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Globelics Academy 2015Tampere, Finland
Knowledge, innovation and inclusive development
Judith SutzUniversidad de la República
Innovation is being shaken by conceptual hurricanes and institutionals winds
(Relatively) new conceptsUser-driven innovations Public-sector driven innovationSocial-related innovationpro-por innovation grass-root innovation frugal innovation co-producción of knowledge (Ostrom)
New concepts incorporated to old and
new institutionsThe OECD and inclusive innovationThe World Bank and pro-poor innovationThe EU and socially oriented innovationThe Nordic Frugal Innovation Society (TNFIS)The Honey-Bee Network
Why is this so? Perhaps because “smart growth” has proven to be socially uneven
Poverty continues to be a huge world problem, but…
“If our paramount interest is in the lives that people canlead –the freedom they have to lead minimally decentlives- (…) we must look at impoverished lives,and not just at depleted wallets.” (Sen, 2000)
This implies that the eventual trickle-down effect ofeconomic growth is not enough (and so STI for such growth
is not enough either). Other dimensions must be taken into account. Inequality is paramount among them.
Inequality is growing all over the world
In the 1990s (IDB, 1998)
REGIONS Income perceived by the richer 5% (as a % of the total income)
Income perceived by the poorer 30%(as a % of the total income)
Difference PBI per capita (U$S dollars)
Africa 24 10 14 =~ 500
South East Asia
16 13 3 =~ 10.500
Rest of Asia 18 12 6 =~ 2.500
Latin America 25 6 19 =~ 4.500
Industrialized countries
13 13 0 =~ 14.500
Present times
Source: Piketty, 2014: 231
Source: Piketty, 2014: 233.
Does knowledge and innovation relate to impoverished lives and to
inequality?
A knowledge based inequality prevails in contemporary world (Tilly, 2005)
First Framework: a taxonomy of exclusions (Sen, 2000)
Constitutive exclusion: a deprivation of intrinsic importance on its own.
Instrumental exclusion: may not be impoverishing in itself, but can lead to impoverishment of human life through consequences of great instrumental importance.
Active exclusion: comes about through policies directly aimed at that result.
Passive exclusion: comes about through policies that have not been devised to bring about that result.
Sen’s exclusion taxonomy in matrix form with examples related to innovation
Constitutive and ActiveTRIPS agreements affecting access to generic drugs
Instrumental and ActiveUtilization of genetic data to exclude from jobs or from insurance
Constitutive and Passive The 90/10 gap The prohibitive costs of
some medical equipment
Instrumental and PassiveGaps or “divides” stemming from different rhythms of diffusion of innovations
POWER
POWER
Second Framework: highlighting the need for capacity to innovate in scarcity conditions
Solutions acquired through imports
Some problemssolved locally
Solutions do notfit developingcountries “borderconditions”
No solutions at all(neglected deseases)
Problemssolved in HICs
Problems not addressedor solved in HICs
Problems in the South with suitable solutions
Problems in the South without suitable solutions
Examples of successful innovations in “scarcity conditions”
Lamp of blue lightto treat newbornjaundice
First synthetic vacccineto treat Haemophilus influenzae type b
Solar light throughplastic bottles
The “Rolls-Royce” of human milk pasteurizers
What may happen when social policies are implemented looking mainly to the first cell
(solutions through imports)?
Trade deficit in the Brazilian health sector
Third Framework: enhancing the “collective power” of knowledge and lowering its
“distributive power” (Michael Mann) i) Distributive power: mastery exercised over other
peopleii) Collective power: cooperation to enhance joint power
over third parties or over nature Knowledge as power is both distributive andcollective In the “capitalist knowledge society” the distributivepower of knowledge overpowers its collective power Democratizing knowledge implies enhancing itscollective power Democratizing knowledge is crucial to advance
towards innovation for an inclusive development
Fighting social exclusion through innovation needs at least the following:
To identify the possible links between a given type of exclusion and innovation: setting the problem
To develop a strategy to address the identified problem: designing a specific innovation policy
To implement the policy: producing the innovation
To embed the innovation in social life
A circuit depicting the process of innovation for social inclusion
Alzugaray et al,2011
Two specific challenges
The agency challenge Who can identify the
problems of social inclusion that need research and innovation in order to be solved?
How can voice be given to those who need the solutions that research and innovation can provide?
The agenda challenge What interests shape the
agendas of research, knowledge production and innovation?
How can these agendas be “persuaded” to include concrete concerns about social inclusion?
Social policies may fulfill the agency challenge if…
Innovation policies may fulfillthe agenda challenge if…
Social policies “as” innovation policies; innovation policies “as” social policies
Final remarks Enhancing the collective power of knowledge by
democratizing it is crucial for: empowering innovation performed in informal settings better articulating these innovation with diverse formal
circuits widening the scope of academic research agendas widening as well the scope of public policies
(productive, STI and social) For that, Inclusive Systems of Innovation are needed.
Building them is a great challenge ahead. Here, the Globelics community –to which you belong
now- comes in. Let’s share the happiness of such pursuit (Hirschman)