Glossary

As it becomes possible to do more for the casualty before arrival at hospital, the advanced first aider and member of

the professional emergency services will inevitably be in con-tact with doctors and, therefore, with medical terminology. As medical schemes develop and hospitals become more in-volved in training emergency service personnel, so will it be necessary for some of the relevant medical terms to be understood by non-medical staff. This glossary with its phonetic equivalents and cryptic explanations should help para-medical personnel to understand the doctor.

Acetabular rim and pubic ramus-parts of the pelvis. Aggregation-clumping together. Analgesia (an-al-jesier )-relief of pain.

Aneurism (an-ure-isum)-'blow out' in the wall of an artery. Anoxia (an-oxier)-complete lack of oxygen.

Antecubital fossa-hollow area in front of the elbow. Antrum-sinus cavity in the bone of the cheek. Apnoea (ap-near)-breathing stopped. Arrhythmia (ay-rith-mia)-irregular or abnormal heart rhythm.

Atelectasis (ata-Ieck-ter-sis)-collapse of the alveoli (air sacs).

Atrial fibrillation (ay-tree-al)-ineffectual fluttering con-tractions of atrium. Asystole (ay-sisterly)-no heart beats at all.

Brachial plexus (bray-ki-al)-major nerve junction.deep in the armpit (axilla).

Buccal sulcus (bukkul sul-sus)-cavity between lip and gums.

Cardiac output-blood output ofthe heart.

Cardiopulmonary (kardio-pul-munary)-pertaining to the heart and lungs.

Cardiovascular (kardio-vas-kular)-pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.

Cerebral oedema (serra-bral-e-deemer)-brain swelling due to fluid. Contra lateral-opposite side.

Cyanosis (sigh-an-o-sis)-dusky blue colour from oxygen lack.

Distal (diss-tal)-further from the trunk.

Diuretics (dye-ure-etiks)-drugs to make kidneys extract more water from the blood. Dorsum of the hand-back of the hand. Dyspnoea (dis-near)-distressed or difficult breathing.

Electrolyte (elektro-light)-chemical constituents of fluids (e.g. salts). Embolism (em-bol-isum)-collection of fat or blood clot moving in or blocking a blood vessel.

Endotracheal tube (endo-track-eel)-tube used to pass into trachea (windpipe), a procedure known as intubation. Erythema (erry-theme-er) -reddening of the skin. Exsanguinated (ex-sang-gwinated)-loss of all blood.

g.-symbol for the value of the acceleration due to gravity.

Heem (heam)-prefix denoting blood.

Haemarthrosis (heem-arth-roe-sis)-bleeding into ajoint. Haemoconcentration-concentration of the blood-usually by extraction of water.

Haemodilution-dilution of the blood-usually with water. Haemolysis (h~em-olly-sis)-breakdown of the red blood cells. .

Haemostasis (heemo-staysis )-control of bleeding. Heart block-block in the conduction of the normal heart beat. Hemiparesis (hemi-par-eesis)-weakness down one side of the body.

Hyperbaric oxygen-oxygen under increased pressure. Hyperresonance-increased resonance of the chest. Hyper-ventilation-increased breathing rate.

Hypoglycaemia (high-po-gly-seamier)-very low sugar level in the blood.

Hypotension-low blood pressure.

Hypovolaemia (high-po-vol-eemier) low blood volume.

Hypoxia (high-poxier) low oxygen concentration.

i/v-intravenous-injection into a vein.

i/m-intramuscular-injection into a muscle. Inferior-in medical terminology = lower. Infusion-drip.

121

Intracranial (intra-kranial) inside the cranium (skull).

J.V.P.-Jugular Venous Pressure-pressure in neck vein which if raised makes it stand out.

Ligation-tying off. Lucid interv.al-period of recovery ,between concussion and later deterioration.

Maxillo-facial-bony structures of the face. Medial malleous (meedial mally-olus)-inner bony promi-nence of the ankle. Mediastinal (meedia-stynal)-central core of chest cavity.

Metabolic acidosis (metta-bollik acid-o-sis) acid by-products of bodily energy production. Mortality and Morbidity-death and disability.

Myocardial infarction-heart attack.

Necropsy (neck-roppsie)-post mortem. Neurological (nure-o-Iogical)-relating to the nervous system.

Oedema (e-deemer)-swelling due to fluid. Oedentulous (e-dent-u-Ius)"':"-without any teeth. Opiates-drugs derived from or similar to opium e.g. morphia, pethidine. Osmosis (os-mosis)-the attraction of water from a weaker to a stronger solution.

p02-partial pressure of oxygen e.g. dissolved in blood. Palpated (pal-pate-ed)-felt.

Paradoxical respiration-abnormal chest movement of stove-in chest. Paraesthesia (par-ess-theeze-ier)-tingling. Parenteral (par-en-ter-al)-into the body. Peripheral (per-iferal) outer, or part on the periphery. Petechial haemorrhages (pet-eekial)-little pinhead size areas of bleeding into the skin. Pneumonitis (new-mo-nightis)-inflammation of the lungs. Pneumothorax (new-mo-thorax)-air in chest cavity with collapse oflung.

Psychotropic (sigh-ko-tropic)-drugs used for treating dis-orders of the mind.

Ptosis (toe-sis)-drooping of the upper eyelids.

Pulmonary oedema (pull-munry e-deemer) -fluid escaping into the lungs.

122

sJc-subcutaneous-beneath the skin. Shunt-artificial connectors between artery and vein for artificial kidney treatment. Sphincter (sfinkter)-muscular ring used to close orifice. Sphygmomanometer (Sfig-mo-manometer) apparatus used to measure blood pressure. Splenectomy (splen-ek-tomie)-removal of ruptured spleen.

Subdural bleeding or haematoma-bleeding or clot beneath the dura that surrounds the brain. Systolic (blood pressure) (sis-tol-ik) peak ejection pressure of blood leaving the heart.

Tracheal aspiration (trak-eel)-sucking the trachea (wind-pipe) clear.

Tubular necrosis-damage to part of the kidney. Tulle gras (tool-graa)-gauze dressing impregnated with paraffin.

Underwater seal-non-return valve made by putting the end of a tube below water level. Urethra (ure-eeth-raa)-the natural tube from the bladder to the exterior.

Vascular (vass-cu-Iar)-related to blood vessels (or system). Vasoconstriction (vayzo-)-constriction of blood vessels (usually in the skin). Vasodilatation (vayzo-di-Iat-ay-shun)-opening up of blood vessels (usually in the skin).

Vasomotor centre-area of brain that controls blood pres-sure etc. Venepuncture (veeni-)-putting a needle into a vein to put up a drip.

Ventricular fibrillation-ineffectual fluttering contraction ofventricle of heart. Viability-chance of survival. Visceral-used here collectively to describe the contents of the abdomen.

Medical terms are often composite words and once this and the basic meanings of the various parts is known the mean-ing can often be deduced without a dictionary:

e.g. Hypovolaemia.

hypo-low.

(h)aemia-blood.

vol-volume.

The Emergency Ambulance

The Engineering Prototype Ambulance Specification

External dimensions

Length 18 ft.· Width 6 ft. 7 in. Height 7 ft. 6 in. Wheelbase 10ft.

Patient compartment

Length 10ft. Width 6 ft. 2 in. Height 6ft. Loading height 18 in.

General

Engine Rating Gearbox Drive Wheels

Turning circle

Weight Suspension Driving position

6 cylinder Jaguar 2.8 litre: 140 b.h.p. Borg Warner automatic Front wheel. 1 6 x 600 front 14 x 165 rear twin 39.5 ft. left 41.7 ft. right 2 tons 14 cwt. I ndependent front and rear Semiforward control.

General Ambulance Design Recommendations

EXTERNAL

Colour and markings for safety and unimpeded progress through traffic. Blue beacons - A large reflector with a surface designed to project a large image and a wide beam through a pale blue or blue green dome at a rotation speed of 100 rpm. One beacon should be mounted at the front off side and one at the rear nearside of the roof and a forward facing repeater light should' be mounted in the centre of the radiator.

Twotone horns - Roof mounted with sound insulating material in the roof cavity beneath. Be/l- For use in close traffic situations. Reflective and fluorescent markings around the vehicle and on trolley stretchers. Doors - Designed for quiet closing, absence of rattie, freedom from obstruction when opening and rear doors large enough to pass a hospital bed through.

CHASSIS

Front wheel drive - Traction, low noise and low rear platform. Automatic gear box - Smooth progress. Large engine - Adequate performance without excessive engine noise. Low chassis - Rear loading, low roll. Suspension - Variable rate and computer matched to patient needs. Brakes - Adequate performance and reserve. Electrical system - Adequate output and reserve to meet peak demands.

DRIVING COMPARTMENT

Controls - Positioned for ease of operation when wearing seat belts.

The Engineering Prototype Ambulance used for the tests in the chapter on Handling and Transportation.

123

Seatbelts - Integral with seat. Seat - Designed to give lumbar and lateral support. Radio - Provision for operation in cab and patient areas.

PATIENT COMPARTMENT

Heating - A means of prevention of heat loss such as a 'hot air draught curtain' actuated by opening the rear doors. Lighting - A minimum of 28 lumens (300 lux) at the patient position provided by long colour corrected fluorescent tube fittings to avoid shadow effect and with a 'dim' position for certain patients. Interior trim - Matt finish and neutral colours to avoid colour distortion and specular reflections. Sound - Insulation material between engine and cab, cab and patient compartment and roof mounted horns and interior. 80 dBA ought to be the upper noise limit. Size - Height to avoid stooping and lifting in flexion. Length to allow stretcher to be carried within the wheel-base. Width to allow room for a wheelchair between the stretchers. Floor - Non-slip when wet. Cupboards - Mounted on castors and held in position by Danish rail to allow repositioning according to use. In-struments mounted on clip or on recessed cutout trays and clearly labelled. Trolley stretcher positioning by means of Danish rail and also permitting oblique mounting position. Patient to travel feet first.

124

Attendants seat - To allow positioning opposite head end of stretcher. Trolley stretcher - MuItiposture including 10° head down tilt. Provision for telescopic dripstand and holding resus-citation or analgesia apparatus securely. Side rails of adequate length and height. Contouring of upholstery for lateral stability. Large wheels for smooth riding on rough or obstructed surface. Rescue equipment - Tools held in a 'foam cutout recess' tray which slides under the attendants seat. Powerful portable lighting should be provided (e.g. light gun).

References

Bothwell, P., Medical Officer, 1959, 101, 159. International Seminar on Design Criteria for the Emergency Ambu-lance-Medical Commission on Accident Prevention-30.9.69. Royal College of Surgeons, London. London, P., Proc.Inst. Mech. Engineers, 1967-68,182, 188. Medical Requirements for Ambulance Design and Equipment, National Research Council, Washington, USA, 1968. Ministry of Health Working Party on Ambulance Training and Equipment Part 2. Equipment and Vehicles. HMSO, London, 1967. National Research Development Corporation. Ogle Report on Emergency Ambulances NRDC, 1969. Report on Accident and Emergency Services (including ambulance service), Danish National Health Service, 1966. Snook, R., Brit. Med. J., 1972,3,574. Snook, R., Fire Protection Review, 1972,5,214. Snook, R., British Fire Services, 1972,65,3. The Committee on Acute Medicine of the American Society of Anaesthesiologists. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1968,204,595.

Appendices

Appendix 1. Radiotelephone Procedure

The basic difference between an ordinary telephone and a radio-telephone is that in the latter simultaneous listening and speaking facilities are not normally employed and more than two parties are using the same 'line'. The requisites for clear communication are therefore: identification of speaker by call-sign; identification of intended listener by call-sign; brevity of message; occasional use of coded message for privacy; identification of end of message expecting reply by 'over' and end of message not expecting reply by 'out'.

Specimen Message:

Base station call-sign e.g. Batham Mobile call-sign e.g. Medic

Message from mobile 'Batham from medic do you receive over'. Message from base station 'Medic from Batham receiving over'.

Standard Abbreviations

Go Ahead Standby Wait

Roger

- pass your message. - wait until called. - you are interrupting another caller-wait until

called. - message received and understood.

Wileo - will carry out instruction. Repeat (from) - Repeat (from specified part of) last message. ETA - Estimated time of arrival. Priority - Urgent message.

Signal strength

1 Barely audible. 2 Faint. 3 Weak but discernible.

4 Good but not full strength. 5 Loud and clear.

Figures causing difficulty should be pronounced clearly as follows: 5 - FIFE 7 - SEV-EN 9 - NINER 0 - ZERO. Do not say 'Fiftynine say 'FIFE-NINER etc.

Phonetic alphabet used for giving initial letters, etc.

A Alpha J Juliet S Sierra B Bravo K Kilo T Tango C Charlie L Lima U Uniform D Delta M Mike V Victor E Echo N November W Whiskey F Foxtrot 0 Oscar X X-ray G Golf P Papa Y Yankee H Hotel Q Quebec Z Zulu I India R Romeo

Appendix 2. Equipment Suppliers

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

Complete sets of medical equipment in case:

Vitalograph Ltd, Maids Morten House, Buckingham, Bucks. Vickers Medical Ltd., Priestly Road, Basingstoke, Hants.

Portable Anaesthetic Machines

Marden Medical Equipment Ltd., 41 North Audley Street, LondonW.1. Oxylitre (Edinburgh) Ltd., Riverside Works, Miller Row, Edinburgh EH4 3BQ.

Anaesthetic and Surgical Equipment

Childerhouse Developments Ltd., Halliwick Court Place, Woodhouse Road, London N12.

Vitalograph Ltd., Maids Morten House, Buckingham, Bucks. Thackray Ltd., Park Street, Leeds LSI IRQ.

Plastic Catheters, Endotracheal Tubes and Blood Warmer

Portex Ltd., Hythe, Kent.

Intravenous Fluids

Polyfusor - Boots Ltd., Nottingham. Dextraven 70 - Fisons Ltd., Pharmaceutical Division, Lough-borough, Leicestershire. Macrodex - Pharmacia (GB) Ltd., 75 Uxbridge Road, Ealing, London W5. Ringers Lactate - Baxter Division, Travenol Laboratories Ltd., Thetford, Norfolk.

125

Intravenous Cannulae

Angiocath - Bard Davol Ltd., Valley Bridge Road, Clacton-on-Sea, Essex. Medicut - Sherwood Industries, County Oak, London Road, Crawley, Sussex. Butterfly - Abbott Laboratqries Ltd., Queenborough, Kent, ME115EL.

Disposable Swabs

Armour Pharmaceutical Ltd., Eastbourne, Sussex.

Aspirators

Ambu - British Oxygen Co. Ltd., (Equipment Division) (Medical), Pinnacles, Elizabeth Way, Harlow, Essex. Laerdal - Vickers Medical Ltd., Priestly Road, Basingstoke, Hants. Cape Engineering Co. Ltd., Cape Road, Warwick. Respirex Ltd., 26 Portland Drive. Mersham, Surrey.

Chest Drainage Set

Argyl Chest Trochar - Sherwood Medical Industries, County Oak, London Road, Crawley,Sussex. Heimleich Valve - Becton Dickenson Ltd., Brindly 74, Astmoor Industrial Estate, Runcorn, Cheshire.

Resuscitation, Oxygen and Entonox Equipment

Ambu, Minuteman, Minepac, Brook Airway, Entonox, Portogen - British Oxygen Co., (Equipment Division) (Medical), Pinnacles, Elizabeth Way, Harlow, Essex. Laerdal- Vickers Medical Ltd., Priestly Road, Basingstoke, Hants. M.e. Mask - Medical and Industrial Equipment Ltd., 26/40 Broadwick Street, London WIA 2AD. Sabre Safety Ltd., 225 Ash Road, Aldershot, Hants. Vitalograph Ltd., Maids Morten House, Buckingham, Bucks. Draegar Ltd., 128 High Street, Edgware, Middlesex. Respirex Ltd., 26 Portland Drive, Mersham, Surrey.

Electronic Sphygmomanometer

Childerhouse Developments Ltd., Halliwick Court Place, Woodhouse Road, London N)2. Sandoz Products Ltd., Medical Equipment Division, 42 Somers Road, Rugby.

Cardiac Monitor

Wakeling Monitor - British Oxygen Co., (Equipment Division) (Medical), Pinnacles, Elizabeth Way, Harlow, Essex. Cardiac Recorders Ltd., 377 City Road, London ECI. Simonsen and Weel Ltd., Hatherley House, Hatherley Road, Sidcup, Kent. Linton Instrumentation, Hysol, Harlow, Essex.

Dry and Multipoint Electrodes

E. Hillier and Son (Electronic) Ltd. Cardiff Road, Reading, Berks.

Splints

Inflatable - 'Urias - Trevena Ltd., 20 Grosvenor Place. London WI. 'Redisplint' - Parke Davis, Staines Road, Middlesex. Childerhouse Developments Ltd., Halliwick Court Place, Woodhouse Road, London N12. Spinal- Tyhemouth - Vestric Ltd., Runcorn, Cheshire.

126

Cervical- Plastazote - Smith and Nephew, Bessemer Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. Elbow J mmobiliser - Medical Supplies Assoc. Ltd., Thames Road, Crayford, Kent. Leg - Hare - F. and W. Equipment Co. Ltd., Whitehall Proper-ties, Town Gate, Wyke, Bradford, Yorks. Leg - Gypsona - Smith and Nephew, Bessemer Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. Spinal Board Straps - Britax Ltd., Proctor Works, Chertsey Road, Byfleet, Surrey.

Roehampton Burns Dressings

Price Bros. and Co. Ltd., Wellington, Somerset.

Radiotelephones and Personal Paging systems

Alpha Ometric Ltd., Holmdale, Sidmouth, Devon EXlO 8DQ. Storno Ltd. (Registered Office), Frimley Road, Camberley, Surrey. Pye Telecommunications Ltd., Newmarket Road, Cambridge.

Mediflash

British Medical Association, Tavistock Square, London, WCIH9JR.

Reflective and Fluorescent Materials and Jackets

'DOCTOR' labels for box - Brissco Equipment Ltd., Cater Road, Bishopsworth, Bristol BS13 7TX. 3 M's,-3M House, Wigmore Street, London WIA lET. Orange Jackets - Public Works Production, 88 Station Road, Kenilworth. 'DOCTOR' labels for Jacket - Durable Markings Ltd., Reading Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxford.

AMBULANCE EQUIPMENT

Scoop StretCher} Folding Stretcher F. W. Equipment Ltd. Whitehall Properties, Hare Splint Town Gate, Wyke, Bradford, Yorkshire. Frac-Strap

Laerdal Vacuum Mattress

Vickers Medical Ltd., Priestly Road, Basingstoke, Rants.

Paraguard Stretcher} R.F.D. - G.Q Ltd., Godalming, Bosun's Harness Surrey.

Ambulance Builders

Ibis M3 Ltd., Ibis Works., Kendall, Westmorland. Dennis Motors Ltd., Guildford, Surrey. Dormobile Ltd., Folkestone, Kent. Pilchers Ltd., Victoria Road, Burgess Hill, Sussex. Hanlon Ltd., Dublin Road, Longford, Southern Ireland. Lomas Ltd., Wilmslow, Cheshire. Wadham Stringers Ltd., Waterlooville, Hants. Reeves, Pilsley, Chesterfield, Derbyshire. The Ford Motor Co., Eagle Way, Warley, -Brentwood, Essex. Bedford Vauxhall Motors, Luton, Bedfordshire. BMC Leyland (UK) Ltd., Longbridge, Birmingham B31 2TB.

Ambulance Lighting

Thorn Electrical Ltd. Thorn House, Penarth Road, Cardiff CFI7YD. -

RESCUE EQUIPMENT

Rescue Vehicle

Carmichael's and Sons (Worcester) Ltd., Gregory's Mill Street, Worcester.

Lifting

Air Lifting Bags - MFC Survival Ltd., Naval Yard, Tonypandy, South Wales CF40 lJS.

Lighting

Telescopic Mast and Light - Mitralux Ltd., Clipstone House, Hospital Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. Sparlight - Dale of Great Britain Ltd., Electricity Buildings, Filey, Yorks. Light Gun - M. and D. Electronics, 133 York Road, Haxby, Yorks Y03 8ES. Francis Searchlights Ltd., Turner House, Bolton, Lancs. RSG Ltd., 58-61 Riches Street, Wolverhampton, Staffs WV60DE.

Cutting and Hydraulic

Blackhawk, - Applied Pow(Jr(UK)Ltd.,Estate Road, Newhaven, Sussex.

Black and Decker Ltd., Cannon Lane, Maidenhead. Berks SL63PD. . Gas Pak,- Portable Flame Cutting Equipment, Arnold Bran-bridges Ltd., East Peckham, Kent. Heat-Ban - Magna Alloys and Research Pty. Ltd., Blackwall Point Road, Drummoyne, New South Wales 2047, Australia. Jaws of Life - Guyson International Ltd., North Avenue, Otley, Yorkshire LS211AR.

Pneumatic

Cengar Saw and Zipgun - S. F. Roberts (1960) Ltd., Industrial Fire and Safety Protection Engineers, Hanworth Air Park, Feltham, Middlesex.

Chemical Hazards

Transport Emergency Cards - Chemical Industries Assoc. Ltd., Alebmic House, 93 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7TU. Draegar MultiGas Detector Kit - Draegar Normalaire Ltd., Blythe, Northumberland NE24 4RH.

Emergency Vehicle Traffic Light Switch

Sarasota Ltd., Chandlersford Trading Estate, Eastleigh, Hants. GEC Elliott Traffic Automation, Elstree Way, Boreham Wood, Herts.

Appendix 3. Addresses of Emergency Service Training Schools

AMBULANCE

Birmingham County Borough Council, Fire Brigade HQ, Corporation Street, Birmingham. Cheshire County Council, Wren bury Hall, Northwich, Cheshire. Greater London Council, 220 Waterloo Road, London SE1. Lancashire County Council, Westleigh, Lea, Near Preston, Lancs. Leicester County Council, Avenue Road Extension, Leicester. Staffordshire County Council, 15 London Road, Stafford, Staffs. Surrey County Council, Ambulance Headquarters, Brighton Road, Banstead, Surrey. West Riding County Council, Elm Bank, Cleckheaton, Yorkshire. Hampshire County Council, Claylands Road, Bishop's Waltham, Hants.

FIRE BRIGADE

Fire Service Technical College, Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Gloucestershire.

Fire Service Staff College, Wotton House, Abinger Common, Dorking, Surrey.

POLICE

Police Training Centre, Bruche, Warrington, Lancs. Police Training Centre, Newby Wiske Hall, Northallerton, Yorkshire. Police Training Centre, Dishforth, Thirsk, Yorkshire. Police Training Centre, Pannal Ash, Harrogate, Yorkshire. Police Training Centre, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry CV8 3EN. Police Training Centre, Eynsham Hall, Northleigh, Witney, Oxford. Police Training Centre, Sandgate Road, Sandgate, Folkestone, Kent. Poli~e Training Centre, Grosvenor Hall, Ashford, Kent. Police Training Centre, Chantmarle, Cattistock, Near Dorchester. Police Training Centre, Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Home Office Crime Prevention Centre, Police HQ, Stafford. British Transport Police Training Centre, St. Cross, Walton-on-the-hill, Tadworth, Surrey.

Appendix 4. Further Information

BOOKS

A Complete Handbook for Professional Ambulance Personnel, Morris, C., 1970, John Wright and Son, Price £2.75. Accident Service, Plewes, L. W., 1966, Pitman Medical, Price £5.25.

Basic Skills for Surgical Housemen, Caiman, C, 1971, ChurchiIl Livingstone. Price £1.00. Cardio-Respiratory Resuscitation, Gilston, A and Resnekov, L., 1971, Wm. Heinemann, Price £4.50. Coal Mines Rescue and Fire Fighting, Jenkins and Waltham, Charles Griffin, 1956, Price £1.75.

127

Compendium 0/ Emergencies, Gardiner and Hill,Butterworthsand Co., London. 1971, Price £4.40. Documenta Geigy-Road Accidents-Gogler, E., Geigy Pharma-ceuticals (UK) Ltd., Macclesfield, Cheshire SKlO 2 LY, 1965. Management of the Unconscious Patient, Hitchcock, E., and Masson, A., Blackwell, 1970, Price £1.00. Manual 0/ Firemanship, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1971, Price 75p. Mountain and Cave Rescue, The Handbook of the Mountain Rescue Committee, 1973, Price 25p. (Obtainable from the Mountain Rescue Committee, 9 Mill Dale Avenue, Temple Meads, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9BE.) New Essential First Aid, Gardener, W. and Roylance, P., Pan Books, 1967, Price 30p. New Advanced First Aid, Gardener, W. and Roylance, P., 1969 Butterworths and Co., Price £1.10. Petroleum Tankship Safety, Page and Gardiner, 1972, Maritime Press, Price £1.50. Principles for First Aid for the Injured, Proctor, H. and London, P. S., 1968, Butterworths and Co., London, Price £2.00. Road Accidents Prevent or Punish, Leeming, J. J., 1969, Cassell, Price £1.80. Safety in Sewers Training Manual, Local Government Training Board,1971, Price £1.50. Teaching First Aid, Miles, S. and Roylance, P.,1970, Bailliere, Tindall and Cassell, Price 90p. The Casualty Officer's Handbook, Ellis. M., Butterworth and Co., London, 1972, Price £2.50. The Management 0/ Head Injuries, Lewin, W., 1966, Bailliere, Tindall and Cassell, Price £4.50. The Manual 0/ Caving Techniques, Cave Rescue Research Group, 1969, Routledge and Kegan Paul, Price £4.20. Treatment of Common Acute Poisonings, Matthew, H. and Lawson, A. A. H., 1972, Churchill Livingstone, London, Price £1.00.

JOURNALS

Ambulance Service Journal, Editor: A. W. Johnson, Quayside Wing, Shire Hall, Gloucester. Quarterly Annual Sub. £1.00. Care on the Road, RoSP A Press Office, 6 Buckingham Place, London NW1. Monthly £1.25 per annum. Casualty Simulation, Editor: 20 Grange Road, Newcastle on Tyne. Quarterly 30p. Fire-Journal 0/ the British Fire Service, Unisaf House, 32-36 Dudley Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, Monthly. Annual Sub. £3.45. Fire Protection Review, Benn Brothers Ltd., Lyon Tower, 125 High Street, Colliers Wood, Longon SW19 2JN. Monthly. Annual Sub. £3.50. Injury-British Journal of Surgery. John Wright and Son Ltd., Bath Road, Bristol BS4 5NU, Quarterly. Annual Sub. £6.50. Red Cross Review, The Editor, 9 Grosvenor Crescent, London. 60p. per Annum. Resuscitation, Middlesex Publishing Co. Ltd., 21 New Street, London EC2M 4UN. Quarterly. Annual Subscription £8.00p. St. John Review, Treasurer, Order of St. John, I Grosvenor Crescent, London SWI, Monthly. £1.70 per annum. The Lifeboat, The Editor, 42 Grosvenor Gardens, London SWI W OEF. Quarterly. 82p. per annum.

ASSOCIATIONS

Casualty Surgeons' Association-Secretary, E. P. Abson, FRCS, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury, Kent.

128

STUDY COURSES and LECTURES

The Postgraduate Centre, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 lLE. Birmingham Accident Hospital, Bath Row, Birmingham B151NA. Medical Commission on Accident Prevention, 50 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3EA.

TAPE AND SLIDE LECTURES

Tape-Management o/Cardiac Arrest, Zorab. J., 1972, Churchill Livingstone. Slide-Camera Talks, 31 North Row, Park Lane, London WIR2EN. Medical Recording Service Foundation, Kitts Croft, Writtie, Chelmsford CMl 3EH. Film-Stewart Films Ltd., 82 Clifton Hall, London NW8. Central Office of Information, Films and Television Department, Hercules Road, London SEI 7DU. British Medical Association Film Library (and Nuffield Book Library) BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WCIH 9JR.

TRAINING AIDS

Resuscitation-Cheshire Wilson Safety Services Ltd., 46 BuP Street, Darlaston, Staffs. Vickers Medical Ltd., Priestly Road, Basingstoke, Hants. Intubation-Vitalograph Ltd., Maids Morten House. Buckingham, Bucks. General-Educational and Scientific Plastics Ltd., 76 Holmthorp? Avenue, Holmthorpe, Redhill, Surrey RHI 2PF.

USEFUL ADDRESSES

British Red Cross Society, 9 Grosvenor Crescent, London SW1. H.M. Coastguard, Sunley House, 90 High Holborn, London WCIV6LP. Medical Commission on Accident Prevention, 50 Old Bromptoll Road, London SW7 3EA. Medical Research Council, 20 Park Crescent, London WI N 4AI. Mountain Rescue Committee, 9 Milldale Avenue, Temple Meads, Buxton, Derbyshire SKI7 9BE. Royal Lifesaving Society, 14 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London WIN 2AT. Royal National Life-boat Institution, West Quay Road, Poole, Dorset BHI5 1HZ. Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, 6 Buckingham Place, London SWIE 6HR. St. John Ambulance Association, 1 Grosvenor Crescent, London SWI. The Royal Automobile Club, Motor Sport Division, 31 Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8QH.

Poisons Information Centres

Belfast Cardiff

0232-40503 0222-44654

Edinburgh 031-229 2477 Leeds 0532-32799 London 01-407 7600 Manchester 061-740 2254 Newcastle 0632-25131

Index

A Blood pressure Dressings 51 in mine91 Abdominal compression 38, 48, in ambulance 77 burns 16, 17, 126 in sewer 90

50 measurement of 16, 17, 33 cost 19 oxygen/Entonox 42 Accidents with Entonox 38-39 scalp35 Fireman's lift 81

disaster 5, 64-66 Blood transfusion 11,47,48,49 weighing 55 First aid 35, 67 frequency 3 fluid 33 Driving 10,13,61,76 Fog 63, 72, 1 07 major 5, 60-66 o Rhneg8,47 Drowning 93 Fortral41 motorway 60-66 rapid 55 Drugs 19 Frac Strap 51,126 simulated 69 technique 32 administration 4 Frog-men 94 trapped 34 Blood volume 27 and Entonox 41 Frost bite 86

Accident Flying Squad 5, 14, Blood warmer 55 in cardiac arrest 58-59 Frusemide 53 cost 78 Boat-submerged 70 in drowning 98 Furley stretcher 92 equipment 14-19 Bosun's Harness 90, 108,126 in head injury 35 results 74-79 Breathing apparatus 83,90,92, psychotropic 85 G Agricultural injury 24, 39, 109 110,111 Duff stretcher 87 Gases - toxic 83, 90, 92, 11O,

Air hunger 27 Breeches Buoy 1 00 Air Lifting Bags 50,127 Brook Airway 14, 18, 28-29, 98 E

111 Gastric tube 94

Aircraft crash 74, 102-106 Burns 34,92 Ejection seat 102 General Practitioners 5, 8, 55 Airway 27-30 Burns dressings 16, 19, 34-35, Elbow immobiliser 16, 32 Gloster stretcher 113

head injury 35 126 Emergency call Guedel airway 28 obstruction 3, 67, 74 Burst-proof door locks 70 GP07,61,75 Gunshot wounds 11 0

Alcohol medical 75 drowning 93 C Emergency Radio Channel 65 Entonox41 Carbon monoxide 83 Endotracheal tubes H head injury 35 Cardiac arrest 30, 53, 56-59,93 cost 18 Haemorrhage hypothermia 85 Cardiac failure 33 storing 15, 16 assessment 26, 55

Ambulance Cardiac massage 30 use29 control 35, 51 design 123, 126 frequency of 35 Entonox 37-41,45, 126 ear35 blood pressure 17 in ambulance 70 contra-indications 39 effect of 27, 77

e braking 70 in drowning 93 cost of 19 head injury 35 doors 84 test 54 fire hazard 42 mortality 3,78 heating 53, 124 Casualty bag 87, 88 frequency of use 35 scalp 35 interior 54, 124 Cave rescue 88 in accident department 41 treatment 31 journey 53, 77, 78 Central venous pressure 33, 55, in caves 88 Handlift81 lighting 26, 53, 124 94 in chest injury 40 Handling of patient 50, 51,67, noise 53, 124 Cervical collars 17-18, 44 in sewers 90 105 patient care 13 Chemical hazards 61,72,75, side effects 38 HareSplint41,126 patient condition 53, 77 111-112,116 trial 39, 88 Hartmann's solution 33 ride 53, 54, 123 Chest drainage 36,126 Equipment Hazards 46,60-61

Ambulance control point 64 Civil engineering 74 extrication 43, 46, 117, 1 27 Heat Ban putty 44,45,127 Amputation 45, 77, 90 Cliff rescue 89 medical 8, 14-19, 125 Heat conduction 44, 45

equipment 8,16,18 Coastguards 7, 99 Equipment box 14-15 Heat loss 86 frequency of 35 Communications 10,64-65,88, Evacuation 81-82 Heavy goods vehicles

Anaesthetic machine 114,125 92,94,97 Evaluation 74-79 and cars 71 Analgesia 37-41,52 cliff 90 Examination 25 injury in 25 Anoxia 27, 35 underground 88 Exercises 69 trapped in 43-50 Anxiety 36, 39,41 Coronary Flying Squads 118 Explosives 88 Heimlich valve 18, 36,126 Artificial respiration 28-30 Crash helmets 22 Exposure 85 Helicoptercrash 105 Asphyxia-dry drowning 93 Cricothyroid puncture 30-31 External cardiac massage 30 rescue 60, 79, 82, 86, 89,

toxic gases 83, 90, 110 Cutdown frequency of 35 100-101,106-108 Aspiration avoiding 31 in ambulance 70 Hick's box 96

frequency 35 equipment 16, 18 in drowning 93 Hospital 4, 5 technique 29 technique 32-34 test 54 fire 80-84 value 77 Cutting equipment 43-50 Extrication 42-50, 64-66, 117 training 67

Aspirator 16,17,29,126 aircraft 1 03 Hydraulic equipment 43-50, 127 cost 18 0 cave 88 Hyperbaric chamber 5 Millar Report3 Deaths 3, 74-79 new techniques 69-70 Hypotension-abdominal use of 29, 50,89 Decompression chambers 94 racing cars 117 compression 38, 48, 50

Assessment of Injury 20-26,35 sickness 84, 94 training slide 68 in drowning 94

Defibrillation 56-59, 118 Eyes 50 in hypothermia 85 B Dextran 33, 46, 47,48, 94 postural 34, 37,38,42,48

Bag and Mask 16 Diagnosis 3, 20-26 F Hypothermia 85, 87, 93 Beach Rescue Trolley 96 Diazepam 36, 41 Fees 4, 78 artificial 94 Beacons 54, 123 Diuretics 53, 94 Fire 114, 117 Blanket(foil) 17,89 Diving 94 causes 43, 46 Blanket lift 52, 81 Dock accidents 113 emergency call 75, 114 Identification-ambulance 54, Bleeding Doctors, 4, 42, 87 extinguisher 46,105,117 123

ear35 Dogs 87, 120 incidence 34, 80,115 car9-10 scalp 35 Door locks 70 in air crashes 102, 105 firemen 115 wounds 26, 27 Drag mat 91 in hospital 80 personal 1 2, 63, 64

129

Illustrations 68 Immersion 86, 93, 100 Incident Medical Officer 64 Industrial injury 39,110 Inflatable splints 16, 17, 47, 48,

51,77,126 Injection-intracardiac 59 Injuries-abdominal 22-25,37 ,59

assessment 20-26, 106 burns 34 chest 22-24 facial 21,22,39 head 21-25, 27, 35-36, 70, 77,105,117 limb 16, 17, 21,26,39,47,48, 50,51,52,105 mechanism 20-26 pairs 25 patterns 21-25, 106 pelvis 22 seat belts 25, 71 spinal 21-22, 28,41,50,51, 67,92,105

Insurance 9, 88, 122 Intravenous

equipment 15, 18, 32 fluids 33, 35,125 in hypothermia 86 in sewers 90 techniques 27, 31-34 training 27, 69

Intubation 27-31,35,47-48 equipment 15, 16, 18, 29, 125 in chest injury 36 in drowning 94 in head injury 35,77 in hypothermia 86 training 69

J Jacket-safety 12, 63, 126 J.V.P.33

K Knife-release 104

L Labelling patient 66 Landing site 1 07 Lasix 53 Lectures 68, 73 Leg traction 39,41 Legal responsibilities 13, 71,120 Lifeboats 99 Lifebuoy 94 Lifeguard 95 Life jacket 101, 1 08 Lifting of patient 51,105

blanket 52, 81 fireman's 81 hand 82, 83 mattress 81 special stretcher 53 strop 91, 108 of vehicle 46,50,63,127

Lighting , at scene 26, 45, 88, 114, 126

in ambulance 26, 53, 124 Locks-burst-proof 70

M Macinnes stretcher 87 Major accidents 5, 60-66 Manipulation of fracture 45, 47

frequency of 35 Masonry collapse 34, 46, 64-66 Mattress lift 81

130

Medico-legal 13, 71,120 Mediflash 8-1 0,126 Metabolic acidosis 27, 30, 31,

58,94 Mine rescue 91 Morphine 36, 37, 88, 98 Mortality statistics 3, 77-78 Motor cyclists 22, 25 Motor race rescue 116 Motorway accidents 3, 60-66 Mountain hypothermia 85-86 Mountain Rescue Committee 86 Muscle spasm 39 Myocardial infarction 41, 118

N Neck collars 17-18, 44 Neil Robertson stretcher 53, 82,

89,91, 98, 100 Noise 45, 53, 65, 107, 1 24

o Obstetric Flying Squads 118 Opiates 36, 37 Overalls 12 Oxyacetylene/Oxypropane 44,

46 Oxygen 1 6, 18, 84, 126

fire hazard 42 in Entonox 41 in rewarming 88 treatment 27, 48

p Pain relief 37-41,52 Parachute 97,102 Paraguard stretcher 53, 82, 91,

126 Parking 11,61-64 Patient labelling 66 Pedestrian injury 22, 40 Pentazocine 41 Pethidine 37 Photography 68 Plasma 33, 94 Plastazote 17, 89,126 Plaster splint 41,89,126 Pneumothorax 36 Poisoning 128 Police 7,13,48,61,64,65,94,

97,127 Police dog 120 Police surgeon 4, 78,79 Postural hypotension 34, 37, 38,

42,48,85 Press 84 Protective clothing 12, 17, 63,

64, 109, 116-117 Pulse 27, 33, 39 Pumping drip set 15, 50, 77

R Radio activity 111 Radiotelephones 8, 10-11, 65,

126 position 54, 124 procedures 125 uses 48, 75, 77,87,88,90,97, 99,100

R.A.F.86,100 Rail crashes 34, 64, 114 Records 12, 13, 25, 55, 75

analysis 74-79 Reel and Line 96 Rescue-aircrash 102

cave 88 cliff 89 dogs 87

equipment 127 helicopter 100,106 mine91 mountain 86 new techniques 69 river 93 sewer 90 sport 11 6, 120

Research evaluation 74-79 safety 69-73

Respiratory obstruction 3, 67, 74,78

Resuscitation 27-36 Rewarming 85 Ringer Lactate (Hartmann's) 33 Riva Rocci technique 33, 54 River rescue 70, 75, 93 Road deaths 3, 74 Road Research Laboratory 72,

78 Rocket and Line 99 Roehampton burns dressings 16,

19,34,126 Rope seat 87 Royal Life Saving Society 95 Royal National Life-boat

Institution 99 Royal Navy 100 Rule of nines 35

s Safety

accident prevention 70-73 ejection seats 103 jacket 12, 63, 126 research 69-73 traffic lights 70,127 vehicle 69

Saline 33, 50 Schemes 4, 5, 10,76,78 Scoop stretcher 51,53 Seatbelts 25, 71 Sedation 35, 36 Sewers 75,90 Shock 25, 26, 27, 34, 35, 37, 38,

42 Smoke 83, 105 Sodium bicarbonate 31 Sphygmomanometer 16,18,33,

126 Spinal splint 17, 19,44,48,49,

51,69,84,89 Splint 126

cervical 17-18, 44 Hare 41 inflatable 16, 17,47,48,51, 77 plaster 41,89 spinal 17, 19,44,48,49,51, 69,84,89 straps 82

Statistics 74-79 Steroids 94 Stokes litter 98,108 Stretcher 51, 124, 126

Duff 87 flat pan 89 floating 79 Furley 92, 106 Gloster 113 Maclnnes87 Neil Robertson 53, 82, 89, 91, 98,100 Paraguard 53, 82, 91 Scoop 5" 53 Stokes Litter 98, 1 08 Thomas'87 Vacuum 53

Sump rescue apparatus 89

T Task performance tests 54 Telephones-field 88, 92, 94 Television 67 Tension pneumothorax 36, 1