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Glossary of Globalization
IGO. Intergovernmental organization. Formed by and membership
restricted to states. Examples: UN, NATO.Imagined communities.
Definition of nations as finite, sovereign communities, imagined
rather than face-to-face or primordial, stressing deliberate
creation ofbinding tradition and shared identity (B. Anderson)INGO.
International nongovernmental organization. Members can be
individuals, companies, or associations. Examples: Amnesty
International, Red Cross, International Olympic Committee,
International Organization for Standardization.Imperialism. See
Colonialism.Indigenous Peoples. Groups held to be original
residents of certain areas, especially nonliterate groups under
threat of displacement due to development, now possessing globally
recognized claims to autonomy and identity fostered by supportive
movements.Internet. Network of computers facilitating electronic
communication across globe. Rooted in 1960s U.S. defense research,
came into widespread use in 1990s viaimplementation of World Wide
Web.J(back to the top)KLMMulticulturalism. Doctrine asserting value
of different cultures coexisting with
in single society; globally, vision of cultural diversity
deliberately fosteredand protected (see also Issues, #5)N(back to
the top)Neoliberalism. Late-twentieth century variant of theory
that competition among businesses in market with limited state
regulation best fosters growth; specifically, advocacy of free
enterprise in competitive global markets and movement of goods and
capital unburdened by tariffs and regulations; commonly, term of
opprobrium used by critics of capitalist ideology to denote
emphasis on market expansion as value in itself, held to cause
destruction of "collective structures whichmay impede the pure
market logic" (P. Bourdieu; cf. P. Treanor and Global Issues)New
International Division of Labor. Spread of different stages of
manufacturing
to locations in different countries, to exploit differences in
factor costs andeconomies of scale; more generally, since late
1970s, process in which especially Asian countries assume key roles
in certain industries (cf. commodity chains)NGO. Nongovernmental
organization. Many domestic NGOs connected internationally.Cf.
INGO.NWICO. New World Information and Communication Order (also New
International Information Order), proposal by developing country
and communist representatives inUNESCO in 1970s for balanced news
coverage through multiple channels to counterWestern dominance of
news organizations and content. Subject of unresolved debate into
1980s.O(back to the top)Orientalism. Historically, scholarship by
Western experts on Asia; currently, di
storted representation of non-Western culture by Western
intellectuals, attributed to political bias and assumed
superiority. Influentially used by E. Said in Orientalism to
criticize Western treatment of Arab culture as reflective of
historical domination. For details, click here.P(back to the
top)Particularism. Values or practices valid only for specific
group in own settingas basis for distinct identity, also view
emphasizing importance thereof. Commonly contrasted with, or
criticized on grounds of, universalism.Periphery. Poor, exploited
regions, historically dominated by strong, wealthy co
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untries. World-system theory concept denoting militarily weak
regions economically dominated by capitalist core, subject to
unequal exchange, limited to raw material exports, reliant on
labor-intensive production.Protectionism. Effort to shield domestic
producers against foreign competition via tariffs, quotas, etc.
Widely reduced under global free trade agreements; popular among
critics of trade for countering job loss and environmental harm;
criticized by economists for ignoring comparative advantage
doctrine.Q(back to the top)R(back to the top)Realism. Theory
asserting primacy of states and state interests in
internationalaffairs; claims that states act rationally in pursuit
of power, international system is "anarchy," and international
politics is separate from domestic; influential but disputed (cf.
V. Ferraro)Rio Declaration. Statement of principles calling for
worldwide environmental protection by 1992 UN "Earth Summit"
conference in Rio de Janeiro. Click here for text.S(back to the
top)Structural Adjustment. Policy of reducing government
expenditures, lowering inflation, limiting imports, devaluing
currency, and increasing economic efficiency,required by IMF of
countries in debt as condition for debt restructuring (acronym:
SAP). Criticized for inducing economic decline, decreased social
protection.
For IMF review of criticism, click here.Subaltern. Vantage point
of historically subordinate peoples, recently revaluedin literature
and scholarship, from which to reinterpret experience of oppression
and assess global processesSustainable Development. Policy of
promoting growth consistent with protection of environment, e.g.,
via shift to renewable resources and local community participation
in development projects. Compromise reached in international
negotiation, recognizing interests of developed and developing
countries. Normative principle with mixed practical effect.
