charge (SOC) 870
– taper characteristic charging 134
– technologies 158
– temperature effect 160, 166
– tender 124
– thermal management 616
– three-phase, phase-controlled
rectifiers 141
– trickle charge 124
– valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) 126
– for vehicle applications 1089
– voltage 132, 134, 139, 151
– zinc bromine 184
battery-powered electric vehicle (BEV),
wheel-to wheel results 926
battery/ultracapacitor system
– active interconnection 621
– passive interconnection 621
bay area rapid transit (BART) 201
Bayesian
– classifier 358
– decision networks 332
– decision rule 1038
– networks (BNs) 404
beacon 362–363, 1153
– beacon-assist geographic forwarding
(BGF) 1136
– interval 1137
bent-axis hydraulic motor 610
bicycling 196
bike
– parking 210
– metro stations 196
– parking spaces 198
– at train stations 196
– racks 203, 206
– routes 201
– sharing program 205
– station 196, 201, 205
– transport 805
bike-and-ride 202–203
– facilities 196, 198
– parking 203, 206
bike-rail integration 210
bike-transit
– coordination 200
– integration 197–199
– case studies 199
– Chicago 203
– Minneapolis 203
– New York/New Jersey 205
– Portland 202
– San Francisco 201
– Toronto 204
– Vancouver 202
– Washington 205
sel 631, 640–642, 757, 915, 1011, 1022
biodie– cetane number 642
– iodine number 641
– production 633
– viscosity 638, 641
biofuel 493, 911, 914–916
– algae-based 928
– blends 1007
– carbon 915
– life-cycle analysis (LCA) 915–916
– pathways 915
biogas 1028
biomass 1011
– biological processing 1023
– combustor 1019
– conversion processes 1017
– to hydrocarbons 1028
– processing 1014
– thermochemical conversion 1017
bio-oil 1016, 1022
bipolar
– cell ctacks 1093
– plate 1093
blackbody radiation 976
black hole 963
blind spot detection (BSD) 80
boosting technology 404
brake
– actuator 885
– design regulation 1080
– mean effective pressure (BMEP) 642
– system design 1078
braking
– energy 874, 882–883
– distribution over braking power 885
– distribution over vehicle speeds 883
– force 885, 888–889, 941, 1073,
1076–1077
– stability 1078
– strength 1076–1077
– torque 887
“bright pupil” effect 416
bromine 184
brushed DC machine 25
brushless DC machines (BLDC) 25, 31
brushless motor 1108
1171Index
buck converter 141
bulldozer 602
bullet train 540
bus 271–273, 292
– air pollution 281
– assignment 107
– automation 222
– fuel consumption 281
– lane 222–223, 253, 263, 554
– line capacity 285
– operator driving behavior 107
– preferential treatments 273
– route duplication 728
– service 272
– stops 106
– transit model 106
– transit routes 287
– transit system 271, 275, 294, 303, 728
– cost characteristics 294
– land-use densities 303
ZZO 113
BusMEbus network 729
bus-only roadways 221
bus-only transit systems 731
bus rapid transit (BRT) 103, 212–214, 256,
271–272, 282, 293, 804, 947
– Africa 253
– Asia 247
– Australia 247
– buses in tunnels 272
– Canada 241
– capital costs 238
– characteristics 237
– components 237
– corridors 949
– decision-makers 227
– definition 275
– design studies 221
– in the developing world 241
– developments 214
– dual-mode systems 222
– early busways 222
– educating the public 232
– Europe 246
– exclusive right-of-way 223
– finance 228
– funding 228, 240
– guided buses 272
– guideway cost 296
– impacts 237
– infrastructure 225
– institutional issues 220, 224
– integrated transit systems 239
– intergovernmental issues 224
– international experience 222
– interorganizational issues 224
– intra-agency 226
– key systems 235
– labor and human factors 229
– land use 229
– Latin America 243
– liability 229
– long-term funding commitments 232
– managing perceptions 232
– marketing 228
– network supplements 216
– New Zealand 247
– operating cost 296
– origins 221
– physical environment 230
– planning 229
– policy issues 235
– political will 227
– private participation 239
– public relations 228
– public transit agency 225
– rail-ready 218
– roadway-related issues 231
– running ways 217, 221
– safety 229
– stakeholder experience 230
– stakeholders 224
– status around the world 238
– technological developments 240
– transit-oriented development 232
– United States 241
– worldwide history of
development 235
bus transit
– cost characteristics 294
– land-use densities 303
busway 217, 222, 275, 738, 950
CCabtrack program 839
calibration procedure 1041
camera
– calibration 57
– camera motion estimation 67
– motion estimation (CME) 65, 67
– platform 57
CAN-bus signal 411
Canny filter 364
capacitor 185–186, 194
car 759
– accident 75
– following 424–426
– age-related changes 424
– low visibility condition 425
– speed 77
carbon
– activated 187
– aerogels 187
– monoxide (CO) 891
– nanotubes 187
carbon dioxide 890, 892
carboxylate 1016, 1027
car following, time headway (THW) 426
car-like vehicle 325
Carnot cycle 485
carpools 102, 561, 569, 574
carsharing 102
Cartesian radar coordinates 822
cellulose/cellulosic 916, 1006, 1012
central-city redevelopment 954
centralized traffic control (CTC) 700
cetane number 1007
channel, tunnel 548
charge-sustaining hybrid 507
checkerboard 1039, 1042
chemical/chemicals batteries 625
– energy density 467
– practical specific energy 616
– specific power 616
– theoretical specific energy 615
choice riders 264
choice-set generation 115
Cholesky factorization 320
chrominance 985
city transportation 833
Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) 926
coercive field intensity 33, 35
cogging torque 53
cognitive ability, age-related declines 423
cognitive distraction 399
cognitive vehicle 315–316
– cooperative decision making 322
– cooperative driving 324
– distributed negotiation
protocol 316
– warning systems 322
collision
– avoidance (CA) 81, 317, 331
– collision sensor 75
– detection
– in fog 427
– sensitivity 429
– simulated foggy effect 428
– mitigation system 94
– warning (CW) 81, 322
color filter material 977
color image
– sensors 977–978
– signal saturation 982
colorimetric calibration 981
1172 Index
combustion 1019
– of hydrocarbon fuels 890
– of sulfur 891
communication-based train technology
(CBTC) 299
commuter rail 300, 739
– line 716
– services 696
commuter railroad 213
composite electrode capacitors 188
compressed natural gas (CNG) 284,
629, 638
computer
– vision sensors 1033
– vision system
– three-dimensional (3D) LIDAR-
based calibration 1037
– two-dimensional (2D) planar-
based calibration 1037
cting polymer 188
conducongestion pricing 567
connectivity-aware routing (CAR) 1151
constant current (CC) 129
continuous variable transmission
(CVT) 1126
contrast sensitivity, Pelli Robson test 429
control law 60
conventional fuels 1007
cooperation among cognitive vehicles 311
cooperative driving 324
cooperative motion planning 328
– elastic bands 331
– mixed-integer linear programming 330
coordinator vehicles 317
crash barrier 357
crop/cropping productivity 1029
cryocooler 768
cyber taxi 845
DDARPA urban challenge 76
d-axis 31
daylight/daylighting 976
day vision 962
DC-DC converter 141
DC motor 1106
deceleration
– area 95, 97
– control interface (DCI) 85
demagnetization 36
dendrite 177, 181
detection 77, 362–363, 408, 410
developing country, public transport
investments 264
development 834
diesel 525
– buses 714
– electric locomotives 604
– electric system 605
– engine 598
– fuel 758, 1007
– multiple unit cars (DMUs) 692, 698
differential global positioning system 356
digital map 811, 829
digital signal processors (DSP) 1122
dimethylether (DME) synthesis 635, 640
dipole magnets 773
direct alcohol fuel cell (DAFC) 910
direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) 910
direct field-oriented control 51
directmethanol fuel cell (DMFC) 488, 531, 910
distraction 398, 400
distributed, vehicular environment 316
disturbance model 60
doubly salient permanent magnet
machine 1109
downhill simplex algorithm 14
driver
– alert control 401
– anger scale 386
– assistance system 393, 1033, 1046
– attention warning system,
commercial products 400
– automatic detection 353
– biologically inspired 338
– camera-based vision systems 960
– requirements of vision systems 961
– site mapping 353
– vision-based 961, 988
– behavior 385–386
– at intersections 368
– older drivers’ 422
– patterns 398
– self-reported survey 386
– behavior questionnaire (DBQ)
– Cronbach’s alpha reliability
coefficient method 388
– data statistical analysis 390
– factor analysis theory 393
– method 386
– participants 386
– Pearson correlation coefficient 389
– quantification analysis 390
– reliability 388
– validity 388
– biological measures 405, 416
– characteristics 385, 389, 391
– distraction 396, 418
– bright pupil effect 414
– detection 408
– road geometry 411
– template matching method 414
– driver monitoring system 401
– drowsiness 400, 406
– eyelid features 407
– fatigue 396, 400
– inattention 395
– biomathematical models 417
– driver fatigue monitor
(DFM) 401
– face segmentation 413
– hybrid measures 419
– monitoring 418
– systematical design
consideration 418
– intentions 409
– mental state 407
– mistake 386
– navigational error 371
– older population 422
– physical measures 407, 409
– physical parameters 417
– physical signal extraction 413
– posture dynamics 413
– preparatory behavior 369, 371, 379
– influence of road structure 377
– influence of vehicle velocity 374
– prediction of onset location 381
– self-evaluation 393
– skill 386
– sleepiness 396
– state monitor (DSM) 402
– state sensor (DSS) 402
– visual behavior 398
– visual distraction 409
driving 399
– age-related functional
deteriorations 422
– behavior 422
– data collection 371
– research 386
– corridor 89, 97
– driving speeds 374
– inattention monitoring system
(DIMS) 397
– lane keeping 423
– older adults 422
– performance measures 409, 417
– preparatory behavior 374
– recorder system 372
– under reduced visibility
conditions 422
– safety 338, 368, 427
– age-related changes 422
– car following in fog 424
1173Index
– simulators 372
– skill 390
– inventory 386
– self-evaluations 391
– steering control 423, 430
– style 393
– tasks 369
– time-to-contact (TTC) 423
drop-in fuel 928
drowsiness
– detection 408
– eye movement 407
– level 406
dual clutch transmission 511
dual mechanical port (DMP) machine 1126
Dugoff tire model 342, 995
dynamic(s)
– dq0 modeling 40
– environment, contextual map 463
– link library 1002
– range
– definition 968
– extension, experimental
observations 971
– reliability criterion 968
– source routing 1133
– traffic assignment (DTA) models 858
dynamometric wheel 347, 1000
EEarnshaw’s theorem 759
E-diesel 1011
Edmonton transit system 726
egomotion 826
ego-vehicle 2–3
elastic-band method 332
elected fusion 809
electric
– braking system 941
– coupling 472, 477–478
– backward boosting 477
– backward bucking 477
– devices 474
– forward boosting 475
– forward bucking 475
– energy 467, 470
– grid 924
– reliability 853
– stability 853
– machine 619
– motor 470, 940
– power network 853
– rail technology 283
– traction system 218
– trolley bus 713
– vehicle (EV) 158, 467–468, 492,
906, 1082
– architectures 468
– battery-powered 468, 870
– electric motor drive 1104
– electronic interface 490
– onboard energy source 185
– power
– electric vehicle (BEV) 922
– energy storage 851, 856
– heating 166
– plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
(PHEV) 922
– power system 123
– powertrain 1083
electrical energy, mobile decentralized
storage (MDS) 851
electricity
– market 857
– network, outage management 866
– pathways 922
electric motor, torque-speed characteristic 940
electric transport 758
electric vehicle (EV) 939
electrochemical
– battery 1083–1085
– calendar life 1085
– cycle life 1084
– electrical efficiency 1084
– energy capacity (EC) 1084
– energy density 1084
– power density 1084
– specific energy 1084
– specific power 1084
– cell 159
electrolyte 486
electromagnet 754, 769, 780
electromagnetic
– capacitive coupling 148
– co-energy 29
– compatibility (EMC) 148, 884
– conductive noise 148
– disturbance 148
– inductive coupling 148
– interference (EMI) 148
– torque 29, 37, 40, 49
electromagnetic torque 41
electromechanical energy conversion 26
electronic
– brake distribution (EBD) 85
– control unit (ECU) 525
– fare payment 101–102
– horizon method 314
– stability control (ESC) 85,
339, 992
– stability program 356
– toll collection (ETC) 555, 568
energy
– balance 470, 915
– consumption in typical driving
cycles 872
– conversion for auxiliary power 611
– density 615
– exchange stations 857
– sector 195
– security 856
– storage 123, 494–495, 513
– requirements 498
– technologies 495, 611
ement cost 570
enforcengine 772
– fuel efficiency 901
– multi-gear transmission 482
– torque 642, 877, 1061
enhanced bus transit service 273
environmental impact assessment (EIA)
– map 450
– risk factor 77
– sustainability 911
ethanol 631, 635, 641, 646, 915, 927,
1007–1008, 1026
ether 1022
Euclidean distance 9, 20, 313, 317–318
experimental
– bus 738–739
– corridors 739
– services 273
– car
– observer performances 999
– test conditions 1000
– validation of observers 1002
– lane 568, 576
– earned credits 587
– users 574
– vehicle 346
expressway 577
extended Kalman filter 319, 998
extended-range electric vehicle (EREV) 1088
extending dynamic range
– reliably 971
– technologies 970
eye closure
– duration 408
– frequency 408
Ffacial action coding system (FACS) 408
Faradaic materials 521
Faraday constant 615
fare collection system 102
1174 Index
far-infrared (FIR) cameras can 976
fast bus 721
fatigue
– detection 409, 416
– algorithms 398
– detection 407
– quantifying 416
fatigue-related accident 396
fault 52
feature-level fusion 809
feedback control 60
ferrite magnet 36
ferromagnet 759
ferromagnetic circuit 760
field
– orientation
– algorithm 50
– principle 44
– reconstruction method (FRM) 53
– relevant for driving 408
field-oriented control 44
finite impulse response 65
Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process 638, 640
fixed-gearing transmission 1116
fixed gear ratio single gear box 469
flat toll 575
fleet management 101
flexible bus 263
flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) 633, 899, 915,
928, 1009
flexible paratransit 259
fluidized bed gasifiers 1020
fluoride 176
flux
– angle 50
– linkage equation 48
– weakening 43
flux-reversal/switching permanent magnet
machine 1109–1110
flyback converter 143
flying capacitor method 154
flywheel
– brushless DC motor (BLDC) 620
– energy capacity 618
– induction motor 621, 625
– permanent magnet (PM) 620
– power capability 619
– switched reluctance motor (SRM) 620
– system 619, 621
– theoretical specific energy 619
flywheel/ultracapacitor system 624
fog
– collision
– detection 427
– risk 427
– contrast sensitivity 429
– density
– condition 426
– values 425
– reduced visibility 425, 427
folding bike 204
forward converter 143
fossil fuel 630
four-pole induction motor 600
four-wheel vehicle model (FWVM) 341,
992, 994
free-driving condition level 380–381
free sugar 1012
freeway bus lanes 260
freeway busway 277
freeway traffic surveillance applications 1035
freight railroad 690, 697
freight rapid transit 845
freight train 698
FROG (free ranging on grid) technology 846
fuel
– consumption rate 1073
– cycle 911
– pump-to-wheels (PTW) stage 911
– well-to-pump (WTP) stage 912
– well-to-wheels (WTW) metric 912
– economy 505, 522
– simulation 510
– of vehicle 900
– efficiency 890
– injection units 525
– savings, light rail transit (LRT) 749
fuel cell
– commonly used fuels 526
– drive train 489
– electric vehicles 1089
– hybrid architecture 535
– for hybridization 533
– hybrid vehicles (FCHV) 471
– load-leveled control strategy 518
– power assist control strategy 518
– as a power system 527
– proton exchange membrane (PEM)
technology 916
– source of fuels 527
– system 485, 489
– technologies 486
– vehicle (FCV) 467, 470, 489, 506, 907
– architectures 485
– hydrogen pathways 916
– power split strategies 513
– powertrain configurations 513
– simulation results 518
idge converter 145
full-brfull facility tolling 588
full hybrid electric vehicles 1087
fusion, techniques, grid-based 809
fuzzy inference system (FIS) 403
Ggas/gaseous fuel 638
gasification 1019–1020
gasifiers 1020
gasohol 1008
gasoline 646, 1007
– gallon equivalent (GGE) 635
– hybrid electric vehicles 923
gate turnoff thyristor (GTO) 1119
Gaussian
– mixture model classifier 1038
– noise filter 357
Gauss-Newton algorithm 12
gaze stabilization 67
gaze-world mapping 412
gearbox 1064
gear ratio design 1065
geary corridor 218
“gel” battery 1093
genetic engineering (GE) 1027
geo-reference 464
global
– greenhouse gas emissions 914
– positioning system (GPS) 84, 253, 818
– system for mobile communication
(GSM) 84
– warming 892, 894
glycerol 1023
Google Earth 439
Google StreetView 439
gravitational acceleration 340
greedy perimeter coordinator routing
(GPCR) 1147
greedy routing model 1150
green architecture 956
green diesel 640
green house gas 158, 630
green urbanism 956
ground surface segmentation 452
guided rapid transit 218
guiding reflector posts 362
gyrometer 346, 999
HHaar features 92, 96
Haar-wavelet filters 823
half-bridge converter 143
Hall effect 51, 151
H-axis 33
hazardous air pollutant (HAP),
hydrocarbon-based 647
1175Index
headway-based control 116
heavy-duty vehicle 355
heavy rail 213
hemicellulose 1012, 1014
hexaferrite 33
hidden Markov model (HMM) 404, 407
hierarchical fuzzy partitioning (HFP)
method 407
hierarchical location service (HLS)
1142, 1145
high-capacity bus 299, 306
high-occupancy toll (HOT) lane
554, 804
– all lanes priced uniformly 584
– average variable cost (AVC) 579
– congested drive cycles 581
– congestion pricing model 582
– cost of infrastructure 571
– demand 574
– demonstration effect 588
– diversion 574
– dynamic demand schedule 580
– eligibility requirements 570
– equity 586
– exemptions 575
– features of priced lanes 568
– hypercongestion 573
– inefficiency 579
– land use impacts 587
– lexus lanes 586
– loss of capacity 571
– management 567
– marginal cost (MC) 579
– microeconomic theory 570
– monopoly 575
– multiclass networks 577, 588
– multiclass service 569, 584
– network effects 582
– nonoptimal pricing 581
– number of priced lanes 577
– performance objectives 570
– price volatility 576
– pricing alternatives 577
– public-private partnerships 589
– related markets 582
– revenues 575
– safety cost 570
– some lanes priced 583
– travel time reliability 575
– utilization 573
– value
– pricing 566
– of travel time (VOT) 572, 574
ccupancy vehicle (HOV)
high-o567, 577
high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane 266,
554–559, 738, 804
– access treatments 556
– allowed vehicles 556
– case studies 559
– concurrrent flow lane 555
– design 557
– dynamic pricing 563
– effectiveness 570
– enforcement 557
– exclusive lanes 555
– facilities 222
– marketing 558
– microeconomic theory 570
– operating hours 556
– park-and-ride lots 561, 562
– peer-enforcement 558
– planning 556
– precursor 569
– public Information 558
– routine enforcement 557
– selective enforcement 558
– special enforcement 558
– supporting facilities and services 556
– transit stations 561
– travel-time savings 561
– types of lanes 555
– vehicle-occupancy requirements 556
high-quality energy storage system 614
high-speed
– motors 1125
– rail systems 759, 770, 783, 805
– development 537
– technology 537
– train
– development 538, 550
– economic costs 545
– energy source 550
– environmental sustainability 549
– financing strategies 545–546
– infrastructure capabilities 539
– inter-city express 544
– MAGLEV 542
– main planning principles 544
– network 538
– number of stations 545
– route capacity 546
– Shinkansen Model 540
– socio-economic impacts 547
– spatial development 542
– spatial imbalance 547
– station location 544
– sustainability 539
– TGV 541
– tilting trains 541
– transport impacts 546
– tunneling effects 548
eed train (HST), cooperation with
high spairlines 547
high temperature superconductor (HTS)
766, 769, 802
highway trucks 796
holding strategy 114–115
homography 11
human eye 55
human visual sense 56
human visual system (HVS) 960, 963
humidification 529
hybrid
– brake system 882, 885
– carbon ultracapacitors 510
– charge-sustaining 500
– drive train 481, 485
– electric buses 1088
– electric vehicle (HEV) 158, 467–468,
492–493, 536, 851, 870, 939, 1082–1083
– architecture 595, 597, 601
– battery 599
– battery state of charge (SOC) 596
– configuration 1086
– diesel HEV 598
– electric propulsion 599
– energy management 1085
– energy storage 599
– four-pole induction motor 600
– fuel cell powered 525
– parallel HEV 596
– plug-in 493
– power boost 1083
– series HEV (SHEV) 595
– track-type tractor 600
– ultracapacitor 597
– vehicular propulsion 594
– energy storage 492, 614, 621
– hydraulic vehicles (HHV)
– energy storage 607, 609
– high-pressure (HP) accumulator 607
– regenerative braking 610
– technology 533
– vehicle 500, 508
– architecture 470, 472
– concept 471
– electric coupling 478
– electric load 614
– flywheel 618
– fuel cell-powered 489
– mechanical coupling 479
hybrid-electric
– passenger car applications 505
– vehicle (HEV) 495, 519, 897–898, 903
1176 Index
hybrid-electric vehicle 903
hydraulic
– accumulator 608, 609
– hybrid vehicles (HHV) 470
– motor 607
hydrocarbon 890–891, 1021–1022
– from alcohols 1028
– from carboxylates 1029
– from lignocellulose 1029
– pollution 158
– from sugar 1029
– unburned 891
hydrofluoric acid (HF) 176, 181
hydrogen 486, 522–523, 914, 916–919
– consumption 523
– delivery 919
– fuel 758
– by fuel cell vehicles 919
– fuel-cycle pathways 917
– life-cycle analysis 922
– liquefaction 919
– powered vehicles 633
– production
– compression 918
– pathways 921
– via electrolysis 918
– via steam methane reforming 917
– via wind energy 918
– water electrolysis method 527
– storage in fuel cell vehicles 919
hypovigilance 407
IICE, see internal combustion engine
ice 525
imager response model 972
indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) 51
individual sustainable mobility 841
inductance matrix 46
induction
– machine (IM) 25, 43, 45, 493
– motor (IM) 52, 1107
infrared (IR) sensing 976
infrastructure maps 366
infrastructure-to-vehicle communication 366
instrumented vehicle 372, 374
integrated starter-generator (ISG)
systems 1128
intelligent
– transportation system (ITS) 101, 221,
237, 253, 368, 564, 699, 1033
– vehicle (IV) 366, 438–439
– driver inattention monitoring
system 395
– dynamic environment sensing 438
– laser scanners for perception 443
– night vision pedestrian
warning 806
– safety system (IVSS) 82
– technologies 311, 627
– true color night vision video
systems 959
– unscented Kalman filter 991
ty highway truck 796
interciinterface/interfacial
– electronics 518
– infrastructure 860
interior permanent magnet (IPM) 30
intermediate 1016
internal combustion engine 471, 525, 533,
890, 897–898, 910
– alternative fuels 629, 631
– internal combustion engine
vehicles 1082
– torque-speed characteristic 1063
intersection 369
– after curves 381
– control systems 324
– road structures 377
inter-vehicle distances 315
intra-scene dynamic range 968
in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) 411
in-vehicle navigation 368–369, 1035
iron-lift configuration 801
iSNR hole 972
iso-butanol 635
iso-octane 636, 646
iterative closest point algorithm
(ICP) 19
JJersey barrier 359–360
jet fuel 1007
joule heating 166
KK
Kalman filter 58, 60, 151, 340, 344–345, 351,
364, 993
– algorithms 345, 998
– unscented 65
Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) 404
kerosene 1007
ketone 1028
kinetic energy 882, 939, 941, 1068
kinetic occlusion 433–434
Kirchhoff ’s voltage law 47
– current law 47
Kolmogorov complexity 407
Komatsu mining truck 611
Llaboratory car
– dynamic link library 348
– estimation process algorithm 348
– test conditions 347
Lagrange equation 1040
land use 947
lane departure warning (LDW) 80
lane-keeping assist (LKA) 354
lane-tracking system 412
large Hadron collider (LHC) 754, 765
laser
– measurements, geo-referencing 464
– range finder (LIDAR) 1035
– scanner 80, 84
– horizontal matching 446
– LIDAR 443
– mirror range 447
– segmentation 452
– vertical matching 446
tire forces 342
laterallead 162–163
lead-acid battery 125, 136, 161, 162, 500,
505, 1082, 1091
– advanced 164
– chemistry 175
– circuit model 167
– by construction 164
– cost 165
– by electrode material 163
– flooded 164
– gravity measurement 151
– valve-regulated 164, 1093
– vented 164
lead-antimony battery 164
lead-calcium battery 163
Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm 14, 1041
Li-air battery 155
LIDAR 439. see also light detection and
ranging
– calibration 1041
– computer vision calibration 1037
– coordinates 1039
– sensors 627, 1034–1035
light
– infrastructure rapid transit 718
– sources spectral distribution 967
light rail
– investments 749
– lines carrying capacity 288
– revolution 715
– technology, traction power
system 218
– transit (LRT) 212–213, 241, 256, 282,
293, 667–668, 684, 805
1177Index
– adoption in North America 722
– applications 269
– capital investment 738
– characteristics 270
– collision safety 688
– commingled operation 696, 701
– control and communication
systems 692
– crossing warning sign 671
– current operating scenarios 694
– definition 686, 707
– developments 215, 267
– high-floor vehicles 694
– historical background 685, 709
– innovations 709
– insurance 696
– intra-suburban transit
usage 708
– investments 730, 746
– land use 747
– liability insurance 699
– liability issues 696
– low-floor designs 694
– network supplements 216
– passenger-carrying capacity 707
– pedestrians 668, 670
– platform access level 694
– pollution reductions 749
– right-of-way 668, 683, 697
– risk assessment 691
– roles and impacts 271
– safety 701
– scheduled speeds 708
– shared corridor 684
– shared infrastructural issues 683
– shared right-of-way 684
– shared track 683
– shared-track operations 690
– shared-track practice 697
– shared-use operations 690
– systemic viability 704
– technology 218
– traffic density 743
– viability 708
– vehicle (LRV) 684, 688
– collisions with pedestrians 669
– motor vehicle collision 668
– pedestrian-LRV crossings 672
– positive control devices 674
light rail service coordination 721
light-sensitive photodiode 971
lignin 1013
lignocellulose/lignocellulosic 1014,
1027, 1029
linear induction motor (LIM) 772
linear synchronous motor (LSM) 772, 785
liquefied
– fuels 636
– natural gas (LNG) 629, 635–636
– petroleum gas (LPG) 629, 635–636
liquid
– biofuels 928
– fuels 636, 1007
– natural gas (LNG) 284
lithium 175–176
– battery 155, 495, 503, 522
– cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) 1098
– hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) 176, 181
– LiFePO4 160
– manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) 181
– metal polymer batteries 1098
– polymers 176
lithium-ion battery 158, 1098
– capacity fading (CF) 181
– cost 181
– dynamic stress test (DST) 179
– efficiency 177
– reliability 179
– thermal runaway (TR) 179
lithium-ion cell 128
lithium-iron monosulfide 129
local bus route 287
locomotive
– diesel engine-based 604
– propulsion system 604
Lorenz force equation 50
low-emission vehicle (LEV) 570
luminance-chrominance color space 985
luminance range 970
Lyapunov function 61
MMacbeth color checker chart 983
machine learning, AdaBoost algorithm 814
Maglev (magnetic levitation) 754, 758–761,
763, 768
– applications 792
– development programs 775
– electrodynamic 761
– electromagnetic 753
– energy storage 800
– engineering 768
– factory 792
– magnets 766
– passenger system 754
– physics 759
– power storage (MAPS) 800
– system
– construction costs 796
– first-generation 775
– passenger-only transport 778
– second-generation 783
– technology development 753
– train 542
– transport system 760
– vehicle 753, 768, 774, 785, 797
– water transport 801
Magneplane 770
magnetic
– field 27–28
– rotating 28
– stationary 28
– levitation 755
– saliency 31
– stiffness 772
magnetic-geared PM brushless drives 1127
magnetization 28
manganese 181
mapping
– of road markings 363
– robot-centric 439
– of safety barriers 357
– satellite-based 438
Markov
– decision process 104
– model 404
– networks 451
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
procedure 451
mass transit 804
mass transportation 840
mean-headway strategy 117
measurement vehicle, laser
scanner 355–356
mechanical
– battery 618
– braking 887
– coupling 472
– device 479
– speed couplers 479
– torque coupler 479
iy 290
megacmemory brushless Machine 1128
mesopic vision 962
mesoscopic traffic simulation model
105, 113
metal-air battery 130, 182, 1096
metal oxide 188
methane 638, 892
methanol 488, 531, 635, 645, 1021
methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 645
metro systems 223, 263, 273
microalgae 1016
microelectronics 1122
micro-hybrid 508, 510, 1087
1178 Index
microprocessor 1122
microscopic simulation model,
MITSIMLab 106
Microsoft Virtual Earth 439
mild hybrid electric vehicle 1087
minibus 261
mixed alcohols 1021
mixed traffic 263
mobile ad hoc network (MANET) 1133
mobile mapping system (MMS) 438
mobile robotics 438–439
mobility 353
modulation transfer function (MTF) 969
molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) 88, 532
mono-centric city 223
monochrome image 986
monorail guideway 784
MOSFET 153
motor
– design 1113
– drive
– battery 1083
– control strategies 1123
– torque 469, 472
– vehicle traffic 715
movement-based routing algorithm
(MORA) 1142
movement prediction-based routing 1141
moving vehicle detection system 1049
multichannel image data 984
multiclass highway service 585
multidestination
– bus 732
– transit 721
– networks 744
– systems 734
– travel capability 738
multifocal camera 57
multifocal vision system 56, 63, 70
multi-gear transmission 469, 482, 904,
942, 1064
multi-laser sensor system calibration 464
multimodal transportation system 231
multiphysics finite element (FEA)
analysis 53
multi-planar LIDAR system 1034, 1038
multiple vehicles, path planning 326
multi-robot motion planning 327
multi-sensor pedestrian recognition 808
multi-vehicle motion planning 324, 326
mutual inductance matrix 46
Nnanoimprint technology 979
nano-optical filter 978
National Maglev Network 792, 797
natural disaster 892
natural gas 632, 636
natural image, traffic-relevant color
information 986
natural light sources 976
navigation
– GPS/IMU based 440
– maps 353
– systems 369–370
NdFeB magnet 32, 35, 38
near-infrared (NIR) sensitivity 986
neat fuel 1011
neighbor-awareness position update
(NAU) 1134
neodymium magnet 34
nickel
– cadmium batteries 126, 127, 168
– metal hydride (NiMH) battery 165,
169–170, 502, 506
– overcharge 170
– over-discharge reactions 170
– metal hydride (NiMH) battery
cylindrical 171
– metal hydride (NiMH) battery
prismatic 172
– metal hydride (NiMH) battery types
170
– oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) 170, 1095
nickel-based battery 1095
nickel-metal hydride cell 127
nickelous hydroxide (NiOOH) 168
nickel-zinc battery 130
nighttime driving 961
night vision 961
– cameras 959
– environment 966
– images 963
– systems 965, 986, 988
niobium-titanium (NbTi) 763
NIR
– illuminator 90, 96
– spectra 84
nitrogen oxide 891
nonground vehicle 597
nuclear disaster 527
null flux
– configuration 762, 770
– loop geometries 761
Oobjective sleepiness scoring (OSS)
405, 416
object tracking 70
observability matrix 344
obstacle
– fixed 89
– L-shaped 87
– moving 89
– new 89
– unknown 89
off-road vehicle 493, 593–594, 597–599
– application 603
– heavy-duty applications 597
– hybrid electric technology 593
– hydraulic systems 598
– hydraulic technology 593
– military 603
– scraper/bulldozer 602
oil
– competition crisis 757
– consumption 895
– crisis 757
– reserves 895
– reservoir, resources 895
older driver
– collision risk 430
– increased crash risk 422
– optical flow information 431
– RMS speed error 426
oleaginous microorganisms 1029
open legs search 90
open-loop 66
– error 66
– gaze stabilization 65
open-road tolling (ORT) 569
optical/optically 431–432
– flow field 431
– flow information, visual processing 432
Otto cycle 1007
overhead track 838
oxidizing nickelic hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) 168
ozone 891
PPacejka’s “Magic Formula” 342
packet delivery ratio (PDR) 1143
panchromatic
– image information 984
– luminance channel 981
paratransit 277
park-and-ride lot 561
parking
– demand 953
– garages 862
– policies 952, 954
– space 952
Park’s transformation 28, 41
partial oxidation (POX) 527
passenger demand 109
1179Index
path choice model 115
path-velocity decomposition 326
pedestrian 807–809
– automatic gates 678
– collision detection system 75
– crossing regulatory and warning
devices 671
– crosswalk signals 672
– delineation markings 673
– detection 74, 78–79, 83–84, 807,
829, 966
– automotive millimeter wave
radar 83
– boosted feature-level sensor
fusion 813
– communication-based 84
– experiments 822
– scenario-driven search 78
– thermal infrared camera-based 83
– visible camera-based 83
– movements
– fixed barriers 674
– moveable barriers 676
– protection
– airbag 82
– system 81
– recognition system 809
– constant turn rate and velocity
(CTRV) motion model 819
– egomotion estimation 819
– evaluation of position
hypotheses 821
– image features 816
– Monte Carlo localization
(MCL) 819
– multi-sensor hypotheses 817
– radar features 816
– radar preprocessing 820
– road course estimation 826
– sensor alignment 811
– sensor configuration 811
– threat analysis 822
– universal transverse mercator
(UTM) coordinates 819
– threat analysis 827
– traffic signal 671
– vehicle separation 81
– visibility 77, 82
– warning application
– camera sensor 811
– radar sensor 811
– warning system 822, 828
pedestrian-light rail at-grade crossing 670
pedestrian-only street 838
pedestrian-vehicle collision 82
percentage road center (PRC) 412
PERCLOS 400, 402, 416
peripheralization of the periphery 549
permanent magnet 28
– brushless motors (PMBM) 1108
– hybrid motor 1111
– synchronous machine (PMSM) 25, 493
– motor drives 31
– surface-mounted (SM) 30
– transverse flux machine (TFM) 1128
personal rapid transit (PRT) system
– architectural design 844
– development 831
– versus existing transportation 841
– expositions 837
– Heathrow airport system 833, 843
– history 832
– hospital setting 844
– international conferences 837
– Morgantown system 833, 836
– programmed modules 840
– test tracks 836
– US Government participation 835
petroleum 891
– consumption 897
– diesel fuel 638, 640
– energy savings 926
– resources 893
phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) 488, 532
photogrammetry 438
photographic image quality 970
photopic luminous efficiency function 962
photopic vision 424, 962
photospace in automotive vision 965
photovoltaic (PV) 136
pitch
– axis camera 57
– rate sensor 95
pixel-level noise reduction 975
platooning of buses 277
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) 145,
158, 169, 851–853, 905, 1088
– all-electric range (AER) 500, 872, 879
– blended control atrategy 875
– charge-depletion range (CDR) 879
– daily driving distance 870
– demand side management (DSM)
852, 861
– economic feasibility 860
– electric demand (load) profiles 924
– electricity
– consumption 924, 926
– generation mix 926
– fuel consumption 924
– fuel-cycle pathways 923
– generation mix 925
– greenhouse gas effects 923
– human behavior modeling 859
– load profile 925, 927
– mobile decentralized storage 853
– modeling 857
– motor and battery power 871
– new markets 856
– operation strategies 873
– outage management (OM) 852, 861
– policy strategies 857
– power density requirements 501
– power system planning 858
– share of miles electrified 926
– wheel-to wheel results 926
PMSM, field-oriented control 42
pod car 277
pollution
– costs 894
– redistribution 856
polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane 526
polyline 88
polymer concrete 791
Pontryagin’s minimum principle 61
position-based routing protocols 1141
positive train control (PTC) 700
potential energy 882
power conversion/converter 472
power electronic inverter 47
power system modeling 858
power train system architecture 192
power transportation 1006
precrash
– safety (PCS) 81, 83, 85
– warnings 401
priority strategy 111
proof-of-payment (POP) fare systems
719, 726
propane, extended constant power
range 940
propelling energy 882
propulsion 940
propylene carbonate (PC) 520
protein 1014
protocol, position-based 1156
proton 527–528
– exchange membrane (PEMs) 536
– exchange membrane fuel cell 486,
528, 536
pseudo-capacitance 521
pseudocapacitor 186, 188
public parking garages 862
public transit 223
– agency 225
– travel 220
1180 Index
public transportation 101, 199, 213, 236,
804, 947
– bicycling 196–197, 206
– captive riders 264
– cycling 201
– developing countries 264
– effectiveness 265
– financing capacity 265
– improvements 216
– industrialized countries 264
– land use 956
– modal integration 266
– organizational capacity 265
– public participation 265
– rail-based 216
– right-of-way acquisition 266
– road-based 216
– system 104
– traffic enforcement 266
pulse width modulation (PWM)
method 475
push-pull converter 143
pylon 362–363
pyrolysis/pyrolytic 1019, 1022
Qq-axis 31
Qi standard 155
quadrupole magnetic levitation 787
quadrupole magnets 773–774
queue jumping green signals 274
queuing 113
Rradar sensor 811
radial all-bus category 732
radiation disturbance 149
radiometry/radiometric, power
units 965
rail
– corridors 950
– interoperability directives 551
– mass transit, cost characteristics 294
– public transportation 707
– rights-of-way 707
– technologies 284
– transit 298–300
– capacity 298
– electrically powered 279
– impacts on property values 299
– investments, criticisms 731
– land-use densities 303
– line 699
– operating cost 296
– transit-oriented development 292
railway
– signal systems 699
– technology 537
rapid transit
– lines 721, 747
– subway lines 730
– technology 281
rare earth materials 611
raw material 1014
raw spectral pixel response 980
reaction torque 30
real time kinematic GPS 356
recognition algorithm 404
recreation vehicle (RV) 533
recursive least square 58, 65
redox 176
reference-frame theory 48
regenerative braking 493, 519, 882–883, 886,
939, 941, 945, 1083, 1117, 1120
regional bus system 727
regional rapid transit development 729
regional transit network 721
region of no escape (RONE) 93
reliably extending dynamic range 973
reluctance torque 30–31, 42
remanent magnetism 33
remote sensing 438
renewable energy 123, 856
renewable fuel 630
renewable resources 851
residual camera motion 67
restricted greedy routing 1147
rms-error 69
road 313, 317
– congestion pricing 567
– construction sites 353–354, 357
– course estimation 818, 829
– crossing 78
– markings 354, 363–365
– network 313
– pricing, basic theory 578
– recognition systems 807
– safety 74, 76, 80, 97
– topology 317
– work map 354, 361, 363
– beacon 363
– wireless communication 361
– work zones 354, 355
road-traffic conditions 370
road-traffic environment 368, 371
roadway network efficiency 854
robot/robotics 324
– configuration 325
– mapping 439
– path-velocity decomposition 327
rocking-chair battery 1099
rotor 26
route guidance 368–370, 379
routing
– error 1154
– overhead ratio 1145
– protocol 1134, 1137, 1156
– in straight way 1160
run definition 107
Russian Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) 356
ruthenium oxide 188
Ssaccade 56, 58, 61, 63
saccharification 1026
safety barrier 357, 358, 360
samarium-cobalt (SmCo magnets) 34
saturnism 891
sawtooth signal 64
scalar control 44
scan line
– classification 457
– segmentation 457
– super-segmentation 457
scene photometry 965
schedule 113–114
– coordination 114
– definition 107
schedule-based strategies 116
scotopic vision 962
scraper 602
sealed lead acid (SLA) battery 164
sensor
– alignment 1039
– architecture 439
– calibration 443, 446
– coarse registration 446
– data alignment 443
– fine registration 447
– fusion architecture 813
– geometry 440, 443
– technology 332, 809
service reliability 114–115
Shinkansen train 540, 543
shuttle-cock battery 1099
sideslip angle 339
signal-controlled intersections 286
signal priority 109
sign driver assist system 413
signum function 64
silver halide photography 968
single-occupant vehicle (SOV) 303, 555, 567
single-vehicle tree 329
sliding-mode control 61
1181Index
slip angle 343
small-bus services 278
smart electric grids 957
smart garage
– demand 862
– electric power capacity 862
SmCo magnet 34, 39
smooth-pursuit
– control 63
– movement 58, 60
sodium-beta battery 131, 1097
sodium-sulfur battery 129
solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 488, 533
spark ignition engine 635, 645
specific energy capacity 615
spectral
– calibration 981
– energy 986
– sensitivity 976–977
spectroradiometer 965, 967
speed 538
– control 77, 81
– coupling device 481
– sensor 373
squirrel cage induction motors 605
standard bus 296
standard deviation of lane position (SDLP) 399
starch 1012, 1015
state transition equations 322
stator 26
steam methane reformation (SMR) 527,
917, 921
steering control
– under reduced contrast conditions 430
– (root means square) steering error 431
Stirling engine 903
stochastic state-space representation
343, 996
streetcar 214–216, 293, 708–712, 744
– decline 710, 714
– investments 749
– lines 715, 954
– Presidents’ Conference Committee 712
– productivity 717
– revolution in technology 712
– systems 708–709, 714–715, 748
– capital infusion 715
– municipalization 715
ral equation modeling 379, 383
structusuburban
– bus routes 277
– light rail stations 726
– rail transit 948
– transit bus 203
subway 718, 728
sugar
– crop 1015, 1024
– intermediates 1016
– platform 1024
sugarcane 1025
sulfur dioxide 891
sulfuric acid 151, 162
supercapacitor 190–192, 1082
– bank (SB) 185
– electrochemical double layer 186–187
– energy efficiency 191
– model 188
– power availability 191
– storage bank 192
– total amount of energy 191
– working principle 186
superconducting
– energy storage 800
– loops 786
– magnets 762, 765, 769, 771
– winding 763
superconductor cost 790
support vector machine (SVM) 403
surface rail systems 716
sustainability/sustainable 75
– transportation 890, 939
– definition 898
– solutions 898
– technologies 898
– types of vehicles 898
– vehicle
– fuels 911
– technologies 890
switched reluctance motor (SRM) 939,
943–945, 1106, 1112
– electrical structure 944
– mechanical structure 944
synchronous reference frame 48
synfuel 758
synthesis gas (syngas) 640, 1016,
1021, 1028
synthetic
– diesel fuel 640
– gasoline 758
system-on-chip sensor 156
Ttelecamera 55, 57, 64
thyristor 1119
tilting train 541
tire
– behaviors 344
– curve, nonlinear region 343
– forces 344
– lateral friction coefficients 350
– load sensitivity effect 350
– models 995
– slip angle 341, 994
– velocity vector 341
tire-road
– friction
– coefficient 339
– estimation 339
– interaction 342, 351, 1003
– interface 342, 995
T-junction 377, 381
toll/tolled
– collection 562, 576
– express lanes 567, 569
– highway facilities 567
– lane 554
– lane users, revealed
preference 574
– payers, income level 586
torque
– calculation 38
– coupler 481–482
– equation 50
– production 29
– productivity 37
– (power)-speed 1061
tracking 1038
track sharing 269
traction
– industry 712, 714
– lines 709
– motor 941, 945, 1103, 1104, 1124
– design methodology 1118
– fixed-or variable-gearing
transmissions 1115
– geared 1116
– gearless 1116
– power electronics 1119
– single-or multiple-motor
configurations 1115
– system voltage 1117
– power 874
tractive effort 1061
traffic
– assistance systems 366
– calming 81
– congestion 259, 263
– control devices 669
– densities 744–745
– engineering 668
– federation 721
– flow 103
– game theoretic methods 333
– induced demand 539
– injuries 75
1182 Index
– safety 311
– signal
– controller 110
– preemption 273
– priority (TSP) 273
– simulation 103
– simulator 317
– surveillance 108
traffic-flow point measurement 372
Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) 541
tram 214
transfer points 106
transit
– adjacent developments 948
– agencies 227, 230, 263
– bus 263
– applications 504
– technology 713
– capacity 286
– capacity and quality of service manual
(TCQSM) 108
– capital investments 731
– costs 731
– diesel hydraulic bus 713
– downgrading 262
– financing 308
– first policy 949
– impact development fee
(TIDF) 956
– investment 730
– line capacities 299
– modeling framework 104
– modes selection 261
– network 113, 741
– operations control 101, 109
– performance measurement 708
– productivity 728, 730
– services 262
– signal priority (TSP) 110, 226, 253
– simulation 103
– laboratory 112
– model 109, 117
– supply 106, 114
– systems 206
– capital costs 294
– simulation 106
– technologies 293, 294, 300
– travel time 734
– way 223, 949
transit-oriented development (TOD) 292,
947–949
– bus-based 949
– environmental benefits 951
– financing 955
– implementation tools 954
– mixed-use 955
– not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY)
resistance 955
– parking 952
– ridership at the workplace 952
– scope 948
– tax increment financing 956
– transportation 951
transmission
– gear box 468
– gear ratio design 1064
transportation
– demand management 102
– fuels costs 851
– history 755
– impact of new modes 755
– improvements 556
– infrastructure 589, 846
– modeling 858, 866
– networks policy
issues 856
– policies 263
– sector 912
– sustainability 851
– system 75, 101, 866, 1033
transportation-energy markets 860
transport fossil fueled 756
transrapid 754, 760, 763, 769,
775, 780
traveler information 102
travel-time variability 112
travel/traveling 106, 111,
539, 858
– behavior 106
– in high speed 539
– models 858
– time 111
triacylglycerol 1014
trinary model 306
trolley buses 713, 721
trolley bus system 722
truck lane 588
true-color night vision systems 986
tunnel effects 548
turn signal activation 377
two-pole machine 27
Uultra battery 1094
ultracapacitor 492, 494–495, 503–507,
512–513, 618, 621
– combination with batteries 499
– current-voltage characteristics 518
– development 494, 521
– economic considerations 520
– energy
– requirement 500
– storage 494, 498, 505
– hybrid vehicle simulations 507
– interface electronics 503
– laboratory testing 503
– power split strategies 503
– powertrain control strategies 507
– reductions in battery stress 512
– sizing components 500
– system control strategy 503
– vehicle
– applications 521
– field experience 504
– simulation results 507
unburned hydrocarbons 891
uninterruptible power supply
(UPS) 125
universal mobile telecommunications
system (UMTS) 84
unscented Kalman filter (UKF) 345, 628,
991, 997, 998, 1003
unstabilized camera 67
urban
– bus mode 259
– driving cycle 884, 889
– mass transportation act 835
– mobility 236
– modeling 438
– night traffic scene 986
– public transit 259
– stop-and-go driving pattern 882
– topology 1157
– transit modes
– bus-based 294
– negative trends 261
– rail-based 294
– transit systems 289
– transport systems 197, 804, 898
– urban transportation 259, 834
– policies 261
– system 683, 701
urbanization 100
utility theory 328
Vvalue pricing 567
vanpools 561
vector control 42, 44, 50
vehicle 1–9, 494–495
– acceleration 994, 1069, 1071
– aerodynamic drag 1067, 1077
– angular velocity 994
– biofuels 1006
– body frame 444
1183Index
– brake system 882
– braking 994
– forces 1073, 1077
– performance 1073
– communication systems 368
– control
– algorithms 339
– signals 960
– systems 338, 992
– cooperative collision warning 312
– cooperative decision making 312
– design considerations 498
– detection 1033, 1046–1050
– adaboost algorithm 1049
– baseline distance 13
– calibration method 1043
– clustering 6–7
– computer vision integrated
system 1044
– correlation-based stereo 6
– distance metric 14
– downhill simplex algorithm 8
– Euclidean distance metric 8
– experimental evaluation 12
– experiment results 1054
– feature-based optical flow 6
– image training preprocessing 1048
– interacting multiple model
(IMM) 3
– iterative closest point (ICP)
algorithm 4, 7
– Kalman filter framework 3
– Levenberg-Marquardt
algorithm 8
– LIDAR-based subsystem 1046
– model-based scene flow 11
– monocular images 2
– multi-planar LIDAR
sensors 1055
– polar distance metric 9
– quaternion-based optimization
procedure 8–9
– sensor fusion 2, 1038
– spacetime stereo 5
– stereo algorithms 13
– stereo-based 3D pose
estimation 4
– stereo-based 3D
reconstruction 3
– stereo camera systems 3
– system 1046
– tightly coupled LIDAR 1044
– vision-based system 1047
– distance measure 314
– 3D pose estimation 11
– dynamic(s) 324–325, 1060
– behavior 341
– parameters 338, 991
– states 339, 992
– dynamometer testing 506, 647
– electric load 614
– electrification 614
– electromagnets 769
– energy
– consumption 1071
– sources 1083
– storage 492, 615–616,
625, 1082
– fuels 1007
– cell-powered 489, 495, 522
– economy 903, 1071
– geometry 319, 324
– gradeability 1070
– grading resistance 1067
– hydrogen consumption 518
– inertia force 1067
– instrumented 372
– Li-ion battery 1100
– longitudinal forces 341, 994
– magnets 771
– maximum braking 328
– maximum steering 328
– miles traveled (VMT) 293, 854, 952
– model 319
– motion planning 325
– motor drive features 1083
– navigation 368
– observability 997
– operating fuel economy 899
– oscillations 316
– performance 412, 492, 1060,
1069, 1071
– power train structure 1061
– rafely traveling 423
– recognition of dangerous
situations 318
– reference rectangle 320
– resistance 1066
– robot 445
– rolling resistance 1066
– signals 411
– speed 1061, 1066
– stability 1003
– lateral tire forces 1003
– sideslip angle 1003
– state description 319
– system-model mismatches 345
– three-dimensional pose estimation 19
– time headway (THW) 425
– track acceleration tests 506
– tracking system
– computer vision sensors 1050
– LIDAR tracking model 1053
– particle filter-based tracking
algorithm 1054
– sensor fusion probability
model 1052
– sensor model 1052
– traction motors 1103
– tractive effort 1069
– of travel time (VOT) 570
– trip de-generation 951
– value of time (VOT) 574
– velocity 374
vehicle-assisted data delivery (VADD)
protocols 1159
vehicle-based traffic simulation 118
vehicle-occupancy requirement 554
vehicle-road interaction 338, 991
vehicle-road model, estimation
process 340
vehicle-to-building (V2B) operation
860, 862
vehicle-to-vehicle communication 311
vehicle traction motor technology 939
vehicular ad hoc networks 1133
vehicular communication
311, 333
vehicular network (VANET) 1133
velocity
– coordination 326
– information 430
Velodyne 1037
vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) 56,
58, 65
visible beam calibration 1037
vision
– fusion 89
– systems 808
vision-based driver assistance 959
visual
– acuity 422
– adaptation 960
– attention 399
– field 432
– information 65
– motor routine 58
– odometry 66
– perception 55
– processing
– age-related decrements 433
– spatial integration 433
– system
– neuronal activity 432
– temporal integration 432
1184 Index
voltage
– dynamics 512
– equation 40, 45
WWATCH-OVER 84
water train 801–802
wayfinding 423
wheel braking force 1080
whole plant utilization 1029
wind energy 854
wind power 918
windscreen projection 988
wind-to-hydrogen
pathway 922
wireless power
consortium 155
wireless vehicular
communication 333
wood/woody, alcohol 645
Yyaw rate sensor 86
yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) 766
Zzero-carbon city 845
zero-emission vehicle
(ZEV) 928
zinc 184
zinc-bromine battery 184–185
