A

GLOSSARY

OF

SOOTCH MINING TER~[S~

CO.IIPILED BY

JAMES BARROvV:NIAN,MINING ENGINEER,

SECllE'rAllY TO THE MINING INSTITUTE OF SCOTLAND.

1886.

HAMILTON:PRINTED AT THE "ADVEItTISER" OFFICE, BY ,Yo NAISMITH.

1 S S 6.

Ii-t"-J...'0- ( I:) i';

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PRE F ACE.

IT has been the aim of the compiler of the following Glossary to

bring together all mining terms which have been and are in common

use in the stratified mines in Scotland. No attempt has been made

to include the names of parts of maehincry, and othcr engincering

terms, which, although well-known in Scotland, arc not peculiar to

that country.

The most of the terms are known and used over Scotland;

some arc confined to one or two districts, and a few arc quite local.

Localities have not been indicated throughout, as it would be

impossible to do this accurately in all cases. Neither has it becn

thought desirable to distinguish obsolete names, because some,

although quite obsolete in some districts, arc still lingering, or even

in common usc, in others.

In SOIlle instances a technical word is explained by another tcchnical

word; but the meaning of the latter in plain tcrms will be fonnd

elscwhere.

Thanks arc due to those members of the Mining Institute of

Scotland who kindly co-operated with the writcr in this matter,

and especially to Mr John Gemmell and Mr Jamcs Hamilton, Mining

Engineers.

HAJIILTON, ...YOl:ember, lSSG.

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A GLOSSARY

OF

SCOTCH MIN I N GTE R M S.

ABREAST, In a line.A-CIWpPING, Towards the outcrop.A-DIPPING, Towards the dip.ADVANCE, Payment of wages to accollnt; an lllcrease III

wages.AFTER-DAMP, The mixture of gases resulting from an

explosion of fire-damp.Am, The ventilating current.

To Am, To ventilate.Am-Box, or AIR-BOXES, A rectaugular channel made of

deals for the conveyance of air for ventilation.Am-coGIe, A cock for letting off air from a pump.AIR-COURSE, An nnderground road or passage used exclu­

sively or chiefly for ventilation.Am-cROSSING, An erection or arrangement of airways,

whereby one air current is carried over and keptseparate from another.

AIR-GATE, Old lEtme for Ai1"-coul'se, which see.Am-PIT, A shaft used specially for ventilation.Am-vEssEL, A chamber connected with a pump, and

partially filled with air, to regulate the flow of waterand lessen shocks.

AIR-WAY. Sec Ail' COlll'se.ArXTRIE, An axle.ALCHYiHY (often pronounced A'CHY~IY or ACAIilI), A white

film, usually carbonate of lime, in joints of coal, iron­stone, and other minerals.

ALUM SHALE, Shale f~'om which alum is manufactured.II

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ApPLE COAL. See Yoll~ Coal.APRON, In pumping, It method of connecting pamllel pump

rods by filling the intervening space with short logs andfastening the whole with iron glands. See Fig 1.

FIG. l.-A!ll'On.

ARLES, Money given in former times to the colliersat the baptism of their children, as a token of thechildren being attached like their parents to thecoal-work.

A-STRETCHING, In the line of the strike of the stratlt; levelcourse.

AXLETI:EE, An axle made of wood; the centre slJaft of ahorse gin.

BACK-BALANCE, A' weight to counterbalance movingmachinery.

BACK-COAL, Coal which miners were allowed to cltrry homefor firecoal.

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BACK-COllIlNG, The working out, towards the shaft, of thepillars in stoop-and-room working. See also Baek-splinting.

BACKING, Wood bid behind side gearing.1'0 BACK or BACK OUT, To throw mineral along the wall-face

to the road-head.BACK-LYE, A siding behind the shaft Qt. other centre of

haulage operations.BACK-lIIINE, or BACKSET-lIIINE, A cross-cut mine towards

the dip of the strata.

BACKS, Cleavage planes; the main joints, vertical or nearlyso, by which strata arc intersected.

BACK-SIIIFT, The second of two shifts.BACK-SKIN, A leather or waterproof covering worn by

sinkers and others under dripping water.

BACK-SPLINTING, ·Working the upper of two seams back­wards by longwall, nsing the roads of the lower seam.

BACK-VENT, In wide rooms with centre building, the alr­course ulongside the pillar.

BACK-WORKING. Sec Back-coming and Back-splinting.1'0 BAG, To swell or bulge.

BAGGED, or BAGGIT, Swelled or bulged.

1'0 BAIL, To lave, or remove water by meuns of u hand pail orscoop.

BAIN, Old form of Ben, which see.BAKIE, A sled; u slype.

BALANCE-BOB, A weight attuehed to a crank or beam forbalancing pump rods.

BALANCE-ROPE, A tope hung under the cage in a shaft toeounter-bnJance the winding rope.

BALLS, or BALL IRONSTONE, Ironstone occurring in balls ornodules.

BAND, A thin stratum. Now used chiefly as 'part of theeomponnd words Blackbwul, Gla?Jband, Slatyband,Roughband, Jlfusselband.

BANJO, An iron fmme for carrying a false cluckBANK, The surfuce of the ground at It pit month.

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BANKSMAN, A man engaged on the bank; a pitheadm an.To BARE, To expose, e.g. to bnre a hitch; to remove overlying

earth or strata in a quarry or opencast working. \BARING, The material so remoyed; tirring.BARGES, Sheets of iron, zinc, or wood, for shedding water

aside in wet shafts or workings.BARREL, A vessel by which water is lifted by engine or

windlass from sinking shafts.BARRIER, A strip of mineral left nnworked, e.g. along the

march or between two sections of a mineral field.BARRING, The wooden lining of a shaft.BASIN, A synclinal bend in strata; a hollow or trough;

sometimes a coalfield.BASTARD, Impure, e.g., bastn1'd fireclay, bnstnTCl limestone.BATS, Sometimes used to denote the hard part of the holing

under a seam.BATS AND BANDS, Iron mounting and hinges of a gate or

trap-door.BEARER, A person, usually' a woman or girl, who formerly

carried the coal in baskets from the workings to theshaft, and in many cases up the shaft on ladders tothe surface. The bearer was usual~y the miner'swife or daughter. When not so she was called a"Fremit bearer." See Fig 2.

FIG. i.-Coal-Bearer.

BEAREHS' WAY, An underground road or passage along whichthe bearers carried their burdens.

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BEARING, Direction; a line of an underground survey.BEARING, or LINE OF BEARING, The line of the strike of

the strata; level course.BEARING-DOORS, Double doors on a main airway.BEARING-PIT, A shaft up which coal was carried by bearers.BEARING-ROAD, A road on the line of bearing; a road used

by bearers.BECHE (pronounced BITCH), A hollow cone for extracting

broken rods from bore holes.BED, A scam or stratum.BEECHES, Strips of hard wood fastened to pump rods to save

them from wear on the collaring.BELL, An audible signal.

To BELL, To signal.BELL-CRANK, A triangular iron frame used to change the

direction of reciprocating motion. See Fig. 3.

FIG. 3.-Bell Crank and Old Man.

A, Old Man. B, Gland. 0, Bridge of Gland. D, Bell Crauk. E. T'ump rod.F, Connecting rod.

BEN, Inwards; towards the workings; the workman's rightto enter the pit; hence the term claiming his ben, i.e.,going to the pit in the morning and having his right·

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to enter the pit and have hutches in his turn aelmo\\'­ledged, which right he may then delegate to his boys.The day's work of a youth, indicating the proportionof a man's "darg:' whieh he is able or allowed toput out, is termed quarter-ben, hnlf-ben, three-quarter­ben.

BENCH, A portion of a seam which is too thick to be workedin one faee.

BENCH, A landing place.To BENCH, To work a seam in sections.

BENCHING-SHOT, A shot hole bored vertically downwar(l inan open face of work.

BENT, A seam which is rendered more difficult to work onaccount of the unequal distribution of the weight ofthe overlying strata is said to be bent.

To BIG, To build. (A Scotch word little used in mining).BIGGING, A building or packwall.BILLY FAIRPLAY, A machine which weighs the dross passing

through a scree.BIN or BING, A heap, e.g., a coal bing, a dirt bing.BINDING BOLTS, Bolts binding machinery to foundations.BITCHES, Set of three chains for slinging pit pipes.BLACKBAND IRONSTONE, Mineral carbonate of iron; con-

taining coaly matter sometimes sufficient in quanityfor its calcination.

BLACK COAL, Ooal slightly burned by igneous rock.BLACK-DAMP, Carbonic acid, or choke-damp.BLACKS, Black or coaly blaes.BLAES, Shale j laminated clay j indurated mud.BLAES AND BALLS, Blaes with ironstone nodules imbedded.

To BLAST, To excavate by means of gunpowder or other explosive.BLAST, A severe explosion. A fall of water down the down­

cast shaft to produce or qnicken ventilation.BLIND COAL, Coal deprived of part of its volatile matter

and which burns without smoke j anthracite coal.BLINDED, Not opposite. Two ends driven from opposite

sides of a plane and not opposite each other, butnearly so, arc said to be blinded,

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BLIND LEYEL, A water level, the driving of which has beenobstructed by a bed of running sand or gravel, inwhich case a shaft is sunk through it and a minedriven forward to :mother shaft, from which the levelproceeds on its original course j a levpI in the form ofinverted siphon.

BLIND PIT, An underground shaft, i.e" a shaft which doesnot reach the surface; a shaft from an upper to alower seam.

BLIND SHEARING, A side cutting without holing.To BLOW, To excavate by blasting.

BLOWER, The abundant and audible emission of fire-dampfrom a fissure j the point of issue.

BLOWN-OUT-SHOT, A charge which has forced out the stem­ming instead of doing the desired work.

BLUE-CAP, The characteristic blue aureola over the flame ofa safety lamp where fire-damp is present in the air.

BOAlIf, A beam, usually the log supporting the pit pumps.

BOBBING-JOHN, An appliance formerly used in pumping,the motive power being water run into a box at theend of a beam working on a centre, the pump-rodsbeing attached to the other end.

BOGIE, A small truck or trolly used for purposes other thancarriage of mineral.

BOILER-BUILDING, or BOILER-SEAT, Setting of steam boilers.BOLL, An old measure of capacity for coal.BONNET, A portion of a seam left on for a roof.BONNET, A flat piece of wood on the top of a prop.BONNETS, Gas coal or shale overlying and worked along with

a coal seam.To BORE, To drill, or otherwise pierce a hole in the strata.

BORE, OR nORE-HOLE, A hole made in strata.BORIm, or 1>IINERAL nORER, A person whose business it is

to search for minerals hy boring.Boss, Hollow.

1h~ Boss, The waste or exhaustetl workings of any mineral.To Boss, To hole or undercut.

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BOSSING, The holing or undercutting of a thick seam, as oflimestone, the height of the undercutting beingsufficient for a man to work in. '

BOTTLE-COAL, Gas coal.BOTTOM, The lowest landing in a shaft or incline; sometimes

any underground landing, e.g., high-bottom, low-bottom.BOTTO:ilIER, The person who loads and unloads the cages at the

bottom-or intermediate landings in a shaft.BOTTOM-PILLAR, or BOTTOM-STOOP, The block of mineral

left unworked at a shaft for its support.BOTTOMS, The lower part of a seam.'BOUTGATE, A road by which the miners can reach the surface;

a travelling round a shaft at a landing; a travellingroad from one seum to another.

BOUTON, A projecting stone in a shaft or underground road.FOUI<ED, or BOWKED, Bulked; increased in size, e.g., when a

drum is increased in diameter, or a cylinder or theworking barrel of a pump worn wide.

BOuroNG, Segments of wood or other material used forincreasing the diameter of a drum. vVhen a rope isnot coiling evenly on a drum it is said not to bebouking well.

Box, A hutch.BRACE, or IlRACEHEAD, The cross handles on the top of

boring-rods by which the rods are moved round III

a bore-hole. .BRAE, An inclined roadway, more commonly used in the com­

pound form, e.g., pulley-brae, cuddy-brae.BRACE, An old measure of weight. The Hurlet bra~e was

equal to 4 cwts.BRAIRDING, Height of holing at front.

To BRAIRD, To widen up the holing.BRANCH, A road in longwall working formed off a level,

heading, or other main road.BRANDERS, Furnace bars.

. BRASSES, Iron pyrites, occurring in veins and nodules insome seams of coal.

BRATTIeE, A partition for directing the ventilating current..

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BREAK, The fracture of the strata consequent on the workingout of a scam.

BREAK, A reduction of the day's wage.To BREAK BAND, To arrange stones or bricks in building so that

the vertical joints shall not be in one line.BREAKER, A machine to break or crush coal or oil shale.BREAST, The face of an unworked area of coal between the

lowest level and the outcrop or boundary of oldworkings.

BREAST-BORE, A bore-hole in front.BREESE, Small or poor coke.BRIDLE, or BIUDLE-CHAIN, A chain used to prevent hutches

tilting over on steep inclines; a safety chain.BRITISH, or BRETTYS, A packwall or stone pillar in long-wall

working; a cundie pillar.BROSING, or BROSING TIJl1E, Meal time.

To BRUSH, To rcmovc part of the roof or pavement by blastingor otherwise in order to heighten the roadway.

BRUSHER, One who performs the above opemtion and putsup side-buildings of roadways.

BRUSHING, That part of the roof or pavement of a seamremoved to form roadways.

BUCKET, The movable or reciprocating valve of a pump.BUCKET-DOOR, The cover of an opening in pipes for access to

the pump bucket.BUCKET-LID, The flap of a bucket valve.BUCKET-LIFT, A set of pumps raising water with a bucket.BRIDGE RAILS, Edge rails hollow underneath.BUCKET-JlIOUNTING, Leather or gutta percha packing of a

bucket.BUCKET-PIECE, The pipe carrying the bucket door.BUCKET-SHELL, The cast-iron or brass frame of a bucket.

BUCKET-STRAP, or BUCKET-RING, An iron ring clasping theleather of a bucket.

BUFFER-BEAMS, Beams fixed in a shaft to prevent pumprods from travelling too far.

BUILDING, A packwall in long\mll working; a pillar built ofstolle.

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BULIAHWT, or DULLER, A blown-out shot.BUMMING, He~tving or rising of the rmvement.BlnlnII:\G, Emitting a hollow sound when st1'llclf.BexToNs, "roodcn cross-stays in a shaft; supports for shaft

slides; needles.BURNT COAL, Coal altered by trap rock.BURST OF WHINSTONE, A bed or mass of igncous rock at the

surface of the ground.BURSTER, or nURSTING-SIIOT, A shot in the solid sen,m

which hn,s not been prepared by shearing or holing.BURTIIEN, The load of coal which the bearers carried on

their backs.BUT, Outwards, towards the shaft.Burl'-To-nuTT, End to end.BUTTERFLY VALVE, A check valve usun,lly wrought by n,

governor. See Fig. 4.

FIG. 4.-lJuttel'fty Valve.

BY-PIT, A pit nen,rer the outcrop than the engine pit; an mrpit.

BY-ROAD, A subsidiary road.1'0 CA', To drive home or into position, as ca' 1I!p a trce,o to

wedge the coal n,s distinguished from blasting it.CAnTN, A shelter for workmen; n,n enclosed place under­

ground used for n, particular purpose, e.g., lampcabin.

CAGE, The carriage or platform used to raise men n,ndmaterin,ls in n, slmft.

CAGE-COVER, The malleable iron sheets fixed above n, cageto protect its occupants.

Ooal sold forby the cart of

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OAGE.GUIDES, Shoes, usually east iron, clasping the slidesin a shaft and guiding the cage in its movements inthe shaft.

OAGE-SEAT, The frame or scaffolding on which the cage restsat the pit-bottom.

OAGE TAIL-CHAIN, A chain fastened to the bottom of theshaft cage to haul out of a short dook.

OALCINING HEARTH, A space, usually floored with bricks,where ironstone is calcined.

OALlII, or CAULlII, 'White or light coloured blues.CALl\IY, or CAULl\IY, Of an argillaceous nature.OAl\[PEn, Ooal slightly altered by whin j dirty coal.

OANDLE COAL, or CANNEL COAL, Gas coal, which sec.OANISTER, A tin can to hold blasting powder.O,\PES, Movable sides and ends put on a hutch, waggon, or

cart to increase its cnpacity.OARTIlAGE, or CARRIGAL, A wheeled bogie on which a

number of hutches are placed for conveyance of coal j

a platform on wheel~ for conveying hutches in alevel position on a highly-inclined roadway.

OAnRY, The thickness of roof-rock taken down in working aseam j the thickness of seam which can be con­veniently taken down at one working j the width offace, as in stooping.

OAItT, A measure of 12 cwts. of riddled coal (but in practicevarying from 12 to 15 cwts.), by which miners wereformerly paid.

OART, A measure of weight equal to 12 cwts.delivery in horse carts is usually sold12 cwts., or waggon of :J4 cwts.

OARTRIDGE, A quantity of powder or other explosive packedin sui tflble form for use in blasting.

OASH, Soft coaly blaes.OASHY BLAES, Soft coaly ·blaes j blaes with little coherence.OAST l\IETAL, Oast iron.OATHEAD, Inferior ironstone.OATS, Burnt clay used for tamping in wet strl\ta.

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CAVE IN, A collapse; faIling m of the sides of a shaft oropen working.

CHAIN AND BUCKETS, OR CHAIN PUMP, An old method ofraising water in shafts. See Fig. 5.

FIG. 5.-'Vater-'VhecI, with Chain and Bnckets.

CHAIN-WALL, A system of working by means. of wide roomsand long narrow pillars, sometimes called room andrance; a long narrow strip of mineral left unworked,e.g., along the low side of a level.

CHALDER, A measure of weight. The Perth chalder was5 tons, the River Forth chalder 30 cwts. ; the Hurletchalder, 2 tons.

CHAIN-RUNNER, CHAIN-BOY, or CHAIN-lIIAN, A person incharge of, and who accompanies, trains of hutches inmechanical haulage.

CHANNEL, Gravel.CHANNEL BED, A bed of gravel.

To CHAP, To strike; to knock; to signal. Miners chap the roofto find if it is safe. When two rooms are nearlymet the miners chap on the face to ascertain the

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thickness of the intervening coal. The bottomerwhen signalling to the pit-head, where the signallingapparatus consists of a hammer falling on an ironplate, is said to chap.

CHAR, Coke; more usually calcined ironstone.CHECK CLACK, A fixed valve in a rising main other than a

delivery vl11ve.

CHECK GRIEVE, A person who checks the weight of mineralat a colliery Oll behalf of the landlord.

CHECK OUT, Meeting of the roof and pavement, the seambeing thereby cut off; a want.

CHECK WEIGllEI:, One who takes account of the mineralraised on behalf of the miners; a jnsticeman.

CHEESE CLACK, A temporary clack inserted between twopipes.

CHERRY COAL, A bright, freely burning coal.CHEST, A wheeled box used to carry water; a veal.CHESTING, Drawing water by means of a chest or veal.CIIEWS, or CllOWS, Coal filled with a harp; middling sized

pieces of coal.

CHIRLS, or CHURRELS, Coal which passes through a harp;small coal free from dross or dirt.

CHOCK, A wooden pillar built of props laid crosswise. SeeFig. 5.

FIG. 5.-Coal Face, ,rith Chocks.

CUOCKS, Bnfrer beams, 11'ltich see.CHOIm DAMP, Oarbonic acid gas; ufter damp.CLACK, The fixed or stationary valve of a pnmp.

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CLACK DOOR, The cover of the opening in a pump pipe givingaccess to the clack.

CLtCK-GUARD, A ring to prevent undue opening of the clack.CLACK-LID, The fhp of a clack or stationary valve.CLACK-PIECE, The pump pipe containing the clack and cbck-

door.CLACK SEAT, The turned seat in the clack-piece on which the

clack res ts.CLASP, The rivetted cap or hose on a hemp or wire rope.

CLAT, or CLA UT, A scmper with a long handle.

CLAY IRONSTONE, or CLAYBAND IRONSTONE, Clayey carbonateof iron.

CLAYER, A rod for forcing clay into joints of stmta in wetshot holes.

To CLEAD (pronounced CLEED), To cover, e.g., to cover a cylinderwith non-conducting material.

CLEADING, The wood composing the box of a hutch; thewooden portion of a drum or rope roll on which therope is coiled.

CLEAN COAL, Coal from which the dross has been sepamted;good or pure coal as distinguished from impure coalIn a seam.

CLEANER, A scraper for cleaning out a shot hole.

CLEAN FIELD, A mineml field free of troubles.

CLEAT, A bmcket fixed to the barring in a shaft in whichthe ends of the buntons rest; a strip of hardwoodfrtstened to pump rods to protect them from wear.

CLEAVE, One of two or more divisions of a seam, usually iron­stone.

CLEEK, A hook. In former times the baskets in which thecoal was drawn up the shaft were attached to therope by a cleek, and the cleek in course of time cameto mean the whole organization for mising the coalfrom a colliery. Hence stopping the cleek or steggingthe cleek, i.e., causing an interrnption of the'output ofthe coal.

CLEEK COAL, Coal as it comes from the pit.

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CLEEKSMAN, or CLEEKIE, In former times the person whounhooked the baskets of coal at the pithead; a pit­headman.

CLIVEY, or CLIVIS, A spring hook; a hook for hanging boringrods.

CLOD, A thick fire-clay holing under or over a scam of coal;a bed of fire-clay in a coal working.

CLOD COAL, Strong homogeneous coal.CLOSE PLACE, A narrow drift without a selmrate air return.COAL-BEARER. See Bearer.COAL-FACE, The face of the solid coal.COAL-FIELD, All extent of country having coal-bearing

strata; the area of coal comprised in a winning.COAL-FAULD, A storing place for coal. See also Coal-Bith.COAL-HEUGII, A place where coal is llug; a coal pit.COAL-HEWER, A person who digs coal; a collier.COAL-HILL, Ground occupied at a pithead or mine-mouth for

colliery purposes.COALMASTER, The owner of a colliery.COAL-MEASURES, The Carboniferous series of rocks.COAL-METALS, Strata in which coal seams occur.COAL-RITH, or COAL-HEE, or COAL-FAFLD, A sale place for

coal other than at a colliery.COAL-ROOllI, I\. working face in stoo p-and-room workings.COAL-WALL, The coal face.COAL WORK, A colliery.COD, A bush: the bearing of a hutch axle.COLLAH, or COLLARING, A frame to guide pump rods; the

fastening of pipes in a shaft.COLLIER, A coal miner.COLLIERY (old form COALERY), The shaft and associated

works employed in raising coal.COLUMN, .Usually applied to the rising main of a pump, e.g.

column ofpipes.COllIBS, Indented metal castings in which the ends of scree

bars rest.COJ\[lIIUNICATION ROAD, An underground road between two

pits.

two circular lids the upperSee Fig. 7.

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CONNECTING-ROD, The rod connecting piston rod and crank j

the rod connecting tumbling crank and bell crank.See Fig. 3.

CONTRA COUP, or COUNTER COUP, Dip in an opposite direc­tion.

Comr, IVooden centering for an arch; hence the roof of amine or roadway is said to be coomed when it isarch shaped.

Comr, Soot; the dust of coal.COOThIING, Arching.CORE, A cylindrical piece of mineral extracted from a bore­

hole by means of a sample cutter.CORF, A hutch or tram of wicker work in which coal was

formerly conveyed from the coal face to the shaft,and sometimes up the shaft j [t creel.

CORKED, See Bent.CORNER RACKINGS, Triangubr pieces of wood inserted in the

corners of rectangular shafts to fix the barring.CORNING, Mealtime.CORNISH CLACK, A clack with

one seated on the lower.

]'IG. 7.-Cornish Clack.

COUNTRY SALE, Hill sale; sale by cart, as distinguished fromdisposal by rail or sea.

Coup, A bank, or face of [t bing, where debris is tipped.Coup-up, A recess in a single road where empty hutches are

thrown off the road to allow full ones to pass.To Coup, To overturn.

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COUPLING, A short chain connecting hutches or trucks.COUPLING· CHAINS, Short chains connecting the cage with

the winding rope.COUPLING-TONGS, A tool used in joining flanged pipes

together.COUSIE (pronounced COWSSIE), A self-acting incline.COUSIE-WHEEL, The drum or pulley on a self-acting incline.COVER, The strata overlying a seam; the earth and soft

material from the surface to the top of the rock.CRAB, or CRAB WINCH, A geared windlass.CRACKS, End joints; cutters; the secondary joints in strata,

usually at right angles to backs.CRADLING, Stone walling of a shaft.

CRANE BRAE, A short incline in steep workings.CRAW COAL, CRAWS, or CROW COAL, Usually a thin scam of

inferior coal.CRAW PICKER, One who picks stones from coal or slmle at the

pithead.CREEL, A wicker basket, formerly used to draw coal up the

shaft.CREEP, The filling up of the rooms or open spaces in

workings caused by weight of upper strata forcingthe material of the pavement into them; the slowsettling down of old stoop-and-room workings.

CRIB, A ring of wood or iron bedded on the rock in a shaftand upon which the tubbing or cradling rests.

CRIBBING, A mode of lining a shaft, formerly practised, wheregreat pressure of water had to be withstood, bymeans of cribs of oak built one upon other, carefullybedded and tightly wedged.

CROSS-CUT, or CIWSS-CUT lIIINE, A mine driven from onescam to another through intervening strata.

CROSSING, The part where two hnteh roads or railwaysdiverge.

CUOSSlNG-PLATE, Iron 01' steel plate forming crossing of rails.

CUOSS-ROAD, A main road driven at a more moderateinclination than directly to the rise of the strata.

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CROWN, or CROWN TREE, The horizontal roof tree of a setof timbers.

CRUSH, The collapse or breaking down of pillars by weightof superincumbent strata.

CULM (little used), Very slllall dross; gum.CUBE, A ventilating furnace.CUDDlE, A "'eight m0l111tcfl on wheels; a loaded bogie,

used to counter-halancc the lmtch on a cuddie braeCUDDIE-BRAE, An incline,l roadway, worked in the same

manner as a self-acting incline, the clllldic serving asa drag on the full hutch running down.

CUNDIE, A culvertCUNDIE, The unfilled space between pack walls. In steep

long-wall workings, a narrow roadway without rails,down whieh mineral is rolled, to be loaded intohutches at the bottom; a small roadway or aircourse.

CURLY IRONSTONE, Foliated ironstone.CURLY SHALE, Foliated shale; shale having a crumpled

appearance.CUT, The open side. In longwall working, one face III

advance of another gives it cut.CUT CHAIN, A chain used on inclines, which may be cut at

different places, to suit various levels.CUT-CHAIN BRAE, An incline on which cut chains are used.CUT COAL, In stoop-and-room working, coal cut on two

sides where two rooms at right angles to each otherjust meet.

CUT SHOT, A shot designed to bring down coal which liasbeen sheared or opened np on one side.

CUTTER, A fissure or rift.CUTTERS. See Cmc1;s.CUTTERY, Much intersected with joints or fissures, e.g.,

cllttery sandstone.DALE, A measure by which coals were formerly sold in the

east of Scotlnnd.DALE, A share.

To DALE, To divide or distribute.DAilI, An artificial balTier to keep out water.

23

DAMP, Gas. Most frequently used in the compound wordsfire-damp, choke-damp.

DAMPED, Fire-damp rendered inexplosive through want ofair or through excess of carbonic acid gas is said to bedamped.

DAl\IPER, A sliding shutter for cutting off the draught from afurnace; a regulator.

DAlIIPOSCOPE, An instrument invented by Professor Forbes,Glasgow, for detecting fire-damp. (Described in theTransactions of the Mining Institute of Scotland,Vol. 1., p. 278.)

DANDEH, Ash; clinker.DANDERED COAL, Coal burned by, and generally mixed with,

trap.DANGEH-BOAHD, A notice giving warning against entering a

dangerous part of the workings.DAHG, A day's work; the amount of mineral put out by a

miner in a day.DASS, A slice or cut taken off a pillar in stooping.DAUGH, Soft fire-clay associated with a seam, and in which

the holing is usually made.DAY-LEVEL, A water level driven from the surface.DAYLIGHT-lIlINE, A mine or drift running to the surface.DAY-SHIFT, A relay of workmen who begin work in the

mOl'lling.DEAD, or DEAD LEVEL, Quite level.DEAD-PLATE, A cast-iron plate at the end of scree bars or

furnace bars.DECK, A platform of a cage.DElL, A tool for unscrewing broken rods in a bore-hole when

a bechc is inadequate.DmmICK, A mast or jib supporting a hoisting pulley.DIAL, A mining compass.DIALLlm, A mineral surveyor.DIP, Declivity or (leclination of strata.DIP AND RISE, The slope or inclination of strata.DIP LEVEL, The lowest drift or roadway following the strike

of the strata.

24

DIPHE,ID-LEVEL, The main level from the engine-pit bottom.DIPPING, A dook, which see.DIP SIDE, or LAIGH SIDE, The lowest side of a room or wall.DIRT, Rubbish or refuse; a stratum of soft blaes or fireclay

in a coal seam.DIRT-BING, A debris heap.DIRTY COAL, A coal seam with thick partings of blaes or

fireclay; a very ashy coal.DISCHARGE-CLACK, The delivery valve of a pump.DISPOSALS, Quantities of mineral sold or disposed of.DOG, A hook-headed spike for fastening down flat-bottomed

mils.DOG, A spring hook, most commonly in use for attaching a

sinking kettle to the winding rope.To DOG, DOG ON, or DUG ON, To put the hutches on the cage.

This term probably had its origin in the hooking ofthe creel to the pit rope in olden times by means of adog hook.

DOGGAR, or DOGGART, Inferior ironstone; an irregular pieceof stony coal in a seam.

DONKEY-ENGINE, A small engine used to force water intosteam boilers.

DOOK, A mine or roadway driven to the dip, usually themain road going to the dip.

DOOK WORKINGS, ,Vorkings below the level of the pit-bottom.DOOR-CHAIN, A chain with adjusting screw by which bucket

and clack doors are slung.DOOR-HEADS, The roof or top of the workings at a shaft.DOORS, The entrance to the workings at the shaft; hence

high doors, an upper landing in a shaft; mid doors,a middle landing; low or laigh daOJ's, the lowestlanding place.

DOOR-STOOP, A pillar or block of mineral left around a shaftfor its protection.

DOUBLE-ACTING pr;MP, A pump which discharges at bothforward and backward stroke.

DOUBLING, Thickening of a seam, sometimes due to its beingfolded over or daubl cd.

25

DOUP-OUT, In stoop and room workings, where a miner con­nects his drift with one formerly driven.

DOUR HOLING, Difficult undercutting in hard coal or stone.DOWNCAST, A shaft or other opening by which the air

current enters a working; a downthrow, which see.DOWNSET, A short drift to the dip.DOWNTHROW, A break or dislocation in the strata met with

on the higher side.DRAG, A brake; a snibble; a sprag.DRAW, The distance that mineral is hauled by drawers.DRAW, The distance that the extraction of mineral disturbs

the surface beyond the limit of working.DRAW-BAR, A bar fixed to the bottom of a hutch or waggon

to which the coupling is attached.To DRAW COALS, To haul coals by means of men or boys.

DRAW-KILN, A lime·kiln in which the process of calcinationcan be carried on continuously, the raw limestone andfuel being put in at the top and the limeshells with­drawn at the kiln-eye at the bottom.

To DRAW WOOD, or TREES, To extract the propwood in stooping.DRAWER, A man or boy who takes the minerals from the

working face to the shaft, or terminus of the horse orhaulage road.

DRAWING-ROAD, An underground passage along whichmineral is conveyed.

DRAW-ROPE, A putter's harness.DRIFT, A mine or roadway in solid strata.DRILL, A boring chisel.DRIPPIE, Dripping with water.

To DRIVE, To cut or excavate, e.g., to dl'ive a place, to dn'vca mine.

DRIVER, A person in charge of a horse.DROP, The apparatus hy which mineral is let down a blind

pit to a lower level.DROP-PIT, A pit for lowering minerals to an under seani.

To DROP, To work the upper portion of a thick seam after thelower portion has been worked.

To DROP, To stop work.

26

DROSS, Small coal which passes through a riddle or seree.DROSS-COAL, In cannel coal districts, common or free coal.DROWNED, Flooded; under water.DRUM, A rope roll for round ropes.DRY, An incipient crack, as in building stone.DRY-RODS, Pump rods outside the delivery pipes orrisingmain.DUFFY, Soft; inferior.DUG. See Doq.Du~m-BoLTs, Bolts at joints of single-platecl pump rods, at

right angles to those through the plates, and meantto prevent them from tearing the wood.

DUlIIB-DRIFT, A drift carrying the return air into the upcastshaft by another way than over the furnace.

DUMBSCREW, A screw-jack.DUMPER, A tool for keeping a bore-hole circular.DUNDY, Coal deteriorated by trap-rock; inferior coal.DUST. See Mine Dust.DYING SHIFT, The third or ten o'clock shift.DYKE, or DIKE, A wall or vein of igneous or other rock

intersecting strata; a large slip or dislocation.EBB, Shallow. A seam is cbb when near the surface; the

pit is ebb which is sunk to it.EDGE SEAMS, Seams lying at a higher inclination than 1 in 1.EDGE RAILS, Rails of rolled iron or steel on the upper edge

of which the wheels run.EENIE COAL, Coal slightly altered through nearness to whin,

the broken edges of which shew bright circular spotsmore or less distinct, like eyes.

EMPTIES, Empty waggons or hutches.ENCROACHMENT, Trespass; the area from which mineral

has been abstracted out of bounds.END, A room or working place facing the ends or secondary

joints of a seam, i.e., in the line of the main joints.END-COURSE, or ON-END, At right angles to, or facing, the

end joints.ENDLESS-CHAIN, A system of haulage "'here hutches or

waggons arc hauled by attachment to a chain movingalways in one direction.

27

ENDLESS-ROPE, A system of haulage similar to the foregoing,there being a rope of iron or steel instead of a chain.

ENGINE-BARREL, A large water barrel used in sinking shafts.ENGINEMAN, or ENGINE-KEEPER, A man in charge of an

engine.ENGINE-PIT, Applied in former times to the shaft where the

pumping of the water was done by means of anengine, the hauling of coals being done elsewhere bymeans of horse gins; the main pumping shaft.

ENGINE-ROAD, A haulage road worked by engine power.ENGINE-SEAT, The platform or erection to which an engine

is fastened.ENTRY, The beginning of a lease.ESCAPE-PIT, A shaft used as a second outlet.EXCAl\I1lWN (a Scotch law term), Exchange of land or

minerals.EXPLORING MINE, A working place driyr,n ahead of the

others to explore the field.FACE, The wall of mineral in course of being worked.FAlms, Laminated saudy shale.F.tLL, Falling in of the roof or sides of an underground

excavation.FALLING, An overlying stratum which falls or comes down

as the mincral is extracted from under it, sometimescalled following.

FAN, A revolving ventilating machine.FAN-DRIFT, A tunnel connecting the upcast shaft with the

ear of a ventilating fan.FANG, The power of a bucket to form a vacuum. Hence a

pump has lost the fang when so much air passes the.bucket that a vacuum cannot be made until water bepoured on the top of the bucket.

FANKLED, Tangled, as a rope.FANNERS, A small portable hand fan.FAST, Solid. .FAST END, Solid end or rib-side.FAST SIDE, In a room where shearing is done on one side

only, the side not sheared.

28

FAST PLACE, Drift or working place in advance of the others.FAST IN THE FOOT. 'When the suction holes of a pump arc

filled up, the pump is said to be fast in the foot.F ATIIOM, Six feet.F ATHOllIAGE, Payment made to miners per fathom driven

or cut.FEEDER, A flow of water or gas from a fissure.FETCH, A breast, lohieh see.FIDDLE BLOCKS, Pulley blocks used for raising pump pipes,

in which the pulleys are placed one above another.FIELD, or MINERAL FIELD, A tract of country in which

workable minerals are found j a mineral leasehold.To FILL, To load a hutch at the working face.

FIRE, Explosive gas j fire-damp.To FIRE, To explode.

FmEcLAY, Silicate of alumina suitable for brick making.FIRE-COAL, Coal supplied to workmen connected ,,~ith a

colliery, and which is usually free of lordship.FIRE-DOORS, Doors of the boiler furnaces.FIRE-ENGINE, Name formerly given to the steam engine.FIRE-HOLE, A space in front of boiler furnaces to hold fuel.FIRE-LAMP, An iron cage or grating in which a fire is kept

burning in exposed places for light and heat.FIRElIIAN, or FIRESlIIAN, A subordinate colliery official

charged with the supervision of the ventilation of theworkings.

FIRE STYTH, or .FIRE STINK, The burning smell of spon­taneous combustion of coal.

FIRING-LINE, An appliance sometimes used in former timesfor clearing a room of fire-damp. A prop being setup near the face, a ring was fixed in it near the roof,and a cord or wire passed through the ring. Attach­ing his lamp to one end of the cord, the miner with­drew to a distance, and pulling -the cord raised thelamp to the height necessal-Y to explode the accumula­ted fire· damp.

FIRST WORKING, In stoop and room working, the cuttingont or forming the pillars.

29

FISH-HEAD, A tool for extracting clacks from pit pumps.FITTING, The whole machinery, plant and works of a

colliery.FIXED RENT, The minimum yearly rent of a mineral

field.FLANGE, The projecting ring of' metal round the end of a

pipe through which the joining bolts pass; the raisedrim of hutch or tram rails.

FLANK-BORE, A bore-hole put in the side of an exploriugmme.

FLASK, A tinned vessel in which a miner carries oil for hislamp, or tea for his pieee.

FLAT COALS, Coal seams lying at a low inclination.FLAT RAILS, Tram rails.FLAT ROPE, A rope rectangular in section, made of hemp or

wire, used for winding.FLAT WORKING, A working of moderate inclination.FLOAT, The floating part of an apparatus for indicating the

height of water in a steam boiler or other vessel.FLOAT, Intrusive trap rock either on the surface or between

strata.FODDOllI, or F ADDUl\I, Fathom.FOLDING-BOARDS, Shuts; a shifting frame on which the cage

rests in or at the top of a shaft.FOLLOWING. See Palling.FOOT-ROD, An iron rod at the foot of pump rods to which the

bucket is attached.FORCING LIFT, or FORCING SET, A set of pumps raising

water by a plunger; a ram pump.FOREDREAST, The face of a miue. .FORE-HAlIli\lEn, A sledge hammer, commonly applied to the

hammer used by a blacksmith's assistant.FonEHEAD, The face of a mine or level.FORE-l\IINE, or FORESET lIlINE, A mine crosscutting towards

the rise of the strata.FanK, The upper portion of a heart joint; a tool used for

changing buckets.FOUL, Impure; as, fOltl air, foul coal;"

30

FOULNESS, An impl11'ity in a scam; an irregularity in thephysical character of a scam, caused, e.g., by numerouslypes or small hitches.

FREE CLEEK, The right of a miner to get hutches withoutwaiting his turn or ben.

leREE COAL, Coal on which lordship or royalty is notpaid.

FUEE COAL, Coal easily broken or which burns freely.FREESTO~E, Sandstone.Fr.E)IIT BEAUI'll. See Bearer.FllusH, Brittle; having unusually little tenacity; soft and

easily broken up.FURNACE, A ventilating furnace or cube.GAIST, See Ghaist.GABBlE, A hook on the end of a chain or rope; a eonpling.GAE, A trouble, slip, or dyke. See also Gaw.GAFFER, A foreman; an o,-ersman.GANGWAY, Scaffolding for a hutch railway.GAS, Fire-damp.GAS COAL, Coal yielding gas of high illuminating power on

distillation, of lustreless appe[irance, and having aconchoidal fracture.

GASH, A break or opening in the strata, usually filled withsand, gravel, or other loose rocks; a sand dyke.

GATE, or GAIT, A roadway.GATESJlIAN, A roadsman.GATTON. See Gauton.GAUGE, A standard of measure.GAUGE-RING, A standard ring for measuring buckets.GAUTON, A water course cut in the pavement of a mine or

working.GAUZE LAMP, A Davy bmp; a safety lamp.GAW, A narrow vein of igneous rock intersecting the

strata.To GEAR, To make a mine secure by supporting the roof and

sides with wood.GEAIUNG, The mechanical arrangement for increasing or re­

ducing the speed of an engine shnJt.

31

GEARS, Hensy prop wood, the two uprights n,nd erown pieeebeing termed n, set of gears. See Fig. 8.

l,·j~. 8. "rorking Place with Gears.

GEG, or GAG, A piece of stone or other obstruction prevent­ing the proper closing of a pump valve. The valveis said to be gegged when so obstructed.

GEORDIE LAMP, A safety lamp after the pattern of thatinvented by George Stephenson..

GUAIST, The white ash or cinder of shale or shaley coal.GHOST, A veal, lL"ltich see.Gm, A sprag; a prop put in the holing of a seam while being

under-cut. See Fig. 9.

Fig'. 9. Coal-Face with Gib.

pipe or logSee Figs. 1

32

GIll AND KEY, A wedging arrangement for tightening thestrap that holds the brasses at the end of a connectingrod. See Fir;. 10.

Fig. 10. Gil> and Key.

GIG, A winding engine.

GIG-HOUSE, A winding engine house.

GIN, A machine formerly used for raising mineral in a shaft,usually driven by horses, sometimes by water powerSee Figs. 14- and 20.

GIN PIT, A pit from which mineral is raised by means of agin.

GLAND, A malleable iron band embracing aand tightened by means of bolts.and 3.

GLAND-BRIDGE, A bar or strip of iron through which agland is sometimes bolted. See Figs. 1 and 3.

GLEG PARTING, The easy parting of one stratum fromanother.

GOING, ,Yorking, e.g., a going place, i.e., no room in course ofbeing worked.

33

GOOSE, An al'1'angelllent for drawing on steep roads, thehuteh wheels being run on a carrier bearing through­out its length on the rails.

GOOSE-DUAl', A cuddy-brae, u:hich sec.GRAIN, Texture, e.g., e08orse-.qminecl sandstone.GRAITU, A miner's tools; horse harness.GRASS, The sut'face of the ground.GRASS-CROP, The outcrop.GRASSHOPPER-ENGINE, A beam engine Imving one end of the

beam supported on a rocking fulcrum.GRASSUlII (a legal term), One payment.GREAT COAL, L80rge pieces of selected coal. In the East of

Scotland, the coal was formerly divided into fourgrades, great coal, chews, lime-caul, and paml'Ood.

GREEK, Grit, the texture of a hard rock; coarse stwdstone.GREENSTONE, Igneous rock; whinstone.GRIEVE, A weigher; a pitheadman; a hill s801esman.GRIP, A pickGROUND COAL, or GROUNDS, The lowest stratum of a coal

scam.GROUND-CRAD, A windlass connected to hanging pumps in a

sinking pit.GROUND-ROl'E, The rope connecting hanging pumps to a

ground crab.GnOWTII, The rate of income of water into a pit or

working.To GnozE, To turn a chisel in the bottom of a bore-hole, by

which me80ns the borer, from 80 sense of feeling andhearing, knows when a change of strata occurs.

GUAnD, The level' which prevents hutches l'Unning ~fr thecage.

GUIDES, Hails of iron steel 01' wire rope to guide cages in ashaft.

GUIDE-PLATE, A cast-iron plate with raised semi-circle 01'triangle to guide hutches on to rails.

GU)!, Very slllall coal, e.g., what would pass throngh a riddle}inch 01' less ill the llIesh.

GU:\:\ED SIlUT, Sec Bluwn-olll shul.

34

GURDY, An arrangement of three pulleys with brake forself-acting inclines. See Fig. 11.

GURRY, See Gash.GUY ROPE, A stay rope.HAG, A cut; a notch.

To HAG, To cut as with an axo; to cut down the coal with thepick.

HALF-AND"HALF-PLANE, or HALF-END-HALF-PLANE, In a direc­tion midway between plane course and end course.

HALF-BLINDED. Two ends driven off a plane, one on eachside and not opposite each other by half their widthare said to be half-blindal.

HALF EDGE SEAj\IS, Highly inclined seams; seams lying at aninclination of 1 in 1.

HAMMER, BORING, A light hammer used for striking thejumper in boring.

HAMMER, DOUBLE-HANDED, A heavy hammer used for strik­ing the jumper in boring.

HAND-FILLED COAL, Round coal which has been filled by theminer entirely by hand.

HAND-PICKED COAL, Coal from which all stones and inferiorcoal h~\Ve been picked out by hand; large lumps.

HANG, or HING, Slope, inclination.HANGER, The hook of a miner's lamp.HANGING COAL, Coal nndercnt and ready to fall.HANGING ITS WATER, The bucket failing to pump on account

of a faulty clack, or air between the bucket and the

35

clack, thc column of watcr above the bucket beingsufficient to prevent the opening of the bucket lids.

HANGING-SCAFFOLD, A movable platform in a shaft attachedto the winding rope or thc cranc ropc.

HANGING-SETS, Logs of wood to which cribs are suspcndedin working through soft strata.

HARP, A sparred shovcl used in the E,Lot of Scotland for fill­ing coal. See Fig, 12,

Fig. 12. Harp.

To HAnnIE, or HEnnIE, To rob; to lzar1'ic pillars is to take whatcoal can conveniently be got without attempting tosystematically remove the whole,

HASSON, or HASSING, A vertical gutter between water ringsin a shaft; formerly a gauton, lljhich see.

HASSON DEAL, A cover for a hasson.HAT, sINKEns', An oilskin or leather hat used for working

among falling water.HAULAGE, The transit of mineral by horses or by meclmnical

means.HAURL, A claut; a scraper.HE'ID-C:OAL, Formerly, the stratum of a coal seam next the

roof. More usually now, the top portion of a coalseam when left unworked, either permanently, or tobe afterwards taken down; the top coal on a loaded,vaggon.

I-lEADING, A drift or roadway going towards the rise of thestrata.

36

HEADS, or HEADING, Large top coal on a loaded hutch.HEAP, A great deal.

To HEAP, To load; to fill above the lip or top.HEARTH, See Calcining hearth.HEART-JOINT, A particular form of attachment joint between

the bucket rod and the foot rod. See Fig. 18.

Fig. 13. Heart Joint.

HEAVILY-WATERED, A colliery is said to be heavily wateredwhen the escape of water from the strata into theshaft or workings is abundant, requiring powerfulpumping machinery.

HEDGEHOG, A broken strand or single wire of a rope tornont while the rope is in motion, and drawn up intoa knot or bundle on the rope.

HEMP ROPE, Pit ropes made of hemp or manilla, thosechiefly used being round ropes for cranes, flat ropesfor winding.

HEUGH, A place where coal or other mineral is worked; apit or shaft.

HEWER, A miner; a pickman.HIGH DOORS, An upper landing in a shaft.HILL, The surface at a pit.HILL-CLERK, The person who weighs the mineral despatched,

"hether at the pit or depot connected therewith.HILLMAN, or HILLSMAN, A pitheadman; a coal salesman.

37

HILL-SALE, S~le ~t the pithe~d in c~rts, ~s distinguishedfrom desp~tch in railw~y waggons.

HINGING COAL, Coal lying ~t a moderately high inclination.HITCH, A fault or dislocation of the strat~.

HOGGAR, A le~ther or canvas delivery pipe ~t the top of asinking set of pumps.

HOIST, The arrangement for raising coal in bing from thelevel of the bing to the top of the scree.

To HOLE, To eut in under or above a seam preparatory todislodging it from its bed.

HOLING, The cutting so made.HOOKER-ON, A bottomer; a man who puts hutches on the

cage, i.e., hooks hutches to the rope.Hoop, A bucket ring.HORNY, An inferior kind of gas coal, the pieces of which

rattle with a sound suggestive of horns.HORSE, A vein of rock intersecting a coal seam.HORSE, A seat suspended from a crane rope in a shaft.HORSE-ENGINE or HORSE-GIN, A machine driven by horse-

power for raising mineral. See Fig. 14.

Fig. 14. Horse-Gin.

HORSE·PLATFORM, The switches and crossing used with therails of a horse road.

HORSE-ROAD, A roadway in which the haulage is done byhorses.

HOSE, A rope shackle; an iron clasp at the end of a rope.To HOVE, To heave or rise up, as the floor of a working.To HOWK, To dig or hew; e.g., To hawk coals.

D

38

H-I'IECE, An H-slmped casting forming the bottom portion ofa plunger pump, and in which the lowest clack is set.

HmlPHED COAL, Coal altered by contact with whin j inferiorcm,l.

To HUNKER, To sit on the heels.HFRDLE-SCREEN, A curtain or screen hung in a roadway to

divert the ail' current upward, and so freo a hole inthe roof of gas.

HURLEY, A box on wheels; a hutch.HURRY, A scree.HURRY GUill, Dross passed through a hurry.HUTCH, A small wagon for convoying mineral; a hurley,

whirley, or tub. See Fig. 15.

o

Fig. 15. Hutch and 1\1onlwy.

HUTCH CLEADING, The wood comprising the bottom, side,and ond boards of a hutch.

HUTCH MOUNTING, The iron work on tho frame and box ofa wooden hutch.

HUTCH ROAD, A hutch railway.IDLE, Not working.

39

ILL AIR, Noxious gas, as from underground fires or chokedamp; a stagnant state of the atmosphere under­ground.

INCLINE, A roadway towards the rise of the strata downwhich mineral is brought by a self-acting arrangementwith a rope 01' chain; an inclined roadway alongwhich mineral is conveyed by mechanical mcans.

INCLINE-BOGIE, A wheeled carriage for inclines, constructedso that hutches can be run on it level and be conveyedup and down.

INDICATOR, An apparatus marking in the engine room theposition of the load in the shaft.

INGAUN E'E (INGOING-EYE), A drift or mine starting fromthe surface of the ground; also the end of the mineat the surface.

INTAKE, The road by which the fresh air enters the workings.INWAN, Inwards.IRONSTONE, A stratum containing iron in combination with

carbonaceous and argillaceous matter.IsH (a law term), Issue or termination of a lease.JACK, A narrow dyke usually of igneous rock j a whin gaw.JACK-ROLL, A geared windlass.JIGGER, An apparatus for attaching hutches to a haulage

rope, which holds by twisting 01' biting the rope. SeeFig. 16.

FIG. 16. Jlb'!:er.

40

J aUK, An iron rod, usually pronged, attachcd to the hinder endof a train of hutches or waggons being drawn up anincline, to stop their descent in the event of the ropebreaking.

J On'lTR, Lines of clmwage in a seam.J OINTY, Having a large number of extra wide joints or lines

of cleavage.JOURNAL, A statement of strata passed through in a bore­

hole.JOUG, or JUGG, An iron collar fastened by a short chain to a

wall and said to have been put round the neck ofdisobedient miners in old times as a punishment.

JmIPER, A percussive drill or boring chisel. For boring inhard rocks they are short and impelled by blows froma single- or double-hand hammer, and for boring insoft rocks or coal they are usually long and workedby hand, and called KirncTs.

To JUMP, To bore by hand.JUMPING-SWITCH, A self-acting switch, so arranged that the

hutches jump through a small vertical distance.JUSTICEMAN, One who checks on behalf of the miners the

weight of mineral sent by them out of the pit.KAIN COAL, Produce of the mine by way of whole or part

payment of rent.FEPR, Movable support for the cage at the pit mouth; shut~.

KETTLE, A cylindrical or barrel-shaped iron or woodenvessel used to raise materials in shaft sinking.

KICKER, The reversing gear of some direct-acting steam andhydraulic pumps.

KILN-EYE, The opening at the bottom of a draw Kiln.KINGLE (Sometimes called KENNEL), Very hard or indurated

sandstone.KINK, A twist in a rope; a doubling and interlocking of

several links in a chain.KIRNER, A hand jumper.KIRNING, Boring with a hanel jumper or kirner.KITTLE, Dangerous; risky.LAIGlI DOORS, Sec low doors.

41

LAWII LEVEL, See 10lV level.LAIGII LIFT, See 1010 lift.L,ulP, The common miner's lamp consists of a reservoir for

holding oil; a " stroup" or spout for the wick; and a" hanger" or hook for carrying by or fixing to the cap.

LAMP-ROOU, A room at the pithcad where safety lamps arctested, repaired, cleaned, and trimmed.

LAMP-STATION, A cabin underground where safety lamps maybe opened and trimmed; a place past which no nakedlights must be taken.

7'0 LAND, To deliver at the surface.LANDING, A stopping place for a cage in a shaft or at the sur­

face or for a train on an incline or dook.LANDING-BOX, The box into which a pump delivers water.LAND SALE, Sale of coal at the pit in carts as distinguished

from disposal by sea.11w LAVE, The rest, the remainder.To LAVE, To raise water out of a hole with a shovel or the hands.

LAY-DAYS, See lie time.LAZY-KILN, A limekiln in which the whole contonts arc

calcined and afterwards removed hefore refilling.To LEAD, To conyey; to cart.

LEADER, A carter.LEADER, One who conducts the putting down of a hare-hole.LEADING PLACE, A working place in advance of the others,

such as a heading or a leyel.LEG, In underground working, one of the two upright timbers

supporting the horizontal piece or crown in a set ofgears.-See Fig. 8.

Lmp, &e Lipe.LEVEL, A drift or roadway along the striko of the strata­

i.e., at right angles to the line of dip and rise. See IIisoTVedel' la·e!.

Lm'EL-coURSE, In the direction of the strike of the strata,or at right angles to the dip and rise.

LEn:L-FHEE, Drained by a water le\·el.LI·;n:l, STOXES, Stones on the surface of the groulIC] indicat­

ing the direction of old leyels underground.

42

LEVER, A pole resting on n. trestle as a fulcrum, and bywhich rods are worked in boring.

LICHT-COAL, Candle coal; gas coal, which see.

LID, The cover or flap of a valve; a flat piece of wood onthe top of a prop.

LIE, Line or direction, as the lie of a fault; inclination, as thelie of the metals.

LIE! OR LIE up! A command to stop addressed to a drawer,who is approaching with his hutch.

LIE-DAYS, See lie time.LIE-KEY, A tool on which boring rods are hung when being

raised or lowered in a bore hole.

LIE-TIllIE, or LYING-TIME, The time for making up accountspreceding each pay day in which work has been done,but payment for which has to remain or lie overtill next pay day.

LIFT, A slice or cut taken off a pillar in stooping.LIFT, A set of pumps from the suction to the delivery box:

the uppermost set is called the top lift, the lowest thebottom or laigh lift.

LIFTING SET, A bucket pump.

LIllIE-COAL, Small coal used for lime burning, being one ofthe grades into which the produce of coal pits in theeast of Scotland was in former times divided.

LIllIE CRAIG, Limestone rock in situ; the face of a limestonequarry.

LUrE-KILN, A furnace in which limestone is calcined.LIMESHELLS, Calcined limestone.LIPE, LYPE, or LEIP, A small hitch or irregularity in the

joints of a seam, the joints being usually glazed.

LIPEY, Intersected by small hitches or irregular and gln.zedjoints.

LIVER ROCK, Homogeneous sandstone devoid of planes ofstratification.

LOAD, An old measure of weight for coal.LOCKING, A split pin.LODGE, A cabin at the pithead for workmen.

43

LODmmxT, A reselToir or storage pInce underground forwater for conyenience of pumping.

LODG~IEXT-LEVEL, A room driyen leyol course at a shortdistance to the dip of a pit and used for storage ofwater.

LOFTING, or LAFTING, '.Vood filling up Yacant space on top ofcrowns or gears.

LONGWALL, A system of mining by complete excav,ttion atone working.

LORDSIIIP, A mineral property.LORDSIIIP, Rate per ton or other measure paid to the proprie-

tor of minerals; royalty, lehich sec.Loup, Slip or fault.LOUSE, (Loose), Not firm.Low DOORS, The lowest of two or more landings 111 a

shaft.LOWE, Flame.LOWER-LEAF, The lower portion of a seam which is worked

in two sections or leaves.Low LEVEL, or LAWH LEVEL, The drift running level course

which is furthest to the dip.Low LIFT, or LAWH LIFT, The lowost set in a .qystem of

pumps.To LOWSE, To cease working. The pit's lowsed-work has

ceased for the day.

Lmr, A chimney; when the roof of a working falls to agreat height in a conical form it is said to helummed.

LUNCART, or LUNKER, A lenticular mass, nodule, or hall.LYE, A siding.LYING-PIPES, The horizontal pipes in a lodgment.LYING-SHAFT, The shaft of un engine on the end of which

the tumhling crank is fixed.LYING-TDIE, Sec Lic timc.LYPE, Scc Lipe.MAGGIE, An inferior and sandy part of ironstone; inferior

or stony coal.MAGGIE.BLAES, A.n inferior sulphmous ironstone.

44

MAIDEN FIELD, An unbroken or unworked mineral pro­perty.

MAIDENS, See Mingles.MAIN ROPE, In the tail-rope system of haulage, the rope

which hauls the full hutches.MANAGER, The person in charge of a colliery.MAN-DOOR, A small trap door on a travelling road.MAN-HOLE, A refuge place at the side of an incline, engine

road, or horse road j an opening into a steamboiler.

MARIlLE IlAND, Musselband ironstone.MARCH, A boundary line or limit of working. It may be a

hedge, a wall, or other line on the surface, or the lineof a slip in the strata, or an imaginary line.

MARCH PLACE, .The room or drift next the march.MARCH STONES, Stones set at intervals on the surface to

indicate the line of march; boundary stones.MARL, Argillaceous limestone.MASH, A double-hand hammer for breaking coal, sotting up

props, &c.MFlASURING DAY, The day when the manager or other

official measures the amount of work done.MEETINGS, The point in a shaft where the cages meet. ·When

coal was raised in creels or carves the shaft was bulgedat the meetings.

MELL, A large mallet j a forehammer.MEN ON ! A brief expression to indicate that men are in the

cage to be raised or lowered in the shaft.METAL, Cast iron.METAL, Hard rock; whin.METALS, General name for the stratfl in which minerals

occur.METALS, Cast-iron hutch rails.METT, An old measure of capacity for coals.MID DOORS, The middle ono of three landing places in a

shaft.MID-WALL, A close wooden partition dividing a shaft into

compartments.

45

MID WORKING, Sec mid doors.MINE, The underground works of a colliery or metalliferous

working.MINE, A drift or roadway from the surface into the work­

ings of a scam, either level or on the slope of thescam.

MINE, A drift in rock, usually qualified thus-stonc mine,cross-cut mine.

MINE DUST, The riddlings of calcined ironstone.MINE MOUTH, The point where a mine leaves the surface of

the ground and enters underground; an ingoingeye.

MINER, A person who digs mineral other than coal. A collierdigs coals; a miner digs other minerals; but theterm mincr is also used to denote anyone who digsunderground.

MINERAL BORER, Sec Borcl'.MINGLES, Iron frames or standards carrying pillow blocks of

pithead pulleys.MISTRESS, A cover for sinkers in a wet shaft; a cover for a

sinker's lamp.To MOAT, To puddle; to cover up the mouth of a pit 01' other

opening so as to exclude air in the event of an under­ground fire.

MONKEY, An appliance for mechanically gripping or lettinggo the rope in rope haulage. For one forlll of monkeysee Fig 16,

MORED, or MOORED, Sec S71l01'cd,MOUTH, The. opening of a mine into daylight; an iugoing

eye.MOUTH-PLATE, A cast-iron plate with raised ridge to direct

hutch wheels from plates to rails; the switch plate ofcast-iron hutch r:J.ils.

MOUTH-PLATE, An iron plate over the mouth of a bore­hole.

MUCK, Hnbbish; soft useless material.nIUSSELnAl\D I1Wl\STOl\E, Ironstone with many shells (popu­

larly termed mussel shells) imbedded.

46

MUZZLE, A cbsp with pin and cutter for connecting chainsto rings and hasps. See Fig. 17.

Fig. 17. MUZZLE.

NAKED LIGHT, An unprotected light j an ordinary lamp orcandle.

NATCH, A small hitch or dislocation.NATCH, The junction of two rails where through improper

laying the two are not on the same level or line.NEOK LEATHERS, 'Washers fixed on the top of bucket or clack

lids, to prevent their being cut by the bucket spearor clack bridge.

NEEDLE, A thin copper rod kept in a shot hole while it isbeing tamped, and afterwards withdrawn, the fusebeing inserted in the hole it leaves.

NEEDLES, Beams laid across a shaft at a landing to supportthe cage j buntons.

NET, Strapping used for lowering or raising horses in shafts.NIGHT-SHIFT, A relay of workmen employed at night.NIP OUT, A check out j a want, which see.NOSE, A point j a projecting angle of coal or other mineral.NOTICE-BOARD, Board on which printed or written notices

are posted.NUG, The dull sound caused by breaking of subsiding strata.

47

NUTS, Pieces of coal which have passed through a screeunder 2 in. wide between the bars and over anotherscree with a smaller space between the bars.

OFFTAKE-JOINT, A heart joint or other connecting joint.See Fig. 13.

OFFTAKES, Deductions from workmen's wages for house rent,fire coal, &c.

OFFTAKE DRIFT, or OFFTAKE LEVEL, A water level drivenfrom the surface to a point in a pumping shaft wherethe water is delivered.

OIL SHALE, Bituminous shale yielding oil on distillation.OLD MAN, An iron apron attachment of pump rods to hell

crank, used with travelling sets of pumps and rods inshaft sinking. See Fig. 3.

OLD MAN, A rocking centre to guide pump rods at all :mgle,See Fig. 18.

Fig. 18. Old ~Inn.

48

OLD WASTE, Old or abandoned workings.OX AIR, A pump is said to be on ail' when a portion of nil' is

drawn at each stroke.OxcOfrr, All charges for labour in getting mineral other than

the miners' wages; payment to the collier in additionto the rate per ton.

ONCOSTMEN, All workmen other than miners paid by days',vagcs.

ON END, In a direction at right angles to, or facing, the endot' secondary joints.

ON PLANE, In a direction at right angles to, or facing, theplane or main joints.

OPENCAST, A working where the overlying strata areremoved; a quarry.

OPENCASTING, Holing above the seam; working as :I

quarry.To OPEN-OUT, To commence longwall working.

Ol'ENSET, A cundie or unfilled space between pack walls.o PLATE, A cast-iron plate with a circular ridge on which

hutches are turned at junction of roads.ORRA MAN, A spare hand.OUTBURST, The outcrop.OUTBURST, A sudden accession of water or fire-damp.OUTCROP, The place where a seam or stratum comes to the

surface of the ground, or so near it as to have nocovering of hard strata.

OUTPUT, The quantity of mineral raised in any period, say aday.

OUTPUTS, Quantities of mineral raised as distinguished fromquantities sold.

OUT\\'AN, Outwards.OVERCAST, The higher of two air courses at an air

crossing.OVERLAY, The material above the rock in a quarry; the

tirring.OVEHS.IAN, A person subordinate to the manager, in charge

of underground operations.OVERWEIGHT, Excess weight of disposals over outputs.

49

1'0 OVERWIND, To mise a cage up to or over the pitheadpulleys.

OXTER, The armpit; a corner at re-entering angle in a coalface.

PACKWALL, A wall or building put up to support the roofwhere mineral has been extracted by the longwallmethod of working.

PAIL, A water bucket.To PAIL, To lift water by means of a pail or bucket.

PAN-COAL, or PAN-WOOD, Small coal suitable for use at saltworks (salt pans).

PANEL WORKINGS, Districts of workings isolated by barriersof solid mineral.

PARLIAl\1ENTARY PIT, An outlet pit required by statute.PARROT COAL, Gas coal; sometimes applied to gas coal when

of inferior quality.PART, A working place.PARTING, A natural division of a seam into layers; a plane

of stratification; a very thin stmtum of stone or daughin a seam.

PARTING, The manner in which a scam parts from its roof orpavement; it is a bad parting when they do notseparate readily, a good parting when they do.

PAss-coCIes, Cocks or valves fitted to passing pipes.PASSING-PIPES, Pipes led from the rising main of a pump to

the lodgment with a branch led in between the clacksto permit of the column being emptied or water passedinto the casing. ,Vhen fitted with a float valve atthe lower end, they serve to prevent the pump gettingon air.

PASSING 'YATER, ,Vhen a pump bucket is worn, or otherwisenot tight, it is said to be passing water.

PAT-COAL, The bottom coal sunk through in a shaft.PATENT (a term used in leases), Open; unobstructed.PAT-KILN, a pot-shaped lazy kiln.PAYElIIENT, The floor of a seam.PAY-DILL, or PAY-SHEET, A statement shewing details of work­

.men's wages for a stated period, usually a fortnight.

50

PEACOCK COAL; Similar to eenie coal, which see.PEAS, Coal a grade smaller than nuts, and from which the

gum has been separated.1'0 PEEL, See /'ool.

PEER IE, A tool for taking out dimples in bore-hole tubes.PELT, Coally stone associated with a coal scam.PEN, In longwall working, a narrow airway, more particularly

an airway formed along the solid coal; a covered-inwater drain.

PICK, A tool used by the miner for digging coal.PICKER, A pin used to trim the wick of an oil lamp.PICKER, See Cmwpiclcer.PICKLING, The falling of particles from a soft roof about to

collapse.PICKMAN, A man who digs coal with a pick; a hewer; a miner.PICKING TABLE, A table, revolving or otherwise, on which

mineral is tipped and sorted.PIECE, Food taken by a workman to his work.PIECE-TIME, Meal time.PIECE-WORK, Work paid by results as distinguished from

work paid by days' wages.PIERCING-SHOT, A shot in the roof or brushing designed to

bring down an increasing thickness of stone.PILE OF PIPES, A set or column of pipes.PILLAR, A block of mineral left unworked for the support of

the roof; an artificial support to the roof formed ofwood or stone.

PILLAR AND STALL, See Stoop and Room.PILLAR-WORKING, The process of removing the pillars or

stoops in a stoop-and-room working.PIN, A tally. Pins were formerly made by the miners them­

selves, each miner's pins having a distinguishingdevice, initial, or number.

PINCH, A crowbar.PINION, The small wheel of tooth-and-pinion gearing.PIRN, A disc on which flat ropes are wound, having ,spokes

or arms to prevent the rope slipping off.PIT, A vertical shaft j the workings connected with a shaft.

51

PIT-BANK, The surface of the ground at the mouth of a pit.PIT-BARRING, 'vVooden lining of a shaft.PIT-BOTTOllI, The bottom or lowest landing in a shaft.PIT-HEAD, The landing at the top of a shaft. .PIT-HEAD :FRAME, The framing at the top of it shaft support-

ing pit pulleys.Pl'l'IIEADl\IAN, The man in charge of the unloitding of the

cages and weighing of the mineral at a pithead.

PIT-MOUTH, The surface of the ground at the top of a shaft.PIT PUMPS, Pumps used in a shaft.PITTING, Proving minerals near the outcrop by means of

shallow pits.PIT RAILS, Hutch rails for use at a pit.PIT WRIGHT, An engineer who attends to pit pumps, &e.PIT WOOD, 'Vood used for supporting the roof; propwood.PLACE, A room in stoop-and-room workings; a length of

face assigned to each miner.PLAIN SHALE, Oil shale not foliated.PLAN, A map; a method.PLANE, A working room driven at right angles to or facing

the plane joints.PLANE-COURSE, or ON PLANE, In the direetion facing the

plane joints.PLANT, The machinery and fittings about a colliery.PLATE-NAILS, Nails used to attach flanged rails to sleepers.PLATE-RAILS, Flat cast iron rails with a flange on one side.PLATES, Flat cast iron or malleable iron sheets or plates laid at

the pitbottom and pithead or other platform to enablethe hutches to be easily turned and moved about.

PLATFORl\I, The rails forming the parting of two hutchroads.

PLIES, Successive thin beds of the same rock, usually sand­stone, separated by very thin partings.

PLODDING, Uncertain; irregular; e.g., a plodding band orseam of ironstone.

PLuN~En, A pump ram.POLICEMAN, A movable guard over or round a pitmouth 01'

at mid-workings; safety gates.

52

POLING, Lofting which see; building road sides in long­wall workings with old propwood and the debris fromthe working where the latter is soft.

To POOL, or PurL, To hole.POOLING, or PurLING, Holing; under-cutting.PORTING-BOLT, In setting shaft pumps, a bolt used for bring­

ing the bolt holes of two separate pipes opposite eachother.

POST AND IiTALL, The system of working now termed stoopand room.

POST, A thick bed, as of limestone or sandstone.POT-BOTTOM, A circular mass, usually in the roof, and com­

posed of the same material as the roof-stone, butseparated therefrom by a coaly or glazed parting.

POT-COAL, See pat coal.POT-KILN, See pat-kiln.POURIE, (pronounced poorie) A small oil can with a spout

from which oil is poured to lubricate machinery.To PRICK, To pierce through with the point of a pick.

PRICKING, A thin stratum suitable for holing in.PROFITS, See bonnets.PROUD, Nqt cohesive; coal is said to be of a proud nature

when it bursts off the working face.To PROVE, To test the nature of a mineral field by boring or

otherwise.PLUG AND FEATHERS, An appliance for wedging mineral, con­

sisting of a long wedge and two strips of iron, muchused for mining in rock before the introduction ofgunpowder. A drill hole having been made the plugand feathers were inserted and the plug driven byhammers between the feathers till the rock wassplit.

PLUGGING, Blasting by means of plug shots.PLUG-SHOT, A charge in a small hole to break up a.stone of

moderate size.Pump-HoLE, A hole at the surface caused by the working of

mineral underneath j a sit.PLUNGER, The ram or solid piston of a force pump.

53

PLUNGER-CASING, The cast-iron or brass casing in which aplungcr works.

PLUNGER LIFT, A pump and column of pipcs attached,raising water by means of a ram or piston.

POUNDAGE, Interest sometimes paid for money advancedbefore pay day.

PRICKER, A boring needle.PUDDOCK, Cast-iron plate forming the crossing of flanged

hutch rails.PUG-ENGINE, A small locomotive engine.PUGS, A stratum of hard coal in a free coal seam, e.g., in

the Main coal seam of Lanarkshire.PULLEY, A grooved wheel.PULLEY-BRAE, A self-acting incline.

The PULLEYS, The whorls; the pithead pulleys.PUMPER, A person who works a hand pump.PUJIIP RODS, The rods of wood or iron by means of which

the power is conveyed from an engine or otheractuating machine to a pump.

PUJIIP-ROD PLATES, Spear plates; strips or plates of ironbolted' to wooden pump rods at the joints for thepurpose of making the connection.

PUTTER, A man or boy who assists a drawer to take hishutch along a difficult part of a drawing road.

QUARRY, An excavation of mineral from the surface of theground, the earth and other soft strata above it beingremoved.

QUARRYMAN, or QUARRIER, A person who works mineral ina quarry.

QUARRYJIIASTER, The owner of a quarry.RACE, or RAKE, A set or train of hutches coupled

together.1'(1 RACK, To stretch.

RACKINGS, See Corner mckings.RAGGLING, A channel cut in the side of a mine and covered

with boarding to serve as an airway.RAGG-WHEEL, A spur wheel. A wheel with projecting

pins on the rim to fit into the links of a chain.};

54

RAC;STOXE, Dark hard sandstone; indurated sandstone.RAi\I, A pump plunger.RAXCE, A long narrow pillar or stoop. A prop set against

the coal fctce whcn it is undermined, for the purposeof keeping it up.

1{ANGR, A row, as of pillars.HANGING, Searching for minerals by means of shallow pits

across the outcrops.

RATTLEHEAD, A suction pipe.BATTLER, Inferior gas coal; sandy shale.RAW, Uncalcined, e.g., !"lne iTUllstone.

RECEIVING-CLACK, The bottom clack or vah'e in a pumpingset.

REDD, Debris; rubbish.1'0 REDD, To clear away.

REDD BING, A debris heap.REDDs~rAN, A man who clears falls III the mineral

workings.IlElm, Joints; cleavage planes.REEK, Smoke.IlEEL, A drum or frame on which winding or haulage ropes

are coiled.

REGULATOR, A frame with a movable slide for regulating anair-current; the shutter of a fan.

RENT, Landlord's revenue, which on minerals is usually afixed annual sum, or, in his option, a rate per ton orpel' acre worked, the annual amount of which ispreferred when it exceeds the fixed rent.

RESERVED COAL, Coal not included in, but reserved from alease, such as coal under buildings.

HETURN, or RETURN AIR counsE, The roadway by whichthe air is conveyed from the working faces to theu]Jcast.

RETUHN AIR, The outward ventilating current.HnulIls, Bituminous shale; inferior shale.HIll, A wall of solid coal or other mineral.HIll, A thin stratum, as of stone in a seam of coal.

Rm SIDE, The edge of solid mineral left by a longwall work­ing. In longwall working, if one face or wall is con­siderably in advance of the next it is said to have arib-side.

Rm-RoAD, A road formed along the rib side.RICKETY, A ratchet brace.RIDDLE, A sieve for separating large mineral from small.RIDDLINGS, The material which passes through a riddle.

To RIDE, To go up or down the shaft on a cage j to travel in ahutch.

To RIDE THE TOW, To slip down the shaft rope.To RIlIILE, To probe 01' stir.

RIlIlLER, A probing tool.RING, A channel cut round a sIndt to catch the water ;tnd

lead it to the dip end or to the hasson.To RIP, To brush j to take down part of the roof or lift part

of the pavement, in order to heighten a road.RIPPING, In longwall working, second brushing, rendered

necessary by subsidence of the roof.The RISE, Towards the outcrop; in the upward direction of the

strata.RISE-DOORS, The entrance from a shaft into upper workings.RISE-LEVEL, The upper of two parallel level roads.RISE-ROAD, A road driven up-hill.RISE-'YORKINGS, \Vorkings above the level of the seam at

the pit bottom.RISING COLUlIIN, Delivery pipes of a ram or plunger pump.RHONE, A wooden channel for conveying water.RHONES, A line of wooden boxes for conveying air.ROAD,' A passage in an underground working; a working

place j a way by whigh mineral is got out.ROADHEAD, In longwall, the end of a road at the' working

face.ROADSlIIAN, or REDDSlIIAN,· An underground official who

attends to roads, laying rails, &c.ROBBING PILLARS, Reducing the size of pillars j taking as

much as possible off pill~rs, leaving only what isdeemed sufficient to support the roof.

5G

HOCK, Sandstone.HOCKlIEAlJ, In boring or sinking, the top of hard strata next

the surface.HOCKING CEI>TRE, A radius bar; an old man. Sec Fig. 18.HODS. Sec Pump Rods.HaLL. Sec Row.HOLLEH, A snmll cylinder of wood, iron, or steel, revolving

on :t spindle, for bearing up and guiding ropes orchains in motion.

ROOF, The stratum above a scam or working.ROOF-COAL, Part of a scam of coal left on for a roof.I{OOF-STOXE, The stone immediately above " scam; in Long-

wall, the stratum of stone above the brushing.ROOM, A working place in stoop-and-room workings.HOOllr AND RANCE, A system of working with long narrow

pillars; less usually a system of working with extralarge pillars and narrow rooms.

HOSE, The perforated nozzle of a water pipe.HouGn COAL, A name sometimes given to free coal when

associated with gas coal or splint coal.ROUND COAL, Coal after the dross has been separated from it.ROUND-HEE, A space round the pit bottom where the bearers

. stocked the coal as they carried it from the workingfaces until they had collected a creel-full.

How, A ridge in the roof or pavement.l{OYALTY, Lordship; payment to the proprietor for mineral

worked; may be (1) a rate per ton of mineral workedor sold; (2) a rate per acre worked; (3) a rate per acreworked, with an addition to or reduction from therate if the scam be above or below a certain thickness;or (4) a fractional part of the selling pricQ,

RUDDlms, Pieces of wood for pump rods to slide on, or forhutches to rub on in going round sharp cunes.

RUN, A journey.1'0 RUN DACK WATEH, To allow the water from a set of

pumps to run back and be pumped up again inorder to keep it from going "on air" while theothers arc at work.

57

To RUN A lIIINE, To cut or drive a mine.To RUN THE TOW, To cause the cages to traverse the shaft pni­

paratory to allowing men to descend.RUNNER, A man or boy who goes with a train of hutches in

mechanical haulage.RUNNING-SAND, Quicksand.SADDLEBACK, Roll or undulation in the roof or pavement of

a seam.SAFETY-CAGE, A cage with catching arrangement which comes

into action if the winding rope breaks.SAFETY-HOOK, A hook for detaching the pit rope from the

cage in the case of an overwind.SAFETY-CHAIN, A chain connecting the first and last hutches

of a train to prevent separation if a coupling breaks.SAFETY-GATES, A movable framework or fence at the surface or

mid-workings to prevent anyone falling into the shaft.SAJlIPLE-CUTTER, A steel tube with teeth at the end for

cutting cores of mineral in boring.SAND-DYKE, A wall of sand or gravel.SCABBIT PARTING, A rough parting.SCAD, The reflection of a light.SCAD, A piece of imperfectly-burned lime.SAFETY LAJlIP, A lamp in which the flame is isolated by wire

gauze.SCAFFOLD, Any wooden erection on which men may work,

See also Hanging scaffold.SCALE; or SKAIL, A quantity of air allowed to take a short

cut to rejoin the main current; air finding its wayinto the return air-conrse by other than the designedway.

SCAmI, A film.SCLAFFERY, Liable to "break off in thin fragments, a~ the roof

of a working.SCLIT, 01; SCLUTT, Coaly blaes, or slaty coal.SCOBBED, A hutch of mineral is scabbed when large pieces

are laid over the corners to give the appearance of thehutch being full, when there is in reality little materialin it.

58

SCOTCIHlAUZE LAMP, A safety lamp used in Scotland, thetop of the lmnp bcing wholly of wire gauze.

SCREE, Bars <lrrallgeu on <I ~lope :LlId slightly apart (usuallyfrom lin. to I liin.) over which cO<l1 is passcd to frcc itfrom dross.

SCREE BAIlS, B~ws of which a scree is constl'llctcd.SCREE-PLATE, An'iron platc <It the foot of ~1 scrce on which

screed coal is discharged.SCREEN, See Scrcc.SCREEN, A substitute for a trap door, made of tarred cam·as.SCREEN-CLOT", TalTeu canvas. Bratticc cloth.

To SCUTClI, To shear down.SCREW KEY, A spanlIeI'.SEA-COAL, Coal, which in early times was workcd on the sea

shore j coal as uistinguished from wood charcon.];coal calTicd by se~t j coal seaward of low-water markbelonging to the Crown.

SEAM, A bed or stratum.SEAT, The foundation or framework on which a structure

rests, e.g., engine seat, Crtge seat.SECOND WORKING, Back working; removing pillars.SECTION, A division of the workings.SECTION, The details of strata composing a scam or working.

Sec Pig. if).

,,'"'<-

~§t~FIG. 10. Section of a LOllgwull 'VoI'king.

nrushing.

Coal Scam.

Holing.

P.'lYcmcnt.

SEEP, SEEPING, SIPING, An almost imperceptible rnn ofwater.

\

50

To SEEP, To ooze; to percolate.SmZING, The lashing of it chain or rope rouml anything thitt

is being lifted.SELF-ACTING INCLINE, An inclined roadway down which

mineral is run hy means of a rope oyer a pulley ordrum at the top, the weight of the lo:tded Imtchesin their descent being sutlicient to dmw up the emptyones which are attached to the other end of the rope.

SERVICE-RAILS, Hails used for ,t temporary pnrpose.SERVICE-ROAD, A temporary road.SET, A race or train of hutches; a lift of pumps.

To SET, To hm'den or consolidate, e.g. lime or cement.To SET, To let by contract.To SET, To place in position.

SETTLE-BOARDS, See Shuts.SHAFT, A vertical pit.SHAFT, The wooden handle of a hammer, pick, shovel, &c.SHALE, Oil shale. This term is not now used in the strict

geological sense as signifying argillaceous rock, but isapplied to shale yielding oil on distillation.

SHANGIE, A ring of straw or hemp put round a jumper inboring to prevent the water in the bore-hole fromsquirting up.

SHANK, A shaft.To SHANK, See to sink.

SHANKER, A pit sinker.SHARP, Quick; gas is sharp when at its most explosive

point.SHEARING, 'Vall cutting. The vertical cut which a miner

makes in the coal preparatory to wedging or blastingit down.

SHEARS, Legs; poles carrying a pulley for a crane rope.SHEATHING DEAl,S, Deals nailed to cribs all round a shaft to

preserve the cribs from injury and make the sides ofthe shaft smooth.

SHEETING DEALS, Deals used as bedding joints in cribbing.SHEETING PILES, Short piles driven down in front of wooden

barring when sinking in soft material.

GO

SHELL, See Bude! Shell.SJIlF'l', A change, as of clothing.SHIFT, A day's work; the pit's workmen.

Day 01' Fore Shift, The relay of workmen engaged duringthe day, or first period of the twenty-four hours.

Nigltt or Back Shift, The second relay of workmen in thetwenty-four hours.

Single Shift, One relay of workmen in twenty-four hours.Double Shift, T,,'o relays of workmen in twenty-four hours.Three Shifts, Three relays of workmen in twenty-four

hours.On Sm!"T, A workm~tI1 or working place is said to be on shift,

or on shift wilges when the work is not let undercontract, but paid for by days' wages.

SHIFT "-AGES, Days' wages.SHIVERY, Easily broken or split up; fissile.SHOE, The cage fitting which embraces the guides.SHORTS, Term applied to the amount that the sum of Lord­

ships in one year is under the minimum or fixed rentpayable.

SHOT, A blast of gunpowder, or other explosiye.SHOT FIRER, The person appointed to fire shots III fiery

workings.SHUTS, Moyable or hinged supports for the cage at a pithead.SnuTTEH, A regulator, as in a Guibal fan.SCHISTUS, Argillaceous shale; blaes.SIDE-ROAD, A subsidiary road off a main road; a braneh road.SIDE-RODS, Rods connected, one on eaeh side, to erossheads.SIGNAL-BELL, or HAMMER, A bell or other appliance for

signalling in shafts or haulage roads.SIGNAL-WIRE, Thin wire strand used for operating signal

hammers and bells.SINK, A pit or shaft.

To SINK, To make a pit or shaft.SINKER, One who sinks shafts.SINKlIfAN, Old form of sinker.SINKING-BOGIE, A wheeled platform to coyer a sinking pit

while the kettle is being emptied at the top.

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SIPHON, A line of pipes so arranged as to discharge water bysiphon action.

SIT, A collapse of pillars in a stoop-and-room working; acrush.

SIT, A subsidence of the surface caused by the removal ofmineml under it.

SKATING-DEALS. See Sliding Deals.SKEW, A lype, or small hitch.SKIFFIE, A slype or small hutch.SKIN-FOR-SKIN, As close as practicable. Gears or props set

up so close as to be touching each other are said tobe shn for skin.

SKIP, A basket for raising coal in a shaft; a cor£.SLAKE, A glutinous silt adhering to the sides of deep bore-

holes especially in passing through fine sandstone:SLANT-ROAD, See Slope Road.SLACK, Not busy.SLACK, Not tight.SLATYBAND IRONSTONE, A variety of bbckband ironstone.SLIDES, Uunners or rails of wood to keep the cage in pbce

in a shaft. When not of wood they aro usuallytermed guides.

SLIDING-DEALS, Deals fixed in a sloping direction at themouth of a sinking pit to bring the landing stageclose to the sinking kettle.

SLIDING-SUCTION, A suction pipe capable of being lengthenedby telescope arrangement.

SLING-CHAIN, A chain by which pump pipes are slung; achain connecting the bmcehead and lever in boring.

SLINK, A wide clayey joint; a stage.SLIP, A fault; a hitch.SLIP-DYKE, A whin dyke accompanied by a dislocation of

the strata; a fault.SLOPE-DOOK,A dook driven, not direct to the dip, but at an

angle less than a right angle with level course.SLOPE-HEADING, A heading driven not direct to the rise.SLOPE-ROAD, A road driven at an angle less than a right

angle with level course.

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SLOPING PUMP, A hand pump laid on the slope of the stratato drain dip workings.

SLUDGE, Soft mud.SLUDGE-PUMP, A hand pump with a pocket bucket and no

clack, for short lifts.SLUDGE-PmIP, or SLUDGlCR, A pump used by mineral borers.SLYPE, A sled for drawing coal along the wall face where the

distance between the roads is great, or, in some steepworkings, to convey the mineral from the face to thelevel road, formerly used in some places to convey thecoal from the face to the pit bottom.

SMIDDY-COAL, Smithy coal.SMORED, Obstructed with rubbish or mud; silted up.SNAB, The brow of a steep road; a short and steep part of an

incline.SNECKS, Points at the crossing of a hutch-road j shuts at a

pithead.SNIBBLE, A sprag or drag for hutches or waggons.SNORE-HOLES, The holes in the end of a suction pipe.SNORE PIECE, or SNORE-PIPE, A suction pipe.SNOTTER, The snuff or burnt wick on a lamp or candle.SOFT AIR, A stagnant state of the ventilation.SOLE, A flat piece of wood on which props are set when the

pavement is soft.SOLE ·PLATE, The plate on which parts of a machine rest.

The SOLID, The unbroken or unworked coal.SOLID WATER, ·Water sufficient to fill the pump barrel at each

stroke.SOLID WORKINGS, In stoop and room, the first working or

formation of the coal into pillars.To SOUR, To soften j to macerate. 'Vater on a fireclay holing

causes it to Salt?'.

SOWBACK, A ridge on roof or pavement.SOW-KILN, A lazy kiln, which see.SPARE-HAND, A person who does odd jobs.SPARRY-COAL, Coal, the backs or joints of which are filled

with carbonate of lime.SPEAR, See sword.

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SPEAR PLATES, Plates of iron bolted to pump rods at thejoints, for the purpose of making the connection.

SPEARS, Pump rods.SPELL, A turn of workSpm:ING-CRIB, A ring of wood in a shaft to which the

dCltls composing the wooden tubbing are fixed bymeans of spikes or tree nails.

SPLINT COAL, Ibnl grey coal with a slatey structure and un­even cross fracture aI.lel which burns without caking.

SPLIT, A room or end driven through a pillarSPLIT, A portion of the ventilating current.

To SPLIT THE AIR, To divide the ventilating current.SI'OFT-JllOUTlI, A place on a level rO:td where the material

from a spout 1'Oa(1 is filled into the hutches.

SPOUT-ROAD, A cundie. A roau so stcep that the mineralslides down of itself to a level.

SPRAG, A rod put into waggon or hutch wheels to act as adrag; a snibblc; a strut against the coal-face.

SPRING-DOG, A spring hook used on a winding or haulagerope.

SPUR, or SPURIUNG, A support to the holed coal; a portionof the holing left unholed to support the coal till therest of the holing is completed.

SQUIll, A straw or tube of paper filled with gunpowder forfiring a shot.

STAGE, A narrow whin dyke or gaw, more particularly wherethe material of which the dyke is composed is soft.

STAIR-PIT, A pit in which there is a stair or ladders. Anescape pit.

STALK, A boiler chimney.STAJ\lP,A hole or mark in the roof of a working from which

measurements may be taken.STANCE, A platform on which the men stand when working

the lever in mineral boring.STANDING, Not in operation.STApPING, A mode of wedging down coal across the working

face.

See

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STEAM-JET, A jet of steam discharging in an upcast shaft toproduce ventilation.

To STEG, To stop or retard.To STEG THE CLEEK, To retard or stop the winding; to stop

the work.STEJlI:\lER, A tamping rod.STEMMING, Tamping.STENT, Taut.STENTING-BOGIE, A wheeled waggon or bogie carrying a

pulley round which the haulage rope is passed, tensionof the haulage rope being secured by the bogie beingpulled in the opposite direction by a heavy weight.

STEP, A hitch or dislocation of the strata.STERLIE, A drum or wheel on a self-acting incline.STIFF, Dense; tough, e"g., stiff c!ny.STERNY, Rough; coarse grained or crystalline, e.g., sterny

limestone.STEY, Steep; highly inclined.STIFLE, Noxious gas resulting from an underground fire.STONEHEAD, Rockhead, which see.STONE lIIINE, A mine driven in barren strata.STOOK AND COIL, or } A mode of wedging rocks.STOOK AND FEATHERS, Plug and Feathers.STOOL-PIPE, STOOL-PIECE. The pipe on which a column of

pipes rests.STOOP, A pillar.STOOP AND ROOllI, PILLAR AND STALL, or POST AND STALL, A

system of working by which mineral is extracted fromits bed in a series of galleries or rooms leaving pillarsor stoops to support the roof.

STOOP AND THIRL, Old name for stoop and j·oom.STOOPED, The pillars or stoops extracted.STOOPED WASTE, Stoop and room workings where the pillars

have been worked out.STOOPING, The process of extracting stoops.STOPPING, A wall of rubbish, brick, deals, or brattice cloth

to direct the ventilating current.STOUR, Dust.

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To STUW, To fill up with debris.STO'YAGB, or STOWING. In longwall, the space from which

the mineral has been extracted and which has beenfilled with debris.

STO>Y ROAD, An abanc~oned road in which debris is stowed.STRAIT, Narrow; in the solid.STRAP, A plank supported at each end to uphold the roof

strata.STRAW, or STUAB, a fuse composed of a straw filled with

gunpowder.STRBEK, STREAK, or STHETCH, The strike; level COUl'se.STRIKE-BOARD 01: STRIKE-TREE, A bmtrd at the top of ,1, sink­

ing pit on which the sinking barrel is tipped. Formerlythe beam or plank at the pit-top on which the creelswere landed.

STRONG, Hard; not easily broken, e.g., stl'01tg coal, strongblaes.

STROUP, A spout.STRUM, Safety fuse.STUDY, An anvil.

'j'o STUGG, To take down coal with the pick only.STUFFING·BOX, A box packed with hemp or other material

through which rams or rods work.STYTHE, The smell of spontaneous combustion; chokedamp;

afterdamp.SUB, SUBSIST, or SUBSISTENCE, Payment of wages to account.SUBLEASE, A lease to a third party by one who is a lessee.

To SUBLET, }To SUBSET, To let by a leaseholder.

SUCTION, or SUCTION PIPE, The tail pipe of a pump; thatpart of a pump where the water enters.

SUMP, A space in the bottom of a shaft for holding water.SUlIIPER, or SUlIIPING-SHOT, A shot for breaking up the bot­

tom or floor.SUMPING, Cutting down into the floor, or, in sinking, cutting

down at the lowest part of the shaft.SURFACE, The top of the ground; the soil, clay, &0., on the

top of strata.

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SURFACE mtK\K, The disturbance or sinking of the stratareaching to the surface which is consequent on theworking of coal by longwall, or the extraction ofstoops in stoop-and-rooltl working.

SURFACE DAMAGE:>, Ground occupied and damaged bycollieryoperations; the compensation payable for such.

SURFACE WATER, ,Yater running into underground worldngsfrom the surface of the ground.

SWALLOW. See Row.SwARF, A tool for widening bore-holes.SWIPE, A crossing switch.SWORD, A rod connecting a pump bucket with the foot rod.TABLE, A platform or plate on which coals are screed and

picked.TACK, A lease.TACKSlIIAN, A lessee.

To TAIGLE THE CLEEK, To interfere with the working of the pit.TAIL, The end or edge, as of water.TAILCIIAIN, A chain by which a horse hauls hutches or wag-

gons. Putters in former times also used a iailchain.TAIL Q}' LEVEL, The delivery end of a water level.TAIL OF WATER, The edge of standing water in workings.TAIL-PIPE, The suction pipe of a pump.TAIL-ROPE, The rope in the tail-rope system of haulage for

pulling back the main rope and empty hutches.TAIL-ROPE HAULAGE, A system of rope haulage by which

the full hutches, with the tail rope attached behind,are drawn by a main rope passing over a drum, andthe empty hutches, with main rope attached, aredrawn back again by the tail rope passing over an­other drum.

TALLY, A pin or token sent up by the miner with his hutch ofmineral.

TEASER, An iron rod for stirring a boiler furnace.TEETHED, Having a serrated or teeth-like appearance. Miners

speak of their coal face being teethed or on teeth when itis ad"ancing half end half plane.

THEATS, A horse's draw-chains.

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THIMBLE, The ring or collar which slips over :1 heartjoint. See Fi.q. 1:1.

THIRL, or THIRLING, A drift connecting two rooms; an end.To THIRL, To cut through; to make a connection.

THROUGHER, A room driven between two levels or main­roads for ventilation; an end.

-THROW, A fault or dislocation in strata.TICKET, An old measure for coals. The Campbeltown tideet

was about 300 Ibs. weight.TILL, or TILLS, Homogeneous fire-clay or blaes; boulder clay.TIP, The place where waggons are tilted up Oil a debris or

other heap.TIPPER, A tumbler.TIRR, or TIRRING, The covering on rock in a quarry.

'1'0 TIRR, To remove the covering from the rock in a quarry.",Yhen a seam is holed in material above it, it is some­times said to be tilTed.

ToOM, Empty.Top COAL, The uppermost of two or more divisions of a seam

of coal.TOP-PLY, TOP-LEAF, or TOPS, The upper division of a seam.TOP-ROD, The rod connecting the uppormost pump rod to

the bellcrankTop-wATER, "'Yater flowing into a higher lodgment.Tow, The winding rope, which before the introduction of

iron or steel ropes was made of hemp or tow.TRAILER, A jock, which see.TRAIN, A race or set of hutches or waggons, being the

number that the circumstances allow to be hauled atonce.

TRAMMER, A drawer.TRAM, A wheeled carriage; a bogie.TRAMS, The shafts of a cart or barrow. The side pieces of

the frame of a hutch or waggon.TRAJlI-PLATES, Cast-iron flanged rails or plates for cart roads.TRAlII-RAILS, Flanged rails for hutch roads.TRAM-ROAD, A road laid with cast-iron flanged rails, usually

for carts. .

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TRAlIlP, A foot plate.TRAP-DOOR, A door in an underground road for directing the

ventilating current.TRAPPER, A boy who opens and shuts a trap-door.THAI>s, Short ladders in a shaft.TRAVEL, The length of stroke of a pump.TIUVELLING IWAD, A road ncar an engine haulage road

for men to travel in; a road for men only.TREE, A prop.TREED, Supported by props.Tlmss, A trestle; the fulcrum for the lever used in boring.TlUAXGLE, A three-legged derrick for hoisting rods in boring.TRIG, A piece of wood laid in front of a waggon wheel to

stop its motion.1'0 TRDI, To arrange by hand the coals on a truck while

being loaded; to clean lamps.TIUlmnm, One who arranges coal in waggons while being

lo,tded; one who cleans lamps.TlUPING, Now usually coal as it comes from the miner;

formerly, and in some cases still, coal from which thelarge lumps have been separated. ·Where the lattermeaning is given to the word, coal as it comes fromthe miner is distinguished by the term cleek coal.

TROUBLE, A general name given to faults or hitches; a rollin roof or pavement, or both, forming a partial want.

TROUGH, A hollow or undulation in a mineral field, or in amineral working.

TROW, or TROWS, A channel made of wood for conveyingwater.

TIWWIIOLE, or TROWROAD, A cundie; a steep road, downwhich mineral is shot instead of being loaded inhutches.

TRUCK, A waggon.TRUlIIPETING. See Ragglillg.TUB, A hutch; a box.TUBBING, The watertight lining of a shaft, formerly wood,

now chiefly cast-iron.TUBBING-DEALS, Deals put behind tubbing in a shaft.

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TUBING, Sheet-iron lining of a bore-hole.TUMBLER, Tipping apparatus for tubs or waggons.TUMBLING-CRANK, A crank on the end of the pumping shaft

for giving reciprocating motion.TUMBLING-TOM, Tipping apparatus for hutches.TUMPHY, Coaly fire-clay.TURN, A curved rail; the arrangement of rails, sleepers and

pulleys at a curve on a haulage road.UNDERCAST, The lower of two air courses at an air crossing.UNDER-DIP COALS, Coal under the level of the bottom of the

engine pit.UNDERLIE, The angle of slope of the veize of a slip.UPCAST, The pit by which the ventilating current returns to

the surface.UPPER-LEAF, The upper portion of a seam which is separated

by a parting into two portions.UPSET, A short working place driven to the ris~.

UPTHROW, A slip or hitch throwing a seam to a higherlevel.

UPSTANDING, A term applied to stoop and room workings todenote that the pillars are in a sound condition, andthe roof not fallen.

Up STOOP, A working room is up stoop or in stoop when itslength is equal to the side of the pillar to be formed.

VEAL, or VOUN, A water box or chest, usually on wheels, forremoving water.

VEALING, or VOUNING, Chesting; getting out water by meansof veals.

VmzE, VEES, VISE, The line of fracture of a fault or hitch.VEES. See TVeese.Vl£NT, A chimney; a return airway.

To VENT, To have room to pass away.VERNIER cmIPAss, A mining compass for measuring ailgles

without the use of the magnetic needle. .VIRGIN }'IELD, A mineral field untouched or solid.

To 'YAFF, or 'YAFT, Tu fan out. Fire-damp was formerlyexpelled from the working rooms by waiJing.

'YAGGON, A truck

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'WAGGON, A measure of weight equal to 24 ewt.. Coal sold fordelivery in carts is usually sold by the waggon of24 cwt,

,YAGGONER, A man in charge of a horse who arranges rail­way trucks in pit sidings.

,VALL, The working face in long-wall working. In formertimes the working place in a stoop-and-room workingwas also called the coal-leal!.

,YALIrCOAL, Breast coal; the middle division of three in aseam, the other two being termed top coal and groundcoal.

,YALL CUTTING, Side cutting or shearing the solid coal inopening out working places; trimming the sides of asinking pit.

,YALL-FACE, The face of the coal wall; the working face.,YALLI!\G, The lmilt sides of a shaft.,YALL-PLATE, Vertical strips of wood supporting the ends of

the buntons in a wood-lined shaft.'VANDlWING COAL, A coal seam that exists only over a small

area ; an irregular seam of coal.'VANT, Barren ground; an interruption of a seam unac­

companied by a slip. A want when encountered hasoften the appearance of the roof and pavement beingmet.

'VARNING, Notice, given or received, of a workman leavinghis employment.

WARPED, Irregularly bedded, or plicated.'VASHING J\JACHI!\E, A machine for separating dirt from

small coal by means of water.'VASTE, Cotton refuse for cleaning machinery.WASTE, ,Vorkings; in long-wall, the space from which

mineral has been extracted; in stoop-and-room, thearea formed into pillars. The area from whichthe pillars have been removed is called stooped7caste.

'VASTINGS, 'Vorkings.,VASTE-ROOM, An abandoned working place.,VASTE-\YATER, 'Vater from old workings.

71

'VATER-BALANCE, An arrangement by which a descendingtank of water raises mineral in a shaft by a ropepassed over a pulley. Sometimes used where wateris abundant and can be run off at the pit bottom bymeans of a day-level.

"rATER BARREL, A barrel for drawing water in sinking pits.'VATER BLAST, The violent escape of confined air up through

water in a shaft; the llisclut~'ge of water down a shaftto produce or quicken ventilation.

'VATER-ENGINI" An engine used exclusively for pumpingwater.

'VATER-GAUGE, A U-shaped glass tube for measuring thedifference of pressure between the intake and returnair; an indicator showing the quantity of water in asteam boile~'; a notched board for measuring fio\v ofwater.

'VATER-GIN, A gin actuated by a water wheel. See Fi,q. 20.

Fig. 20. 'Vater Gin.

WATER-LEVEL, A mine driven from the surface by whichworkings above its level are drained; a road drivenon the strike of a seam to carry off water.

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WATER-i\IACHINE, A pump or other appliance actuated bya water wheel for raising water.

'IYATER-RING, A channel cut around a shaft for carrying allthe water to the dip end or to the hasson.

'IVATER-WAY, A mine for water.'IVATER-WAY, The ltrea in a clack or bucket for the passage

of water.'IYAY-END, The inner extremity of the wooden railways

formerly used in mines.'IVAYLEAVE, A right-of-wlty granted by a proprietor for the

passage through his lands of mineral from other lands.'IVEE, The plane, which see.'IVEESE, An iron joint-ring covered with fhtnnel, and tarred

or tallowed, for insertion between pump pipes.'IYEIGH>;, A weigh-bridge; a waggon-weighing machine.'IVEIGHT, The pressure of the upper strata on the coal face,

by which, if the working is systematically carriedon, the excavating of the mineral is facilitated.

'IVEDGING-CRIB, A ring of wood or iron bedded on rock in ashaft, and on which tubbing rests, the escape of waterunder it being prevented by the space behind it beingfilled with pieces of wood inserted endways, andtightly wedged with wooden wedges.

'IVET-RODS, Pump rods inside the pipes in a bucket lift.'IVHEEL-TREE, A prop to which the pulley on a short self­

acting incline is fastened.'IVHEEL-BRAE, A self-acting incline; a cousie.'IVHEEL-MAN, The man who attends to the wheel or

drum at an incline.'IVHIN, Greenstone; trap rock; igneous rock.'IVHIN-DYKE, A dyke or wall of igneous rock.'IVHIN-FLOAT, An intruded bed, or overflow on the surface, of

igneous rock,'IVHIN-GAW, A narrow dyke of whin.'IVHIRLEY, A hutch, hurley, or tub.'IVHITE-DAlIIP, Carbonic oxide.'IVHIn: HORRE, Intruded white trap in a coal seam.,YIIITE ROPE, Gaskin; hemp packing.

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WHORLS, Pithead pulleys.'VHORLED, The cage is said to be 1choTled when it is drawn

up to or over the pulleys.WILD-COAL, A thin seam of inferior coal.'VILD-FIRE, Fire-damp.

To vVIN, To have the command of or be in a position to work.A seam is said to be 1con when a pit is sunk, or amine driven to it, and the pit or mine is said to winall to the rise of the level.

To WIN OUT, To widen out, as where longwall working isbeing commenced.

VVINNING, A pit and its associated fittings and machinery.'VINCH, A crab j a crane.

To VVIND (pronounced wynd), To draw up the pit rope.VVINDING, Raising mineral in a shaft.WIND-BORE, A suction pipe.VVINDLASS, A rope roll or drum with handles, now used in

sinking shallow pits, and formerly used in windingfrom shallow pits.

'VING, The point plate of a tram crossing.WING BORE, A side or flank bore in a working place approach­

ing old workings.WINGED PILLARS, Pillars which have been reduced III

si;r,e.VVORKING, Name given to the whole strata excavated III

working a seam. See Fig. 19.VVORKING, Making a noise before falling down, such as holed

coal at the face, or 'unsupported roof strata.'VORKING-BARREL, That part of a pump in which the bucket

moves.'VORKING PLACE, } The place where the miner is excavating'YORKING FACE, the mineral.'YORKING RATE, The rate per ton paid to a miner.'VORKINGS, Excavations j places from which mineral has

been worked j the area within which excavationshave boen made. "

"TRECK, A break-down, as in a shaft or on an incline.'VUl\IBLE or 'VIlIIBLE, A borer's tool.

74

\VYPEI:-SHAFT, A rocking shaft usually actuated by theeccentric rod of a steam engine, and giving motion tothe slide valve.

1'0 YOKE, To resume work.YOLK COAL, or YOLKS, Free or soft coal.