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The Global Water Crisis and Missouri S&T’s Chapter of Engineers Without Borders
MO-AWWA/MWEA Joint Conference 2015Mark Hogan
About Me – Mark Hogan
• Senior in Environmental Engineering• Minor: Global Studies
2 Source: http://mst.edu/
About Me – Mark Hogan
• Senior in Environmental Engineering• Minor: Global Studies
• Water Environment Federation (WEF) • 2012-2014: Missouri Stream Team
Coordinator
3
About Me – Mark Hogan
• Senior in Environmental Engineering• Minor: Global Studies
• Water Environment Federation (WEF) • 2012-2014: Missouri Stream Team
Coordinator
• Engineers Without Borders (EWB)• 2013: Guatemala Program Leader
• Now Vice President
4
Outline
How bad is the global water crisis?
Who is doing something about it?
What is Missouri S&T doing?
Guatemala potable water project
What can you do?
6
The Water Crisis Is Everywhere
Gathering water in GhanaRodrigo de Freitas Lake – to host the rowing events for the Rio de Janiero 2016 Olympic Games
7 Source: http://thomaslee.photoshelter.com/ Source: http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/
Water Affects Health And Time
• Lack of clean drinking water affects not only health, but also TIME
• Women and children spend 140 MILLION HOURS each day collecting water.
• How many minutes have passed?• It is estimated that a child dies from
water borne illnesses every minute.
8 Source: http://water.org/water-crisis/water-facts/women/
Safe Work Hours• 140 MILLION HOURS = 20 empire state buildings
• How many companies have 1 million safe work hours?• 2 million safe work hours?
• 3 million safe work hours?
• Imagine what could be done with that time.
• For women:• Earn more family income
• For children:• More quality time at school
• Time to be a kid and play!
9 Source: http://water.org/water-crisis/water-facts/women/
Geniuses who almost didn’t get the chance to shine:• Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826)
• Orphan at 11, labored in mirror making workshop.
• Upon collapse of master’s house, soon-to-be King of Bavaria Maximillian, rescued Joseph and offered him a position at the Optical Institute.
• By 27, he was the world’s greatest designer of lenses, which paved the way for better telescopes.
• Became famous for Fraunhofer lines, which are the dark lines in the light spectrum emitted by the sun.
10 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines
Geniuses who almost didn’t get the chance to shine:
• Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920)• Real life Good Will Hunting
• Professor Hardy from Cambridge University accepted his mathematical theorems.
• Contributed to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions.
11 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan
12 Source: http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2015/#read
Outline
How bad is the global water crisis?
Who is doing something about it?
What is Missouri S&T doing?
Guatemala potable water project
What can you do?
Who is doing something about the Global Water Crisis?
14 Source: http://www.unicef.org/ http://water.org/ https://www.engineeringforchange.org https://www.globalbrigades.org http://www.ewb-usa.org/ https://www.charitywater.org/ http://www.waterforpeople.org/
• Gary White: UMR alumnus!
• What makes water.org unique?
• Approach:• Local Partners and Community
Ownership
• Appropriate Technology
• The WaterCredit Initiative
15 Source: http://water.org/
• What makes charity:water unique?
• Fundraising campaigns• Birthday donations
• Creating your own campaign profile
• Seeing exactly where your money goes
16 Source: https://www.charitywater.org/
• What makes EWB-USA unique?
• You can be directly involved:• 250+ student and professional
chapters
• Student: MU, S&T, Wash U, SLU, UMKC, KU, SIU Edwardsville, SIU Carbondale
• Professional: Gateway (STL), Kansas City, Sunflower State (Topeka)
17 Source: http://ewb-usa.org/get-involved/chapters
Outline
How bad is the global water crisis?
Who is doing something about it?
What is Missouri S&T doing?
Guatemala potable water project
What can you do?
What Is Missouri S&T Doing?• Research in India
• Focused on Water, Food, and Wellness
• Led by Dr. Daniel Oerther
• International Senior Design (Geo Eng.) • Ceramic Pot Filters (EcoFiltro)
• Led by Dr. Curt Elmore
• Engineers Without Borders• 4 programs, each with 2 or 3 ongoing projects
• 10 years strong - 10,000 lives
19
EWB-S&T: Tacachia, Bolivia
• In the Andes, 17 miles southwest of La Paz
• About 120 community members
• Potable water project• Hydraulic Ram Pumps (natural spring)
• Settling Tanks
• Ferrocement Tank
• Distribution System
• Biosand Filters
• Erosion control project• Implemented Riverbank Protection
• Almost 30 houses and 120 people
• Built by Habitat for Humanity-Bolivia
• Projects:• Flooding Counter-measures
• Well, Pump and Electricity
• Ferrocement Tank
• Distribution System
EWB-S&T Los Eucaliptos, Bolivia
• Approximately 9,000 people
Problems and their solutions:• Outdated water system designed for 3,000
people • Performed leak study
• High levels of arsenic• Drilled a 4th well, with ample production and
(luckily) low arsenic levels
• Unstable levels of chlorine (using drip)• Installed chlorine injection pumps
• Extreme hardness clogs injector parts• Backwash daily with vinegar solution
EWB-S&T Santiago, Honduras
• Approximately 3,000 people
• Goal: Establish a dependable potable water system that can be maintained• 430’ Well• Pump and Chlorination System• Elevated Tank• 7.5 Mile Distribution System
EWB-S&T Nahualate, Guatemala
Outline
How bad is the global water crisis?
Who is doing something about it?
What is Missouri S&T doing?
Guatemala potable water project
What can you do?
• Infrastructure: • Electricity• Cell phone coverage• Nearby EMS care
• Jobs: • Work on sugar cane & rubber tree
plantations• Chop and haul wood• General labor
• 3 Schools and 5+ Churches
EWB-S&T Nahualate, Guatemala
• Nahualate River: poor quality, but constant
• Canals: worse quality, also constant
• Rain Water Collection: seasonal, attracts mosquitos
• Shallow Wells: better quality, depletes in dry season
• Ceramic Pot Filters: slow operation, maintenance costs
Water Sources
Getting Started (2008-2010)
Abandoned well
Getting Started (2011)
New Well Location(Completed Sept.18, 2012)
New Well Location (2012)
WELL LOCATION
HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING
NAHUALATE, GUATEMALA
Rio Nahualate
(perennial stream)
Elev. ~ 347 m
Rio Nimaquiej
(perennial stream)
Elev. ~ 378 m
370
400
390
380
400
Elevation
In metersElevation
In meters
Drawing Not
to Scale
Well Depth:
Drilled to 430 feet
or ~131 meters
Hypothetical
piezometric
surface
Worst case
scenario
piezometric
surface
390~7 meters
~38 meters
360
350
340
330
320
310
370
380
390
300
290
280
270
Soil
Bedrock:
Quaternary
Volcanics
Well Location Elev.
~396 m
Rio Nahualate
(perennial stream)
Elev. ~ 347 m
Rio Nimaquiej
(perennial stream)
Elev. ~ 378 m
370
400
390
380
400
Elevation
In metersElevation
In meters
Well Location Elev.
~396 m
Drawing Not
to Scale
390
360
350
340
330
320
310
370
380
390
300
290
280
270
Bedrock:
Quaternary
Volcanics
115 gpm well pumping
~40 meter drawdown
piezometric surface
Drawdown
~40 meters
Static water level
piezometric surface
Contaminated
Surface WaterSoil
WELL LOCATION
HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING
NAHUALATE, GUATEMALA
Well Depth:
Drilled to 430 feet
or ~131 meters
• Located near the Church’s property, center of the community
• The well house provides shelter for: • Pump controls
• Chlorination system
• Extra supplies
New Well House
230 V
30 Gallon DrumPower Transformer
Two Metering Pumps operating at 50% capacity
Chlorine Feed
Well PumpControl Panel
120 V
Check Valves
4” Fill Line inside Well House
Two-Pump Chlorination System
Water Storage Tank(Completed May, 2014)
• The required size of the elevated tank was calculated to be 58,000 Liters (15,000 Gallons) • Size was determined for a per day
method via EPANET
• The pump will operate at 125 GPM for nearly 12 hours a day
Sizing of Water Storage Tank
The elevated tank was the most expensive single project, totaling ~$86,000
Design of Steel Elevated Tank (2013)
Designs were guided and reviewed by Roy Wall, P.E.
Lesson Learned
Lesson Learned (continued)
Success of the construction was favored by scheduling it during the dry season (note the cloudy skies upon completion).
Construction of Elevated Tank
Water Distribution System (approximately 7.5 miles)
Distribution System Map and Elevations
• Used AutoCAD Civil 3D to plot pipe locations
• Used EPANET to analyze pressure and model
• Various valves:• Gate and ball shut-off valves
• Air release valves
• Pressure reducing valves
• Most houses are <20 meters from distribution line• Individual homes will purchase a connection
Designs were guided and reviewed by Todd Williams, P.E.
Water Distribution Design (2011-2012)
EPANET pressures at peak demand
Plan and Profile Construction Drawings
Distribution System Construction (2013-ongoing)
Sustainability and Monitoring
1. Construction Manual for the Construction Manager and the Nahualate Water Committee
2. Operation & Maintenance Manual for the O&M Manager and the Nahualate Water Committee
3. Management Manual for finances and management within the Nahualate Water Committee
4. General info tri-fold brochures to keep community members updated and interested in project
Literature for the Community
EWB-S&T is partnering with Masters of Public Health (MPH) students from University of Missouri-Columbia
• July 2012 health surveys of 180 homes
• Will continue to help with the education of the community
• Health Clinic constructed by fellow volunteer group, but ran out of funding
Education
Will be in charge of:• Hiring and overseeing the O&M Manager• This is the only paid position
• Handling money - collecting fees, paying temporary laborers, etc.
• Making executive decisions
The community will contribute financially:• Installation fee: ~$15
• Monthly service fee: $3
• Community members agree that these are reasonable amounts
Water Committee = Water Utility Company
During construction and at completion of project, a local engineer visits and takes notes on our behalf
EWB-S&T and MPH will travel to community to monitor success of project
Metrics to monitor:• Health surveys by MPH• Monitoring of system water meters• Analyzing the cost and maintainability of the water
supply system• Periodic water quality tests
Monitoring the Project
Jeanny Rios:NGO Engineering Liaison
Source: http://publichealth.missouri.edu/
Outline
How bad is the global water crisis?
Who is doing something about it?
What is Missouri S&T doing?
Guatemala potable water project
What can you do?
What Can You Do?
Companies, Foundations, and Individuals Can:
52
• Give advice
• Lead training sessions on modeling software
• Network with international companies and NGOs
Who Helped EWB-S&T
How They Helped
Todd Williams (M3 Engineering)
Guatemala Distribution System
Vince Stollhans (STLMSD)
Guatemala Pump Controls
Steve Hubbs (W4P,Louisville Water Co.)
Honduras and Guatemala Chlorination
Sal Elkott (ElkottEngineering)
Bolivia Surface Water Countermeasures
Roy Wall (MECS, Inc.) Structures in Guatemala, Honduras, and Bolivia
Dan Israel (Terracon) Advise Guatemala
Kent Mace Bolivia Surveying
Craig Erdman (Geoengineers)
Bolivia Erosion Control
What Can You Do?
Companies, Foundations, and Individuals Can:
53
• Give financial support•Donations•Merchandise•Grants
• Participate in events!
Donate this week!
Source: http://www.waterforpeople.org/
Fundraising Events and Ideas
EWB-S&T’s 5k on April 11th in STL
Shop on Amazon? Use Amazon Smile
54 Source: https://racesonline.com/events/engineers-without-borders-run-for-water Source: http://smile.amazon.com/ Source: http://www.ewb-stl.org/drupal/
• Just search “EWB 5k STL” and you’ll find the registration site.
• Find us on Facebook!
• Amazon will support the charity of your choice (EWB, W4P, water.org, charity:water)
EWB-Gateway Pro Chapter is hosting a Trivia Night April 24th
• ewb-stl.org or find them on FB
55 Source: http://water.org/
When you give awareness of a problem that is serious, but also give awareness of a solution that is practical, I think it’s in people’s nature to want to step up and do their part.
--Matt Damon, co-founder of Water.org
