Glossary of Conveyor Belt Terms

7/26/2019 Glossary of Conveyor Belt Terms

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NOMENCLATURE BELTEDIA Please scroll for keywords

GLOSSARY OF TERMS - A-Z

AbrasionWearing away by rubbing, scraping. Video. The established abrasion tests, for instance as per ISO 4649, havepractical relevance only for grinding kind of applications. The abrasion value alone is no indicator of a belt'swear resistance.

Adhesion The bonding strength between two materials.

Ageing The exposure to an environment for a period of time.

AntistaticCode letter E as per DIN 22102 and 22131. Grades K, S and V have a surface resistivity of min. 300 MOhm.Tested as per DIN 22104.

Aramid Stands for aromatic polyamide; a low elongation, high-strength fiber. More.

Arc of contact The circumferential portion of a pulley which is engaged by a belt.

Belt clamp Beams or metal plates secured transversely to hold the belt in a desired position.

Belt cleaningdevice

A scraper or rotating device pressed against the belt surface to remove material stuck to the belt.

Belt fastener A device for holding two ends of a conveyor belt together. More.

Belt modulusThe force per unit width of belt required to produce a stated percentage of elongation. See "Modulus ofelasticity".

Belt sagThe amount of vertical deflection of a conveyor belt from a straight line between idlers, usually expressed as apercentage ofthe center to center spacing of the idlers.

Belt slip The speed differential between the belt and the pulley surface, accelerating the abrasion of the belt cover.

Belt tear resistanceOr "tear propagation resistance". A belt sample is cut and then further separated. Odditiy: as per ISO 505, theparties must decide with order placement, whether the minimum value required is related to a test with orwithout belt covers.

Belt tension See "tension"

Belt training idler An idler having a belt-actuated swivel mechanism to automatically control side drifting of a conveyor belt.

Belt turnover A system of idlers to turn a belt over (upside down). Illustration.Minimum lengths.

Belt widthWherever possible, standard widths (for instance 1000, 1200, 1400 mm etc.) should be chosen, so they fit toother standardized conveyor components.

Bending modulus The force required to induce bending around a specified radius and, hence, a measure of stiffness.

Bend pulley A pulley used to change the direction of a belt.

Bias cut A cut of belt ends made diagonally at an angle less than 90 degrees - usually 30 - to the longitudinal axis.

Binder warp yarnOne of the warp systems in a straight warp fabric interlaced with the filling yarn to provide the strength to holdmechanical fasteners.

Bleeding Migration to the surface of plasticizer, waxes or similar materials to form a film or beads.

BlisterA raised spot on the surface or a separation between layers usually forming a void or air-filled space in thevulcanized conveyor belt.

Booster drive Used in some long conveyors to reduce the power/tension at the drive pulley.

Bottom cover The non-carrying belt side towards the pulleys. Usually thinner than the top cover.

Breaker An extra ply made of fabric or steel for shock absorption to minimize gouging.

Breaking strength The breaking strength of the conveyor belt, either nominal/minimum (e.g. St 2000) or ultimate/actual (e.g.2197 N/mm).

Bucket elevator belt A transversely rigid belt with buckets attached, for vertical conveying.

Bulk density Required for determining the troughing angle, the angle of repose and maximum inclination. See here

Calender A machine equipped with three or more heavy drums revolving in opposite directions. Illustration.

Glossary of conveyor belt terms 15/09/2014

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Capacity The mater ial load on the belt, given in tons per hour ( t/h).

CarcassThe fabric, cord and/or metal reinforcing section of a belt, as distinguished from the rubber cover. The carcassprovides the tensile strength to move the loaded belt. Carcasses.

Carry cover The material carrying side of a conveyor belt. In most cases thicker than the bottom cover.

Catenary idlerA type of flexible belt-carrying idlers with ends supported in pivoted stands. The tube or rollers sag under theweight of the load to form trough.

Center-to-centerThe distance between the center of two pulleys or idlers. Sometimes also called "centers" or "center distance"or "conveyor length".

Ceramic pulleylagging

Used for high-capacity conveyors or in slippy environments. Offers higher wear resistance and a higher fr ictionfactor.

Clamping force Depending on the friction factor of clamp and belt surfaces and on the (downhill) force. Chart.

Cleaner A device for removing adherent material from the belt.

Cleat Transverse raised sections on a conveyor belt to stabilize material carried up an incline.

Coefficient C The length coefficient used for calculating the secondary resistances. Chart.

Coefficient f See fvalue.

Cold resistanceUsually, conveyor belts are resistant to up to -30C. Lower temperatures may be achieved with specialcompounds. Constant movement of the bel may be required.

Concave curve The concave radius of a conveyor must be sufficiently large to avoid belt lifting from the conveyor.

Cord fabric A fabric with reduced elongation by means of the weft yarn twist.

Compression set The deformation in a material remaining after it has been subjected to and released from a compressive force.

Counter weight The weight applied to the take-up assembly to maintain proper belt tension.

CoverThe outer rubber (or PVC) component of a belt. Protecting the belt carcass and providing drive friction. Thereare cover grades for a broad variety of applications. A cover usually consists of a pr incipal polymer andassorted modifiers, carbon black, antioxidants, accelerators, fillers, plasticizers etc.

CR Polychloroprene rubber.

Cracking A sharp break or fissure in the surface.

Creep The action of a belt alternately losing speed on the driving pulley and gaining speed on the driven pulley.

CrimpThe waviness of the yarn in a woven fabric or the difference in distance between two points on a yarn as it liesin a fabric and the same two points when the yarn has been removed and straightened. Expressed as apercentage of the distance between the two points as the yarn lies in the fabric.

Crowned pulley A pulley with a greater diameter at the center than at the edges.

Cut edge The uncovered edge of a belt, created by cutting after vulcanization. The carcass is visible from the sides.

Degradation A deleterious change in the chemical structure of a material.

Delamination The separation of layers of material.

DenierA yarn sizing system for continuous filament synthetic fibers on the basis of the weight in grams of 9000 metersof the yarn.

DensityThe ratio of the mass of a body to its volume or the mass per unit volume of the substance. For ordinarypractical purposes, density and specific gravity may be regarded as equivalent.

Dipped fabric Coated with rubber compound by passing through a rubber solution and drying.

Drop energyThe energy caused by the drop of the conveyed material onto the conveyor belt. Depending on lump size,drop height etc. See also Impact resistance.

DutchmanA short section of belting mechanically spliced into a length of belting and removed when the take-upallowance is exceeded.

Dynamic splicestrength

The test and evaluation method is described here. Usual dynamic splice strengths are given in table 10 of DIN22101 (seehere).

Dynamometer An apparatus capable of inducing various loads for evaluation of dynamic belting properties.

Electricalconductivity

A measure of how well a material accommodates the transport of electric charge, measured in Ohm ().

Elevator belts Used for vertical conveying, with buckets mounted to it.

The total belt elongation consists of an elastic (which recovers) and a plastic (which remains) portion. As perISO 9856 a belt sample is subjected to a sinusoidal cyclic stress that varies from 2 to 10 % of the belt'snominal breaking strength. Equations. 2 - 10 %, because this is a typical operating range for textile conveyorbelts. After 200 cycles, the amount of permanent elongation of the test piece and the amount of elastic


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Elongationelongation produced by the force differential are recorded from a force-elongation. Typical permanentelongation values: Polyamide (P): 1,0-2,5%, Polyester (E): 0,5-1,5%, Aramide (D): 0,25-0,75%, Steel: 0,1-0,25%. Click on the box to see a hysteresis curve.

Other (static) tests, e.g. as per DIN 22102, require a reference tension of 10% of the nominal belt breakingstrength. The maximum total elongation for EP belts is 1,5, 2,5 or 3,0 %, depending on belt class.

Elongation at break The percentage the rubber or belt can be stretched until it breaks.

Endless length The length of a closed belt (without splice allowances).

EOB Low energy consuming belt with reduced indentation rolling resistance. More.

Extrusion A process whereby rubber is forced through a shaping orifice.

Eytelwein'sequation

Determines the optimum difference between the forces F1 and F2 without belt slip. Equation.

Fabric belts See textile conveyor belts.

Fatigue The weakening of a material occurring when repeated application of stress causes permanent strain.

Feeder beltA belt that discharges material onto another conveyor belt. Often used for belts extracting bulk materials fromunder a dump hopper or regulating feed to a crusher or screen.

Filament A continuous fiber of discretionary length.

Fire or flame

resistance

Retards the burning action of f ire or flame. Achieved by adding fire retardants to the compound or by using fire

resistant elastomers or plastomers. More.

Flat-to-troughtransition zones

The transition length between pulley and deepest trough station. This length must be sufficiently high toprevent major additional tensions in the conveyor belt edges.

FrictionThe resistance to tangential motion between two surfaces. For rubber, the classical laws of fr iction are notapplicable, since rubber has no rigid surface. The individual friction factor must de determined experimentally.In general, higher hardness and abrasion resistance result in lower friction. Table.

fvalue

The coefficient f(also called artificial or fictive friction or resistance coefficient) is resulting from the correlationbetween the weights and the motional resistances of the belt conveyor. A typical fvalue would be 0,016.In optimum installations with low rolling resistance belts, even fvalues of around 0.010 have been found.Chart.In contrary to DIN and ISO, CEMA works with Kx, Ky and 0.015 instead of f, which fis a sum effect of.

Gauge The thickness of a belt or its individual elements.

Gouging The effect of sharp heavy material falling onto a conveyor belt cover to loosen or tear out pieces of the cover.

GradientThere is a wide choice of conveyor belts for all gradients. From normal troughed conveyor belts, via pipeconveyor belts through to vertical elevator belts.

Gravity take-upA mechanical system that adjusts for the stretch or shrinking of a conveyor belt automatically by a weightedpulley in the system.

Hardness Degree of resistance to indentation ( Shore A).

Head pulley The pulley at the discharge end of the conveyor.

Heat resistanceNormal belts usually are resistant up to 80C. Special compounds can increase the temperature resistance toaround 200C.

Hooke's Law Hooke's law of elasticity states that if a force (F) is applied to an elastic spring, its extension is linearlyproportional to its tensile stress and modulus of elasticity (E): L= 1/E F L/A= 1/E L

Hysteresis lossA loss of mechanical energy due to successive deformation and relaxation, measured by the area between thedeformation and relaxation stress-strain curves. See also "Elongation".

Idler A non-powered roller supporting the belt.

Impact A stroke of a body dropping on the belt. The higher the angle of attack, the lower the rubber erosion.

Impact idlerA belt idler having a resilient roll covering, resilient molded elastomer rings, springs or other means ofabsorbing impact energy at the place where material falls onto the belt.

Impact resistanceThe relative ability of a conveyor belt assembly to absorb impact loading without damage to the belt. See also"transverse reinforcement".

Inclination

The gradient of a conveyor. The maximum (uphill) inclination for non-profiled belts is 18 for ore in a Peruvian

gold mine. In general, the angle of repose of the conveyed material must be larger than the inclination angle ofthe conveyor.

Indentation rollingresistance

The energy consumed by internal friction caused by deformation when the belt moves over idlers. More.

Joint The connection of two belt ends. More common term: splice.


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Kevlar A trademark for para-aramide (aromatic polyamide).

Lagging A smooth or embossed covering on a pulley to increase friction between belt and pulley.

Load supportDefining the belt's sag on the idler gaps. The sag maybe an issue for very thin belts and wide gaps. Termwidely used in North America.

LRR Low rolling resistance.

Lump sizeConveyor belts are highly strained at the material feeding points. The intensitiy of the impact energy dependson the lumps' size, weight and shape.

Maximum tension The highest tension occurring in any portion of the belt under operating conditions.

Mechanicalfastener

Any mechanical device used to join the ends of belting. Illustration

Modulus ofelasticity

The force divided by the percent elongation to cause the elongation, related to the belt width. The lower thestretch, the higher the MoE. The MoE, sometimes called belt modulus, is influenced by the textiles (for instancethe crimp of the yarn) or steel cords used and the way of belt manufacture, for instance the tension duringvulcanisation. The belt manufacturer should be consulted for exact figures. Equation.

Motion resistance The resistances - "main, additional, inclination, special" - when moving a belt on a conveyor system. Illustration

Moulded edgeA solid rubber belt edge formed in a mould. Another option are cut edges. The technical differences are small.Steel cord conveyor belts always have moulded edges.

Mullins effect

A particular aspect of the mechanical response in filled rubbers in which the stress-strain curve depends onthe maximum load encountered. The phenomenon can be idealized as an instantaneous and irreversible

softening of the stress-strain curve that occurs whenever the load increases beyond its prior all-time maximumvalue. At times, when the load is less than a prior maximum, nonlinear elastic behavior prevails.

Nylon See "polyamide".

Ozone cracking Cracks caused by exposure to an atmosphere containing ozone.

Overend discharge A discharge over the head of the conveyor.

Overlap For textile conveyor belt splicing, plies are over lapped. See here.

Paper marksImpressions of release paper, which is being used for preventing the unvulcanized belt stick to the pressplatens during the vulcanization process. The impressions look like small cracks on the cover surface. Usuallythey are abraded after a short t ime and do not affect the belt's life expectancy or performance.

Payne effect

Is observed under cyclic loading conditions with small strain amplitudes, and is manifest as a dependence of

the viscoelastic storage modulus on the amplitude of the applied strain.

Permanentelongation

Plastic elongation. See elongation.

PermeabilityUsually the quality or condition of allowing passage of air through a steel cord to identify the degree ofrubberization.

piw (pounds perinch of width)

A term used in the USA, indicating a belt's "working tension". See also here.

Plastisol A suspension of a finely divided polymer (PVC) in a plasticizer.

Ply A layer of fabric in a belt.

Polyamide

High-elongation fiber, normally used for the belt's weft for good troughability. As warp recommended only for

specific applications because of its poor plastic elongation behavior. Absorbs moisture of up to 10 % of its ownweight.

Polyester Low-elongation fiber, normally used as belt warp. Almost no moisture absorption, good dimensional stability.

Pressure understeel cords onpulley

As a rule of thumb, the pressure between steel cord and pulley should not be higher than 2 N/mm.Click on box for an FEA:

Pulley diameterThere are requirements on the minimum pulley diameter. A bigger diameter canhave a positive effect on beltlife.

RatingThe minimum belt breaking strength (DIN) of a belt in Newtons per millimeter of belt width.In the USA sometimes used as a term for the working tension.

RecyclingMost conveyor belts are not pollutive because of their organic components. However, it is suggested to havethem recycled. This is possible for all kind of conveyor belts.

Regenerativeconveyor

A conveyor for which the head is at a substantially lower altitude than the tail (downhill conveying), generatingpower.

Return idler Part of a conveyor's return run.


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Return side The non-carrying belt side towards the pulleys. Usually thinner than the carry side.

Rheometer

A device to measure the shear stress of rubber under the influence of temperature and pressure under atwisting cone..Click on the box to see a hysteresis curve:

Rip detectionA system detecting a lengthwise damage of the conveyor belt. Most common are sensor loops embedded inthe belt's cover at a certain spacing. See here. Also other external - mechanical or radiant or optical - systemscan be used.

Rip protectionA system to prevent the intrusion of foreign bodies into the belt and its subsequent slitting. This may be doneby a simple breaker (a fabric ply) or sophisticated systems like single synthetic transverse cords.

Rolling resistanceAlso called indentation rolling resistance. The resistance by deformation that occurs when the conveyor beltmoves over an idler. The energy of deformation is greater than the energy of recovery. The hysteresis energyloss is depending on the viscoelastic properties of the belt. See also here.

Ropecon A combination of ropeway and conveyor belt. Useful for long spans without pillars.

Safety factor

A multiplier applied to the calculated maximum force to which a conveyor belt splice (as the weakest link in aconveyor belt) will be subjected. A factor of safety accounts for imperfections in materials, flaws in assembly,material degradation, and other uncertainties.Conventional safety factors usually range from 6,7 to 10 for steady operating conditions, related to the splicestrength.Modern steel cord conveyor belts are designed based on more realistic safety factors as per DIN 22101considering the dynamic splice efficiencyas per DIN 22110/3.

Screw take-upA take-up for a conveyor system in which movement of a pulley-bearing block is accomplished by means of ascrew.

Sealed edge A cut edge sealed by heat applied to the protruding carcass fibers and/or rubber frictioned on the edge.

Scraper A system for removing residues from a conveyor belt.

Self-extinguishingIf set under fire the belt will generate gases that extinguish the fire. Test procedures require that a minimumundamaged length remains after the belt has been set on fire.

Sensor loopsLoops made of conductive material embedded in the belt top or bottom cover to prevent slitting. If they are cut,the conveyor drive will be stopped. See also here.

Service factorUsed in the USA for the ratio between the working tension and the belt breaking strength (f.i. 10:1), notconsidering the splice eff iciency.

Service life The belt service life depends on many influences like type and quality of the belt and the splice, feedingsituation, lump size, weight and shape, tonnage, bendings, velocity, pulley lagging, maintenance, safety factor,starting and stopping etc.

Shelf storage lifeThe period of time prior to use during which a product retains its intended performance capability. Importantfor (uncured) splicing material.

Shuttle conveyorA belt conveyor having overend discharge, the whole being mounted on a travelling carriage capable of beingshuttled backwards and forwards.

Skim coat A layer of rubber material laid on a fabric but not forced into the weave. Normally laid on a frictioned fabric.

Skirt boardIn a conveyor system, the vertical or inclined plates located longitudinally and closely above the belt to confinethe conveyed material.

SkiverGrinding equipment to bevel belt ends for an overlap splice. There are sanding belt, drum and disk skivers inuse.

Slab beltingBelting made in wide widths and long lengths for later slitting into narrower widths and cutting into shorterlengths.

Slope beltA conveyor belt used to carry material along an inclined flight. Sometimes called drift conveyor. See also under"Inclination".

Snub pulleyA non-driven pulley located close to the drive pulley to provide a greater arc of contact around the dr ivepulley.

Solid woven A single ply ("monoply") interwoven fabric. It is more complex and robust than a straight warp fabric. Illustration.

Splice allowance Additional length required to make a splice.

Splicer A field splicing engineer.

Steel cordconveyor belts

Conveyor belts with steel cords as tension members. For high impact applications available with additionaltransverse reinforcement.

Steel cord pulloutstrength

The adhesion between rubber and steel cord, usually determined in the "supply status" (Fa) and afteradditional thermal treatment (Fv). A typical minimum requirement is 15d+15 for Fa and 15d+5 for Fv. Example:5 mm steel cord diameter times 15 + 15 = 90 N/mm.

Straight warpMade of high tenacy polyester f ibres for the warp and weft polyamide yarns, both held together by a polyamidecomposite yarn. The warp (lengthwise) yarns are essentially uncrimped. The yarns are thicker and lockedtogether.


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Surface resistivity See antistatic.

Tail pulley The pulley near the loading end of the conveyor system.

Take-up pulley A pulley which can move in space in order to maintain relatively constant tension.

Tensile member The fabric, cord and/or metal reinforcing section of a belt, as distinguished from the rubber cover.

Tensile strengthThe usual term for the rubber's or carcass' ultimate tensile strength, i.e. the maximum stress that the rubber orcarcass material can withstand while being stretched (MPa).

Tension Stress on the belt tending to cause extension.

TestingEstablished belt manufacturers are testing all parameters agreed in the purchase order of every belt producedbefore shipment. Independent test labs can be consulted to review the results.

Textile conveyorbelts

Conveyor belts with one or more layers of textile. Usually EP (polyester/polyamide) or PP(polyamide/polyamide).

Tie gum A thin sheet of unvulcanized rubber inserted between plies in vulcanized repairs of splices.

Top cover The material carrying side of a conveyor belt. Usually thicker than the bottom cover.

Training idler An idler mounted on a mechanical device, actuated by the belt moving against it to make the belt run straight.

Transition lengthThe distance between the last fully troughed idler and the flat driving or discharge pulley. Transition lengthsshould be generous in order to minimize the edge tension and thus reducing the safety factor.

Transverse

reinforcement

An additional layer of single polyamide cords in custom-made pitch and diameter for increased rip and impact

resistance.

Tripper A device for discharging material from a belt.

Trough-to-flattransition zone

The transition length between the deepest trough station and the pulley. This length must be sufficiently highto prevent major additional tensions in the conveyor belt edges.

Troughability The property of a belt that permits it to conform to the contour of troughing idlers.

TT driveA belt-to-belt booster drive to reduce belt tension. Originally from the German term "Treib-Traggurt".Increases belt wear, maintenance and system availability.

ViscoelasticityThe property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when being deformed.Viscoelasticity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside of an amorphous material.

Viscosity The resistance of a material to flow under stress. The higher the viscosity, the thicker the material.

VulcanizationAn irreversible process during which a rubber compound, through a change in its chemical structure, becomeselastic. See morehere.

Vulcanizer A mobile curing machine for field splicing (also called press).

Warp The lengthwise yarns in a woven fabric.

Wear resistanceA combination of abrasion and cut resistance. The severity of the wear depends on the nature, size, weight,shape and trip rate of the conveyed material. New test methods have been developed recently by ITAGermany.

Weft The crosswise yarns in a woven fabric.

Working tensionUsed in the USA to determine the belt rating (piw). It is up to the belt manufacturer to decide on the actual beltbreaking strength.

Wrinkle An appearance usually resulting from curing with separation paper or cloth.

Young's modulus The stress per unit strain for elastic materials. Equation.

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Glossary of Conveyor Belt Terms