179J.A. DiMaggio and W. Vernon, Forensic Podiatry: Principles and Methods, DOI 10.1007/978-1-61737-976-5, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

Abduction Movement of the foot away from the midline of the body.

Adduction Movement of the foot towards the midline of the body.

Ball (foot) The part of the foot beneath the five metatarsal heads.Biomechanics The application of mechanical laws to living structures,

specifically to the locomotor system of the human body.Bunion/hallux abducto-valgus An enlargement of the first metatarsal head with rotation

and lateral deviation of the big toe.

Calcaneum The heel bone.Callus/callous A hardening and thickening of the skin usually associ-

ated with a boney influence.Contracted/retracted toes A condition in which the toes are pulled back and may

not contact the ground properly during stance.Corn/clavus A discrete hard and painful area often associated with a

hammertoe. It usually has a deep “core” that presses on a subdermal nerve.

Distal Farthest away from the central location of the body or part in question, such as the toes are distal to the heel.

Dorsal/dorsum Upper surface of the foot.Dorsiflexion Upward movement of the foot.

Eversion The plantar surface tilts away from the midline of the body; lowering the inner border of the foot.

Fibrous corn A corn usually of very long standing duration that shows the presence of fibrous tissue.

Foot zones The sectioning of the foot into three sections (rearfoot – 30%; midfoot – 30% and forefoot – 40%) that can be used in the comparison process.

Gait Any form of locomotion. For example, walking, running, etc.

Glossary of Podiatric Terms

Foot

180 Glossary of Podiatric Terms

Genu varum Bow leggedness, or bandiness so called because of an out-ward bowing of the lower leg, when compared to the thigh.

Greek ideal Refers to a foot with a long second toe length versus the big toe.

Hallux limitus A condition in which the movement of the joint of the big toe is limited restricting its ability to bend during walking.

Hallux rigidus A condition in which the joint of the big toe is immobile leading to a stiff toe and inability to bend during walking.

Hallux valgus A condition in which the big toe is deviated away from the midline of the body towards the midline of the foot.

Hammertoe A common toe deformity with prominence of one of the toe bones where a painful corn often develops.

Hyperextended toes A condition in which the toes are excessively extended beyond the normal range of movement.

Hyperpronation An excessive pronatory movement of the foot.

ID lines Morphological descriptors (arch line, heel line, web ridge line, etc.) that are used in the comparison process.

Interdigital The area between the toes.Inversion The plantar surface tilts toward the midline of the body;

elevation of the inner border of the foot.Involution A condition in which the nail curves inwards at the edges.IPK (intractable plantar A deeply nucleated keratotic lesion on the bottom of keratosis) the foot that may leave its mark as an area of increased pres-

sure on a receiving surface.

Lateral Farther from the midline.

Malleoli The bones which can be seen as medial and lateral protru-sions of the ankle.

Mallet toe A form of a hammertoe with a deformity at the end of the toe creating a downward pressure that may be useful in the examination process.

Medial Nearer to the midline.Metatarsal formula The order in which the metatarso-phalangeal joints (parabola) of the ball of the foot are encountered when approaching these

from a distal position.Metatarsalgia A term denoting pain in the metatarsal area secondary to dif-

ferent etiologies.Metatarso-phalangeal joint Joints situated within the ball of the foot, where the metatar-

sals join with the proximal phalanges.

Midfoot Section of the foot situated between the forefoot and heel.Multi-nucleate corn A corn that shows the presence of more than one white

nucleus as a result of pressure in the area.

181Glossary of Podiatric Terms

Nevi Small benign pigmented lesions of the skin – often described as “moles.”

Onychogryphosis Grossly thickened and deformed toe nail that, when neglected, takes on the appearance of a ram’s horn.

Pedal evidence Physical evidence related in some form to the human foot. For example, bloody footprints, foot impressions in dirt, etc. It may also include associated deformation of the shoe upper or an image on the sock liner secondary to the foot that housed it that can also be used in the comparison process.

PES cavus A foot type in which the arch is markedly accentuated and the toes are retracted with the forefoot usually being situated lower than the heel when viewed in a relaxed position from the side.

PES planus A true flat foot.Phalanges Toe bones.Plantar Pertaining to the sole of the foot.Plantarflexion Downward movement of the foot.Plantar verruca (E) One or more lesions on the bottom of the foot that (plantar wart(s)) may leave their mark by an area of increased pressure or break in

continuity on a receiving surface.Podometrics The science of foot measurements.Pressure point Area of the foot (usually a toe) that shows minor signs of having

rubbed against an enclosing shoe.Pronation A tri-plane motion of the foot consisting of abduction, dorsiflexion,

and eversion of the calcaneous which is often labeled as the valgus (flat) foot type.

Proximal Nearest to the central location of the body or part in question, such as the heel is proximal to the toes.

Running Double float phasic gait.

Supination A tri-plane motion of the foot consisting of adduction, plantar flex-ion, and inversion of the calcaneous, which is often labeled as the cavus (high arch) foot type.

Step length The distance between one foot plant and the next, e.g., right foot to left foot.

Stride length The distance between one foot plant and the next of the same foot, e.g., right foot to the next right foot plant.

Tailor’s bunion An enlargement of the joint situated on the outer aspect of the ball of the foot.

Toe formula The order in which the toes are encountered when approaching these from a distal position.

Toe-off That phase of gait just prior to the foot leaving the ground, whereby the foot is now acting as a rigid lever.

182 Glossary of Podiatric Terms

Valgus An abnormality or deformity in which the foot is turned or forced outward; used to describe a pronatory attitude (flat foot).

Varus An abnormality or deformity in which the foot is turned or forced inward; used to describe a supinatory attitude (high arch).

Vascular corn A corn that has been complicated by the presence of blood vessels within the affected area.

Walking Double stance phasic gait.

183

AAbbott, J.R., 8ACE-V(R) methodology, 21–22

BBare footprint evidence. See also

Footprint case study; Physical evidence

enhancement of, 5–8techniques, 9–10

Bare footprints identificationassessment of

additional footprints, 57five toe prints, 55–56Gunn method, 58–59heel, aspect of, 63–65interpretative aspects, 65–70optical center method,

59–60overlay method, 60–62process, 56

biomechanical examination, 70comparison, 70–72evaluation

comparison, 72–73Kennedy’s database, 75known and unknown footprints, 73linear measurement, 74morphological detail comparisons, 74questioned footprint, 74–75toe position, 73–74

exemplar printsadvantages and disadvantages, 54circumstances, of collection, 53definition, 52equipment, 53variations, collection phase, 54

history, 52

Bodziak, W.J., 8Brown/white paper roll process, 54

CCameras. See also Photographic techniques

camera lens, focal length, 30–31construction quality, 29film-based photography, 31flash unit, 28memory cards, 30pixel rating, 28remote control handset, 29spot meter, 29

Case studiesfootprint study, 137–141footwear study, 141–150Phoenix homicide case, 150–160

Cassidy, M.J., 9Casting, 9–10Chain of custody, 10, 20–21Class-level characteristics, 19Closed circuit television (CCTV), 107–108Copy stand, 31–32Council for the Registration of Forensic

Practitioners (CRFP), 164–165Crime laboratory, 10–11Crime scene

bare footprint evidenceenhancement of, 5–8techniques, 9–10

chain of custody, 10evidence collection, 10pedal evidence, 3–4physical evidence, 5protocols, 4securing scene, 4

Crime scene evidence,-72–63Crown Prosecution Rules (CPR), 164

Index

184 Index

DDaubert, V., 21Digital image capture techniques

image management, 44–48inspection, 41selection, 40–41set up, 41–44

DiMaggio, J.A., 5, 60, 67, 71, 155Doney, I., 118

EEvett, I.E., 20Evidence. See Bare footprint evidence;

Physical evidenceExemplar prints identification

advantages and disadvantages, 54circumstances, of collection, 53definition, 52equipment, 53variations, collection phase, 54

Expert opinion standards, 20Expert witness, 163–164Expert witness qualifications,

22–23

FFeatures comparison. See Matched features

comparisonFederal Rules of Evidence (F.R.E.) Rule

702, 163Five toe prints, 55–56Flash, 34Foot identification lines and zones, 157Foot impressions, 92–93, 98–100Footprint case study, 137–141Footprint evidence. See Bare footprint

evidenceFootwear case study, 141–150Footwear examination and analysis

area and evidence bag, 80comparison and evaluation

foot impressions, 92–93, 98–100marked shoe size, 89, 94outsole wear patterns, 93, 100–101sized shoe length, 89–90, 94toe impressions, 92, 98upper crease marks, 90–91, 94–96upper distortions and inner lining wear,

91, 97–98crime scene evidence, 78equipment required, 79–80forensic podiatrist, 78–79

phase 1 assessmentcondition, of shoe, 80length verification, 81–84photographed, 84shoe sizes, 81

phase 2 assessmentinternally examination, 85sole separation, 85–87

phase 3 assessment, 88–89precautions, 79shoe owner assessment, 87

Forensic gait analysisassessment

quality requirements, 107–111recognizable features, 111–112

cautions, 113–114comparison and evaluation, 112–113comparison, method of, 106definition, 105–106known footage, collection of,

106–107phases, 104qualitative and quantitative analysis,

104–105Forensic light sources (FLS), 35–36Forensic podiatry practice

evidence description, 169examinations and procedures

selection, 170final report structure, 172–173instruction or task understanding, 169quality, of evidence, 169–170recording and interpretation,

of evidence, 171specialties referral or recommendation,

171–172updating evidence, 173

Forensic science, 16Frye standard, 163

GGait analysis. See Forensic gait analysisGrant, M.G., 105Gunn method, bare footprints identification,

58–59Gunn, N., 58

HHilderbrand, D.S., 9Human feet design, for record card

identification, 121Human identification, 13–14

185Index

IIndividual-level characteristics, 19Inkless paper system, 53, 54

KKeiser-Neilsen, S., 13Kelly, H., 103, 105, 106Kennedy, R.B., 74, 75, 89Kuhn, T.S., 14

LLarkin, G., 15Lifting, 9Light sources. See Forensic light sourcesLighting, 33–34Lucock, L.J., 94, 148Luminol, 7–8, 138

MMatched features comparison, podiatry

recordscareless examination, 131–132inaccurate notes, 130–131incomplete records, 129–130incorrect diagnosis, 131individuality, 122–124lesions, 127mismatched features, 124mix-up of records, 131record keeping problems, 127–128resolution, 125–127stability, 122

NNational Occupational Standards

(NOS), 173

OOptical center method, bare footprints

identification, 59–60Outsole wear patterns, 80, 81, 93, 100–101Overlay method, bare footprints identification,

60–62

PPedal evidence, 3–4Pes cavus and planus, 125, 126Phoenix homicide case, 150–160

Photographic techniquesdigital camera revolution, 27–28digital image capture techniques

image management, 44–48inspection, 41selection, 40–41set up, 41–44

equipment requirementsaccessory, 36cameras, 28–31copy stand, 31–32external lighting, 34–35flash, 34FLS, 35–36lighting, 33–34tripods, 32–33

image capture preparation, 36–39process support

hardware, 39printer, 39–40software, 40

uses, 27Photography, 10Physical evidence. See also Bare footprint

evidencechain of custody, 20–21class and individual characteristics, 18criteria, 17–18evidential value, 19–20forensic podiatrist, 17functions, 16–17

Podiatry recordsefficacy, 118–119identification, method of

mass disaster situations, 119–120podiatric records assessment,

121–122questioned foot assessment, 120–121

matched features comparisoncareless examination, 131–132inaccurate notes, 130–131incomplete records, 129–130incorrect diagnosis, 131individuality, 122–124lesions, 127mismatched features, 124mix-up of records, 131record keeping problems, 127–128resolution, 125–127stability, 122

patient details, 117podiatry card, 118records availability, 117–118strength scale, 132

186 Index

RRecognizable features, forensic gait analysis,

111–112Rossi, W.A., 63

SSamuel Kuhn’s belief, 14–15Shoe, 78–79Shoe length, 89–90, 94Shoe size, 89, 94Standards of practice

accept full responsibility, 167confidentiality, 168CRFP, 164–165forensic podiatrist duty, 166forensic podiatry practice

evidence description, 169examinations and procedures

selection, 170final report structure, 172–173instruction or task understanding, 169quality, of evidence, 169–170recording and interpretation, of

evidence, 171specialties referral or recommendation,

171–172

updating evidence, 173miscarriage of justice, 167opinion change, 168personal and professional conduct,

165–166professional competence, 166quality assurance, 167

Strength scale, 132

TToe impressions, 92, 98Tripods, 32–33

UUpper crease marks, 90–91, 94–96

VVernon, W., 3, 15, 18, 52, 58, 79–80, 100–101,

104–105, 114, 117–119, 127–128, 164–166, 171

WWeb space outline (WSOL), 157–158, 160