Global Warming and Global Warming and Human HealthHuman Health

How our planet is warming How our planet is warming and its direct effect on the and its direct effect on the

human racehuman race

By Carolyn Vasko

What isWhat is global warmingglobal warming?? Global warming is a marked and extended Global warming is a marked and extended

change in the Earth’s climate for the warmerchange in the Earth’s climate for the warmer Climate change is an extended change in the Climate change is an extended change in the

Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuationsconditions and its fluctuations

Global warming is caused by an enhanced Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect caused by human activitygreenhouse effect caused by human activity

What isWhat is the greenhouse effectthe greenhouse effect??

The greenhouse effect is caused by the The greenhouse effect is caused by the trapping of heat in the Earth’s atmospheretrapping of heat in the Earth’s atmosphere

First the Sun’s high frequency rays of First the Sun’s high frequency rays of radiation enter into the Earth’s atmosphere radiation enter into the Earth’s atmosphere in the form of visible lightin the form of visible light

Next the Earth absorbs these rays and Next the Earth absorbs these rays and radiates them back into the atmosphere as radiates them back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation, or heatinfrared radiation, or heat

Since the Earth’s atmosphere includes Since the Earth’s atmosphere includes certain gases which even in small amounts certain gases which even in small amounts can absorb infrared radiation , gases such can absorb infrared radiation , gases such as methane, carbon dioxide, as methane, carbon dioxide, fluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide, the fluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide, the infrared radiation is trapped by these gases infrared radiation is trapped by these gases and can not escape the Earth’s atmosphereand can not escape the Earth’s atmosphere

Lastly, as the Earth’s atmosphere traps Lastly, as the Earth’s atmosphere traps more and more heat the Earth’s more and more heat the Earth’s atmosphere begins to increase the atmosphere begins to increase the temperature of the Earth itselftemperature of the Earth itself

What causesWhat causes an enhanced greenhouse effectan enhanced greenhouse effect??

The greenhouse effect is caused by human activities which produce the greenhouse gases; The greenhouse effect is caused by human activities which produce the greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorocarbonscarbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorocarbons

Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas and is produced Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas and is produced by fossil fuel burning power by fossil fuel burning power plants, heating systems, factories, and modes of transportation that burn fossil fuels. plants, heating systems, factories, and modes of transportation that burn fossil fuels. Deforestation adds to the problem since most forest remove carbon dioxide from Deforestation adds to the problem since most forest remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to produce food through photosynthesis. the atmosphere in order to produce food through photosynthesis.

Methane is another greenhouse gas produced by human use of land, including the Methane is another greenhouse gas produced by human use of land, including the livestock we use and such agricultural objects as rice fields, wetlands and marsheslivestock we use and such agricultural objects as rice fields, wetlands and marshes

Nitrous oxide is produced by the exhaust of cars, human disposal of waste and Nitrous oxide is produced by the exhaust of cars, human disposal of waste and human use of nitrogen-based fertilizershuman use of nitrogen-based fertilizers

Fluorocarbons are gases which are emitted when humans use their refrigerators and Fluorocarbons are gases which are emitted when humans use their refrigerators and their air conditionerstheir air conditioners

Humans produce 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually, 300-350 million tons Humans produce 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide annually, 300-350 million tons of methane, and 7-13 million tons of nitrous oxide, a drastic increase from even of methane, and 7-13 million tons of nitrous oxide, a drastic increase from even fifty years agofifty years ago

How do we knowHow do we know global warmingglobal warming is is happeninghappening??

In the top graph at the right we can In the top graph at the right we can see the rising levels of carbon see the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as dioxide in the atmosphere as measured in parts per million in the measured in parts per million in the atmosphere, measurements having atmosphere, measurements having been taken on the island of Mauna been taken on the island of Mauna Loa, HawaiiLoa, Hawaii

In the bottom graph at the left can be In the bottom graph at the left can be seen the rising temperatures on the seen the rising temperatures on the planet over the past yearsplanet over the past years

Global warming and Human HealthGlobal warming and Human Health

• Global warming will affect human health in a number Global warming will affect human health in a number of different waysof different ways

• The spread of infectious diseases will be affectedThe spread of infectious diseases will be affected

• Agriculture will be affectedAgriculture will be affected

• Extreme weather patterns will be affectedExtreme weather patterns will be affected

• The amount of smog near the ground will be affectedThe amount of smog near the ground will be affected

• The supply of freshwater available to humans will be The supply of freshwater available to humans will be affectedaffected

The infectious diseasesThe infectious diseases

• Infectious diseases can be carried by many different Infectious diseases can be carried by many different organisms, among them are ticks, flies and mosquitoes.organisms, among them are ticks, flies and mosquitoes.

• When the climate becomes warmer such organisms called When the climate becomes warmer such organisms called vectors such as ticks, flies and mosquitoes can breed easier in vectors such as ticks, flies and mosquitoes can breed easier in the warmer wetter climates.the warmer wetter climates.

• As climate change begins to affect our planet to a greater As climate change begins to affect our planet to a greater extent the infectious disease carrying organisms will be able to extent the infectious disease carrying organisms will be able to reach higher altitudes and will have a longer season of reach higher altitudes and will have a longer season of breeding, increasing the likelihood of a human being in breeding, increasing the likelihood of a human being in contact with the diseasecontact with the disease

• Also, as the climate warms the amount of algae and fish that Also, as the climate warms the amount of algae and fish that produce toxins poisonous to humans will increaseproduce toxins poisonous to humans will increase

The infectious diseasesThe infectious diseases

• Malaria can affect 45% Malaria can affect 45% of the world’s of the world’s population today but if population today but if global warming global warming continues at the rate that continues at the rate that it is progressing, that it is progressing, that number could change to number could change to be 60% of the world’s be 60% of the world’s populationpopulation

The infectious diseasesThe infectious diseases• MalariaMalaria is a parasitic disease borne by is a parasitic disease borne by

mosquitoes which on reaching the mosquitoes which on reaching the bloodstream causes blood cells to rupture, bloodstream causes blood cells to rupture, causing a fever, chills and anemia in the causing a fever, chills and anemia in the victim and potentially resulting in death victim and potentially resulting in death within hourswithin hours

• Viral encephalitisViral encephalitis is another disease is another disease carried by the mosquito and the tick and carried by the mosquito and the tick and which results in an inflammation of the which results in an inflammation of the brain that can result in a brain brain that can result in a brain hemorrhaging as wellhemorrhaging as well

• LeishmaniasisLeishmaniasis is another parasitic is another parasitic disease carried by the sand fly which can disease carried by the sand fly which can infect the human body, namely the lymph infect the human body, namely the lymph nodes, the spleen and the bone marrow and nodes, the spleen and the bone marrow and which causes the body to become which causes the body to become susceptible to disease as it attacks the susceptible to disease as it attacks the immune system and can result in death due immune system and can result in death due to complications that ariseto complications that arise

• Lyme diseaseLyme disease-is carried by ticks and is a -is carried by ticks and is a disease commonly found in North disease commonly found in North America, a disease which can result in America, a disease which can result in complications involving the heart and even complications involving the heart and even the nervous systemthe nervous system

The infectious diseasesThe infectious diseases• Cholera is a parasitic disease Cholera is a parasitic disease

which can cause death from which can cause death from dehydration as it causes excessive dehydration as it causes excessive diarrhea diarrhea

• Dengue fever is transmitted by Dengue fever is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fevers, mosquitoes and causes fevers, joint and muscle pain, and joint and muscle pain, and headaches.headaches.

• Schistomalaisisis a parasitic Schistomalaisisis a parasitic disease in which the parasite disease in which the parasite burrows into the body and then burrows into the body and then infects the organ literally of its infects the organ literally of its choice. choice.

• Cryptosporidiosis is a disease Cryptosporidiosis is a disease that, like Cholera causes that, like Cholera causes excessive dehydration especially excessive dehydration especially in small children as a result of in small children as a result of diarrhea.diarrhea.

Human Health and Extreme Weather PatternsHuman Health and Extreme Weather Patterns• During global warming there is a During global warming there is a

potential for an increase in the potential for an increase in the number of heat related deaths as number of heat related deaths as there is a potential for an increase there is a potential for an increase in the number of extremely hot in the number of extremely hot daysdays

• Extreme heat can bring about heat Extreme heat can bring about heat cramps due to a lack of water cramps due to a lack of water which can lead to heat stroke which can lead to heat stroke which can then lead to organ which can then lead to organ failure and even deathfailure and even death

• The elderly and the very young The elderly and the very young are particularly susceptible to are particularly susceptible to extreme climatesextreme climates

• A study done in Canada suggests A study done in Canada suggests that the number of people who that the number of people who would die heat related deaths would die heat related deaths would increase from 70 annually would increase from 70 annually to 240-1140 people by 2050, and to 240-1140 people by 2050, and that only in the city of Montrealthat only in the city of Montreal

Human Health and Extreme Weather PatternsHuman Health and Extreme Weather Patterns• A study done in relation to the city of New York A study done in relation to the city of New York

shows that the number of people who die heat shows that the number of people who die heat related deaths annually there would increase to related deaths annually there would increase to around 1,700 people annually also by only 2050around 1,700 people annually also by only 2050

• Also, there a potential trend for more hurricanes Also, there a potential trend for more hurricanes when the temperature of the seas increase when the temperature of the seas increase because hurricanes are fueled by warm ocean because hurricanes are fueled by warm ocean waterswaters

• Although the actual number of hurricanes may Although the actual number of hurricanes may not increase as a result of global warming, it is not increase as a result of global warming, it is their intensity that is thought to increase, or their intensity that is thought to increase, or their potential energytheir potential energy

• As a result of an potential increase in the As a result of an potential increase in the intensity and thus possibly the amount of intensity and thus possibly the amount of damage many hurricanes could be capable of damage many hurricanes could be capable of doing, insurance agencies who are paying for doing, insurance agencies who are paying for increased amounts of damage due to hurricanes increased amounts of damage due to hurricanes could even go bankrupt as a resultcould even go bankrupt as a result

Human Health and AgricultureHuman Health and Agriculture• A good part of the world and its countries rely on agriculture A good part of the world and its countries rely on agriculture

as their main source of income and of foodas their main source of income and of food• In a first scenario precipitation is expected to increase due to In a first scenario precipitation is expected to increase due to

global warming, meaning that many crops will receive too global warming, meaning that many crops will receive too much water and will be drowned as fields flood due to a much water and will be drowned as fields flood due to a projected rise of 40 centimeters in sea levelprojected rise of 40 centimeters in sea level

• In a second scenario the amount of evaporation is expected to In a second scenario the amount of evaporation is expected to increase due to global warming, meaning that even more crops increase due to global warming, meaning that even more crops will die due to a lack of waterwill die due to a lack of water

• For many countries this change could mean death, in fact that For many countries this change could mean death, in fact that projected number of starving people worldwide is expected to projected number of starving people worldwide is expected to be 40-300 million people in addition to the 600 million already be 40-300 million people in addition to the 600 million already projected to be starving in 2060projected to be starving in 2060

Human Health and Water SupplyHuman Health and Water Supply

• Due to global warming the amount of annual Due to global warming the amount of annual precipitation and the amount of ice converted to precipitation and the amount of ice converted to freshwater from the polar ice caps is projected to freshwater from the polar ice caps is projected to increaseincrease

• A rise in sea level is projected for 2100 of as much as A rise in sea level is projected for 2100 of as much as 40 centimeters40 centimeters

• This rise in sea level could not only destroy human This rise in sea level could not only destroy human dwellings and human places of agricultural dwellings and human places of agricultural production but could also destroy many sea-side production but could also destroy many sea-side aquifers which would deplete the general water aquifers which would deplete the general water supply for humankindsupply for humankind

Human Health and Air ConditionsHuman Health and Air Conditions

• Due to global warming, the amount of smog that is Due to global warming, the amount of smog that is created by nitrous oxide, or ozone that is near the created by nitrous oxide, or ozone that is near the ground, will increaseground, will increase

• An increase in the amount of smog near the ground An increase in the amount of smog near the ground level could potentially result in fatally warm summer level could potentially result in fatally warm summer days for those humans sensitive to such gasesdays for those humans sensitive to such gases

• As gases such as smog enter human lungs, they can As gases such as smog enter human lungs, they can increase the potential of lung infection which can lead increase the potential of lung infection which can lead to deathto death

What else is affected byWhat else is affected by global warmingglobal warming??

• Coral reefs- As the sea level rises the more and more coral reefs are being Coral reefs- As the sea level rises the more and more coral reefs are being killed as they are subjected to cooler, darker waterskilled as they are subjected to cooler, darker waters

• Greenland- The country of Greenland, a good percentage of which is made Greenland- The country of Greenland, a good percentage of which is made up of ice, is likely to melt significantly should global warming continue, up of ice, is likely to melt significantly should global warming continue, causing sea levels to rise significantly and drowning many coastal causing sea levels to rise significantly and drowning many coastal communitiescommunities

• The polar ice caps- As global warming continues the polar ice caps are The polar ice caps- As global warming continues the polar ice caps are melting with speed and are diminishing all over the globe, causing many melting with speed and are diminishing all over the globe, causing many animals who inhabit the same areas as these polar ice caps to loose part of animals who inhabit the same areas as these polar ice caps to loose part of their habitatstheir habitats

• Weather patterns- Weather patterns will greatly be affected by global Weather patterns- Weather patterns will greatly be affected by global warming as the weather must take into account a warmer climatewarming as the weather must take into account a warmer climate

• Wetlands- As sea levels rise due to global warming the number of wetlands Wetlands- As sea levels rise due to global warming the number of wetlands diminishes as they are drowned by the rising watersdiminishes as they are drowned by the rising waters

Predictions for the futurePredictions for the future::

• The Hadley Center for Research on Climate Control has made The Hadley Center for Research on Climate Control has made a number of predictions about the future of climate change and a number of predictions about the future of climate change and its results by the 21its results by the 21stst century, such as the following; century, such as the following;

• The surface temperature globally will have risen at an average The surface temperature globally will have risen at an average of 3.2of 3.2° at a minimum of .3 worldwide The mean daily ° at a minimum of .3 worldwide The mean daily precipitation will have increased by .2 millimeters globallyprecipitation will have increased by .2 millimeters globally

• The mean soil moisture will have decreased by a mean of 2 The mean soil moisture will have decreased by a mean of 2 millimeters of moisture globallymillimeters of moisture globally

• The sea level will have decreased by a mean of .42 meters The sea level will have decreased by a mean of .42 meters globallyglobally

• The volume and area of artic sea ice will have dramatically The volume and area of artic sea ice will have dramatically decreased decreased

How can we help to stop/what is being How can we help to stop/what is being done to stopdone to stop global warmingglobal warming??

• One way people can help to stop global warming is by using alternate forms of energy that are One way people can help to stop global warming is by using alternate forms of energy that are not using up fossil fuels, products that create greenhouse gases when they are usednot using up fossil fuels, products that create greenhouse gases when they are used

• Some of the forms of renewable energy that have been suggested as alternatives are wind Some of the forms of renewable energy that have been suggested as alternatives are wind energy and solar energyenergy and solar energy

• Another way we can stop global warming is by attempting to take greenhouse gases out of the Another way we can stop global warming is by attempting to take greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, through techniques such as atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, through techniques such as carbon sequestrationcarbon sequestration

• There are four main ideas for carbon sequestration; to store carbon dioxide in the ground, to There are four main ideas for carbon sequestration; to store carbon dioxide in the ground, to store carbon dioxide in the ocean floor, to increase the abilities of certain plants and animals to store carbon dioxide in the ocean floor, to increase the abilities of certain plants and animals to take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and to look at the genome sequences of certain take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and to look at the genome sequences of certain plants and animals who produce methane, hydrogen, or help to store carbon dioxideplants and animals who produce methane, hydrogen, or help to store carbon dioxide

• Already a number of different projects are being done such as by Eric A. Davidson and Neil Already a number of different projects are being done such as by Eric A. Davidson and Neil Scott of the Woods Hole Research Center who are attempting to increase the carbon Scott of the Woods Hole Research Center who are attempting to increase the carbon sequestration capacity of certain treessequestration capacity of certain trees

• The company Statoil, the State Oil company of Norway, is also already setting limits on how The company Statoil, the State Oil company of Norway, is also already setting limits on how much carbon dioxide they can produce and are keeping their emissions at that level by much carbon dioxide they can produce and are keeping their emissions at that level by injecting any extra carbon dioxide their company produces into the sea floor off the coast of injecting any extra carbon dioxide their company produces into the sea floor off the coast of NorwayNorway

How much do you know? How much do you know? (A short quiz)(A short quiz)

• What causes global warming? Why does it What causes global warming? Why does it cause global warming? (Slides 2-4)cause global warming? (Slides 2-4)

How much do you know? How much do you know? (A short quiz)(A short quiz)

• What are two of the infectious diseases that What are two of the infectious diseases that have a potential for becoming more prominent have a potential for becoming more prominent

as a result of global warming? (Slides 9-10)as a result of global warming? (Slides 9-10)

How much do you know? How much do you know? (A short quiz)(A short quiz)

• What is one natural disaster that could become What is one natural disaster that could become potentially more harmful to humans due to potentially more harmful to humans due to global warming? How would it be harmful global warming? How would it be harmful

physically? Financially? Economically? (Slide physically? Financially? Economically? (Slide 12)12)

How much do you know? How much do you know? (A short quiz)(A short quiz)

• How is it that global warming could cause the How is it that global warming could cause the sea level to become lower while it could also sea level to become lower while it could also cause the sea level to rise in certain areas of cause the sea level to rise in certain areas of

the worldthe world??

How much do you know? How much do you know? (A short quiz)(A short quiz)

• What are some other ways that anyone at What are some other ways that anyone at home could help to reduce carbon emissions?home could help to reduce carbon emissions?

The EndThe End

(But not of global warming)(But not of global warming)

(See (See http://www.classroomencounters.org/http://www.classroomencounters.org/ for for more details)more details)

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• 14. Image not from sites above on Slide 3; drawn by Carolyn 14. Image not from sites above on Slide 3; drawn by Carolyn Vasko, taken Vasko, taken from <http://www.classroomencounters.org >from <http://www.classroomencounters.org >