Globalization and language teachingGlobalization and language teaching

David BlockDavid Block

Institute of EducationInstitute of Education

University of LondonUniversity of London

d.block@ioe.ac.ukd.block@ioe.ac.uk

Plan of actionPlan of action

The rise of CLT/TBLT The rise of CLT/TBLT CLT/TBLT as globalized CLT/TBLT as globalized

phenomenon phenomenon The global TEIL textbook and The global TEIL textbook and

commodified identities commodified identities ConclusionConclusion

(1) CLT was about new ways of (1) CLT was about new ways of viewing language education in viewing language education in

modern societiesmodern societies In the aftermath of anti-establishment movements with In the aftermath of anti-establishment movements with

explicit anti-institutional implications..., educational explicit anti-institutional implications..., educational approaches which called for the de-schooling of approaches which called for the de-schooling of society ... or, in its less radical forms, for a basic society ... or, in its less radical forms, for a basic humanizing of technocratic and de-humanizing schools, humanizing of technocratic and de-humanizing schools, had gained ground. To humanize schools would require had gained ground. To humanize schools would require an orientation towards ‘holistic’ education, which aimed an orientation towards ‘holistic’ education, which aimed to promote growth in intrapersonal awareness and to promote growth in intrapersonal awareness and interpersonal sharing as well as intellectual development. interpersonal sharing as well as intellectual development. (Legutke and Thomas, 1991: 36) (Legutke and Thomas, 1991: 36)

(2) There was a change in how (2) There was a change in how language was conceivedlanguage was conceived

The shift from an exclusive focus on grammar The shift from an exclusive focus on grammar (syntax, morphology and phonology) and lexis to (syntax, morphology and phonology) and lexis to communicative competence (Hymes, 1971)communicative competence (Hymes, 1971)

Michael Halliday’s (1973) early form of functional Michael Halliday’s (1973) early form of functional linguistics was influential at this time.linguistics was influential at this time.

There was an interest in the work of John Austin There was an interest in the work of John Austin (1962) and John Searle (1965) and the (1962) and John Searle (1965) and the development of ‘speech act theory’development of ‘speech act theory’

(3) There was a change in language (3) There was a change in language teaching practicesteaching practices

Information gapInformation gap

It is necessarily inherently good to speak and to It is necessarily inherently good to speak and to do so as frequently as possibledo so as frequently as possible

One learns to speak by speaking One learns to speak by speaking

CLT/TBLT as globalized CLT/TBLT as globalized phenomenonphenomenon

CLT/TBLT as CLT/TBLT as ideoscapeideoscape, i.e. a global flow of , i.e. a global flow of ideas about language teaching and learning.ideas about language teaching and learning.

Ideologically loaded- related to sets of beliefs Ideologically loaded- related to sets of beliefs and feelings about the best way to conceptualise and feelings about the best way to conceptualise language, communication and language language, communication and language Ideologies are always and necessarily Ideologies are always and necessarily constructed in the interests of a particular group constructed in the interests of a particular group or groups (in this case, the academic and or groups (in this case, the academic and educational communities propagating educational communities propagating CLT/TBLT) CLT/TBLT)

Clash of ideologiesClash of ideologies ‘‘[j]ust as the technologically and economically developed [j]ust as the technologically and economically developed

nations of the West (or centre) hold an unfair monopoly nations of the West (or centre) hold an unfair monopoly over less developed (or periphery) communities in over less developed (or periphery) communities in industrial products, similar relations characterize the industrial products, similar relations characterize the marketing of language teaching methods’ (Canagarajah, marketing of language teaching methods’ (Canagarajah, 2002: 135).2002: 135).

New approaches to language teaching are New approaches to language teaching are disembedded, i.e. lifted out of their source contexts (e.g. disembedded, i.e. lifted out of their source contexts (e.g. US, UK) and then taken up elsewhere in the world.US, UK) and then taken up elsewhere in the world.

This assumes that their form and content transcend This assumes that their form and content transcend spatio-temporal contexts (Giddens, 1990)spatio-temporal contexts (Giddens, 1990)

There is seldom any dialogue between exporters of new There is seldom any dialogue between exporters of new approaches and their importers.approaches and their importers.

There is no discussion, not only of the form and content There is no discussion, not only of the form and content of approaches, but also of their ideological of approaches, but also of their ideological underpinnings. underpinnings.

Reconciling the global and the localReconciling the global and the local

glocalization, glocalization, taken from the world of business in taken from the world of business in Japan, means marketing goods and services on Japan, means marketing goods and services on a global basis by catering to local particularities. a global basis by catering to local particularities. Here, it conveys the idea that the global does Here, it conveys the idea that the global does not merely overwhelm or swallow the local; not merely overwhelm or swallow the local; rather, syntheses emerge from contacts rather, syntheses emerge from contacts between the global and the local via a processes between the global and the local via a processes involving the ‘interpenetrating’ of the ‘particular’ involving the ‘interpenetrating’ of the ‘particular’ and the ‘universal’ (Robertson, 1995: 30). and the ‘universal’ (Robertson, 1995: 30).

  

Glocalization processes in ELTGlocalization processes in ELT

… … involve a call for local teachers to work out involve a call for local teachers to work out their own solutions, appropriating what they their own solutions, appropriating what they deem suitable from globally circulating ideas deem suitable from globally circulating ideas about language education in the development of about language education in the development of locally-generated pedagogical practices. locally-generated pedagogical practices.

But there seems to be a near-exclusive focus on But there seems to be a near-exclusive focus on Anglophone countries or English-dominant Anglophone countries or English-dominant educational environments. educational environments.

But see But see e.g. Cheiron McMahill’s ‘grass-roots e.g. Cheiron McMahill’s ‘grass-roots feminist English classes’ in Japan.feminist English classes’ in Japan.

The global TEIL textbook and The global TEIL textbook and commodified identiticommodified identities es

Some publishers provide lists of proscribed topics, while Some publishers provide lists of proscribed topics, while others rely informally on the acronym PARSNIP (politics, others rely informally on the acronym PARSNIP (politics, alcohol, religion, sex, narcotics, isms, and pork) as a rule of alcohol, religion, sex, narcotics, isms, and pork) as a rule of thumb. One publisher’s list I saw contained some thirty items thumb. One publisher’s list I saw contained some thirty items to be avoided or handled only with extreme care. This to be avoided or handled only with extreme care. This included alcohol, anarchy, Aids, Israel and six pointed stars, included alcohol, anarchy, Aids, Israel and six pointed stars, politics, religion, racism, sex, science when it involves politics, religion, racism, sex, science when it involves altering nature, e.g. genetic engineering, terrorism, and altering nature, e.g. genetic engineering, terrorism, and violence. (Gray, 2002: 159)violence. (Gray, 2002: 159)

By contrast, what does seem to be allowed are sanitized By contrast, what does seem to be allowed are sanitized presentations of various aspects of national cultures (their presentations of various aspects of national cultures (their geography, social norms, history, iconography and so on), in geography, social norms, history, iconography and so on), in effect the traditional content of foreign language textbookseffect the traditional content of foreign language textbooks

However, today new textbooks and new editions However, today new textbooks and new editions of older textbooks include more and more of older textbooks include more and more references to an emergent global culturereferences to an emergent global culture

And foundational to this shift in emphasis has And foundational to this shift in emphasis has been the commodification of the English been the commodification of the English language, and as I will argue the concomitant language, and as I will argue the concomitant branding of English speaking identities which branding of English speaking identities which learners can aspire to as cosmopolitan learners can aspire to as cosmopolitan consumers on the global stage. consumers on the global stage.

For Heller, the commodification of language For Heller, the commodification of language means a shift from a valuing of language for its means a shift from a valuing of language for its basic communicative function and more emotive basic communicative function and more emotive associations- national identity, cultural identity, associations- national identity, cultural identity, the authentic spirit of a people and so on- to the authentic spirit of a people and so on- to valuing it for what is means in the globalized, valuing it for what is means in the globalized, deregulated, hyper-competitive, post-industrial deregulated, hyper-competitive, post-industrial ‘new work order’ in which we now live (Gee, Hull ‘new work order’ in which we now live (Gee, Hull and Lankshear, 1996; Cameron, 2002). and Lankshear, 1996; Cameron, 2002).

In other words, it means a shift from language as In other words, it means a shift from language as use-value to language as exchange-value. use-value to language as exchange-value.

However, as Lash and Lury (2007: 6) note, commodities However, as Lash and Lury (2007: 6) note, commodities ‘have no relationships' and ‘they only have value in the ‘have no relationships' and ‘they only have value in the way that they resemble every other commodity’. way that they resemble every other commodity’.

English as the consumer good called ‘global English’ is English as the consumer good called ‘global English’ is understood to be vaguely the same thing in different understood to be vaguely the same thing in different educational contexts around the world. It is the language educational contexts around the world. It is the language for communication in business and leisure settings that for communication in business and leisure settings that everyone needs to know in the age of globalization.everyone needs to know in the age of globalization.

There arises, therefore, a need to bring English alive, to There arises, therefore, a need to bring English alive, to make it more attractive and ultimately more saleable.make it more attractive and ultimately more saleable.

In order to inject commodities with life, advertisers brand In order to inject commodities with life, advertisers brand them, i.e. they link them to particular world views, them, i.e. they link them to particular world views, behaviours and artefacts, developing in the process behaviours and artefacts, developing in the process narratives which over time become recognizable to the narratives which over time become recognizable to the public as ways of life and lifestyle options that can be public as ways of life and lifestyle options that can be opted into or abandoned, depending on circumstances. opted into or abandoned, depending on circumstances.

CosmopolitanismCosmopolitanism ‘‘home plus’ (Hannerz ,1996)- the individual wants the home plus’ (Hannerz ,1996)- the individual wants the

place he/she is visiting to have one or two exotic place he/she is visiting to have one or two exotic attractions but for the most part wants everything else attractions but for the most part wants everything else (e.g. the standard of accommodation, the transportation (e.g. the standard of accommodation, the transportation facilities, the nature and quality of services and in some facilities, the nature and quality of services and in some cases, even the food) to be the same as it would be at cases, even the food) to be the same as it would be at home. home.

Cultural cosmopolitanism should be understood as the Cultural cosmopolitanism should be understood as the capacity to mediate between national cultures, capacity to mediate between national cultures, communities of fate communities of fate (sic) (sic) and alternative styles of life. It and alternative styles of life. It encompasses the possibility of dialogue with traditions encompasses the possibility of dialogue with traditions and discourses of others with the aim of expanding and discourses of others with the aim of expanding horizons of one’s own framework of meaning and horizons of one’s own framework of meaning and prejudice. (Held, 2002: 57-58)prejudice. (Held, 2002: 57-58)

aesthetic cosmopolitanismaesthetic cosmopolitanism … … an engagement with the ‘Other’ which goes deeper an engagement with the ‘Other’ which goes deeper

than the superficiality of Hannerz’s home-plus but does than the superficiality of Hannerz’s home-plus but does not attain moral high ground implied in Held’s ‘cultural not attain moral high ground implied in Held’s ‘cultural cosmopolitanism’. cosmopolitanism’.

This cosmopolitanism is driven by a desire to consume This cosmopolitanism is driven by a desire to consume the ‘Other’- cuisine, sight-seeing, music, and cinema and the ‘Other’- cuisine, sight-seeing, music, and cinema and so on- and is the domain with those members of society so on- and is the domain with those members of society with sufficient economic capital to afford to do sowith sufficient economic capital to afford to do so

Success as centralSuccess as central

Success associated with celebritySuccess associated with celebrity non-celebrities who are successfulnon-celebrities who are successful ‘‘A steady, durable and continuous, logically A steady, durable and continuous, logically

coherent and tightly structured working career coherent and tightly structured working career is ... no longer a widely available option’ is ... no longer a widely available option’ (Bauman, 2005: 27) (Bauman, 2005: 27)

‘‘Clare Davis, 26, resigned from her job as a Clare Davis, 26, resigned from her job as a geography teacher in secondary school and geography teacher in secondary school and started retraining as plumber’ … ‘Lorna started retraining as plumber’ … ‘Lorna Whitwort, 29, and husband Ian gave up their Whitwort, 29, and husband Ian gave up their jobs in the city of London ... and moved to the jobs in the city of London ... and moved to the country to run a small hotel ...’ (Cunningham and country to run a small hotel ...’ (Cunningham and Moor, 2005: 52). Moor, 2005: 52).

The conflation of the private and the The conflation of the private and the public in ELT materialspublic in ELT materials

Under the heading ‘Life stories’: Under the heading ‘Life stories’:

Work in pairs. Have you got any brothers or sisters? In Work in pairs. Have you got any brothers or sisters? In what ways are you similar/different? Which of your what ways are you similar/different? Which of your parents/grandparents do you take after? ... parents/grandparents do you take after? ...

Under the heading: ‘Social behaviour’ Under the heading: ‘Social behaviour’

You go out to a restaurant for dinner. Do you: a. dress You go out to a restaurant for dinner. Do you: a. dress up? b. wear smart casual clothes? C. wear traditional up? b. wear smart casual clothes? C. wear traditional dress of your country? D. wear whatever you feel like?’ dress of your country? D. wear whatever you feel like?’

Under the heading: ‘How socially responsible are you?’Under the heading: ‘How socially responsible are you?’

Would you ... hand in a wallet that you found in the Would you ... hand in a wallet that you found in the street? ... park in a disabled parking space? ... drop street? ... park in a disabled parking space? ... drop litter? ...’ litter? ...’

(Cunningham and Moor, 2005: 36, 74, 96) (Cunningham and Moor, 2005: 36, 74, 96)

ConclusionConclusion There is the idea that the ever-increasing inter-There is the idea that the ever-increasing inter-

connectedness of the world, one of the most connectedness of the world, one of the most cited characteristics of globalization, means that cited characteristics of globalization, means that the uptake of CLT/TBLT, the commodification of the uptake of CLT/TBLT, the commodification of English as a necessary skill and the positioning English as a necessary skill and the positioning of learners as cosmopolitan global citizens/ of learners as cosmopolitan global citizens/ consumers is likely to continue and even consumers is likely to continue and even increase in coming yearsincrease in coming years

But this idea rests on two assumptions:But this idea rests on two assumptions: 1) that English will remain 1) that English will remain the the global language. global language. 2) that the Anglophone countries, in particular 2) that the Anglophone countries, in particular

the US, will continue to exercise a considerable the US, will continue to exercise a considerable (though by no means complete) dominance over (though by no means complete) dominance over global forces and flows (technology, the media global forces and flows (technology, the media finance and so on)finance and so on)

However, US cultural, economic and political hegemony However, US cultural, economic and political hegemony in the world could be on the wane along with many of the in the world could be on the wane along with many of the assumptions which people around the world have made assumptions which people around the world have made over the past 60 years. There could be changes in store over the past 60 years. There could be changes in store as regards the following:as regards the following:

1) what languages are most studied globally1) what languages are most studied globally 2) how languages are taught2) how languages are taught 3) the kinds of teaching materials employed 3) the kinds of teaching materials employed But, it may well be that no such changes occur.But, it may well be that no such changes occur. Far more likely, however, is a future falling somewhere in Far more likely, however, is a future falling somewhere in

between these two alternatives: a more recognizably between these two alternatives: a more recognizably multipolar world (including grass-roots language teaching multipolar world (including grass-roots language teaching methodologies) than exists at present, but one in which methodologies) than exists at present, but one in which the English language and the influence of the the English language and the influence of the Anglophone nation states will continue to be important. Anglophone nation states will continue to be important.