Global Warming- A Warning

8/7/2019 Global Warming- A Warning

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Global Warming- AWarning

Dr.J.NuchinM.D.,M.B.A.,D.C.A.

EpidemiologistAudience-Senior Medical

Officers, PUNE

- - -


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Global Warming: A Deadly Threatfor Human Life

Global Warming refers to thesustained increase in the averagetemperature of the earth'satmosphere.

A natural process but Human activitycontributes to this change throughthe buildup of heat-trapping

greenhouse gases.


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It is also anincrease in thenear surfacetemperature ofthe Earth.

Global warming hasoccurred in thedistant past as aresult of natural

influences, but theterm is most oftenused to refer tothe warming

predicted to occur


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The earth and its

Atmosphere


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The earth and solar system

were formed 4.6 billionyears ago.

By examining the earth'srocks and minerals,scientists havedetermined that liquidwater was probably onthe earth as early as 4.3billion years ago.

The first evidence for the - -The Themis Asteroid

- -Early EarthFormation

E l E th 4 6 billi l ith th


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Early Earth, 4.6 billion years ago, along with theother inner planets of the solar system. A

computer artwork

t


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o ar system


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Fromouter

space,currentlythe Earthlooks

BLUE incolour,thatsbecauseapproximately70% ofthe Earthis

covered

THEBLUEPLANET


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Photosynthesis began3.5-2.5 billion yearsago, which producedoxygen and reducedcarbon dioxide and

methane, which aregreenhouse gases,from the atmosphere.

T h e b o m b a rd m e n t o f.E a rth b y a ste ro id s 3 9b illio n ye a rs a g o

m a y h a v e e n h a n ce d


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That, there wasso muchcarbon dioxide

(CO2) andmethane 2.7billion Years

ago than inouratmospherethat averagetemperatureson Earth wereas high as 70

degrees.


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But bacteria and plants slowlyturned CO2 into oxygen.

During the past 4.6 billion years,the Earth has gone throughclimate changes over and over.

The Earth, a magma ocean atthe beginning of its history, hasalternately experienced iceages (Snowball Earth) and

warm periods.

It is currently in the slow-pacedwarming period that started20,000 years ago. (40,000years ago modern man was

Snowball Earth Period-650 million yearsago

l i


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Evolution


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Layers of Earths Atmosphere

The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases

surrounding the planet Earth that is retained byEarth's gravity.

The atmosphere protects life on Earth by

absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warmingthe surface through heat retention (greenhouseeffect- a natural process), and reducingtemperature extremes between day and night.

Dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78%

nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038%carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other

gases.

h i l P t b


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hemicals Percent byvolume

itrogen %78xygen . %20 6rgon < %1

aterapor . %0 4arbon ioxide . %0 036racesases

, , , ,Ne He Kr H

O3 ,MethaneNitrousOxide


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The Earth's atmosphere is about 300 miles

(480 km) thick, but most of the

atmosphere (about 80%) is within 10 miles(16 km) of the surface of the Earth. There is no exact place where the

atmosphere ends; it just gets thinner andthinner, until it merges with outer space.

Air Pressure:At sea level, the air pressure is about 14.7pounds per square inch.

As your altitude increases (for example, ifyou climb a mountain), the air pressuredecreases.

At an altitude of 10,000 feet, the airpressure is 10 pound per square inch (and

there is less oxygen to breathe).


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AtmosphericPressureDecreases

With HeightMost of theenergy is

capturedclose to thesurface

That energydrives climateand weather

50 percent of mass of the atmosphere is within 6 km of the( )Pressure mb

%Above 99

%Above 90

%Above 50


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Layers of earth atmosphere

L f th t h C td


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Layers of earth atmosphere-Contd..

1.TheTroposphere:

The troposphere is the lowest region in theEarth's (or any planet's) atmosphere.

On the Earth, it goes from ground (or

water) level up to about 11 miles (17kilometers) high.

Th th d l d i th


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The weather and clouds occur in thetroposphere. In the troposphere, thetemperature generally decreases as

altitude increases.

2.The

TropopauseThe tropopause is the boundary zone

(buffer zone or transition layer)

between the troposphere and thestratosphere.

The tropopause is characterized by little

3 Th


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3.TheStratosphereand OzoneLayer

Above thetroposphere is thestratosphere,where air flow ismostly horizontal.

The stratosphere ischaracterized by a

slight temperature


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Thestratosphere

extendsbetween 11and 31miles(17 to50kilometers)

abovetheearth'ssurface.

Theearth's

1.Tropopause

2.Stratosphere3.Stratopause4.Mesosphere

5.Troposphere6.Mesopause7.Thermosphere

8.Exosphere

From first layer to last layer

O f f i i l t


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Ozone, a form of oxygen, is crucial to oursurvival; this layer absorbs a lot ofultraviolet solar energy.

Only the highest clouds (cirrus,cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus) are in

the lower stratosphere.

The thin ozone layer in the upper

stratosphere has a high concentrationof ozone, a particularly reactive form ofoxygen.

Th f ti f thi l i d li t


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The formation of this layer is a delicatematter, since only when oxygen isproduced in the atmosphere can an

ozone layer form and prevent anintense flux of ultraviolet radiationfrom reaching the surface, where it is

quite hazardous to the evolution oflife.

There is considerable recent concernthat manmade fluorocarboncompounds may be depleting theozone layer, with dire futureconse uences for life on the Earth.

4 The Mesosphere


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4.The MesosphereThe mesosphere is characterized by

temperatures that quickly decrease as heightincreases.

The mesosphere extends from between 31 and

50 miles (17 to 80 kilometers) above the

earth's surface.

5.Ionosphere:

Above the mesosphere is the ionosphereThe ionosphere starts at about 43-50 miles (70-80 km) high and continues for hundreds ofmiles (about 400 miles = 640 km).

Auroras occur in the ionosphere


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Auroras occur in the ionosphere.

The ionosphere is very thin, but it iswhere aurora(a glow in the sky seen atpolar latitudes) take place, and is alsoresponsible for absorbing the most

energetic photons from the Sun, andfor reflecting radio waves, therebymaking long-distance radio

communication possible.

The structure of the ionosphere is

strongly influenced by the charged

6 Exosphere:


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6.Exosphere:The exosphere is the outermost layer of the

Earth's atmosphere.

The exosphere goes from about 400 miles (640km) high to about 800 miles (1,280 km).

The lower boundary of the exosphere is calledthe critical level of escape, where

atmospheric pressure is very low (the gasatoms are very widely spaced) and thetemperature is very low.

7.Thermosphere: In the thermosphere, temperature increases with

altitude.

The thermosphere includes the exosphere and

part of the ionosphere.

Layers of earth atmosphere Conclusion


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Layers of earth atmosphere-Conclusion

Exosphere- the outermost layer of the Earth'satmosphere, where atmospheric pressure and

temperature are low. Ionosphere- the atmospheric layer between the

mesosphere and the exosphere; it is part of thethermosphere.

Mesosphere- the atmospheric layer betweenthe stratosphere and the ionosphere.

Stratosphere- the atmospheric layer betweenthe troposphere and the mesosphere. Thestratosphere is characterized by a slight

temperature increase with altitude and by theabsence of clouds.Thermosphere- the layer of the atmosphere

located above part of the ionosphere (startingat the coldest part of the atmosphere) and

below outer space; it consists of the exosphere


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Not only does the Earthhave a complex

atmosphere, but thatatmosphere hascomplicated motion andnontrivial behavior.

We Earthlings call thisweather in the shortterm and climate overthe longer term.


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effect

Green house effect: The greenhouse

effect & global warming are not thesame thing.

To a certain degree, the earth acts like a

greenhouse. Energy from the Sun penetrates the glass

of a greenhouse and warms the air andobjects within the greenhouse.

The same


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The sameglassslows the

heat from,escapingresulting

in much

highertemperatur

es withinthe

greenhousethan

.outside it


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The Suns energy

passes through the

cars windshield.

This energy (heat)

is trapped inside

the car and cannot

pass back throughthe windshield,

causing the inside

of the car to warm

up.

Another Example of the

Greenhouse Effect

Likewise the earths atmospheric


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Likewise, the earth s atmosphericgases affect the ability of the

earth to radiate the Suns energyback into space.

Those gases play an important

role in keeping our planet atcomfortable temperature.

Greenhouse gases form ablanket around the Earth andkeep it warm.

The roblem is an excessive


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The Earth is acting just like

that.It is becoming warmer andwarmer inside the blankets.

The Suns heat keeps coming,but the heat is trapped by

many layers of blankets andcannot escape.

The Earth is getting warmer

and warmer.

Greenhouse gases keep our planet warm


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Greenhouse gases keep our planet warm.

They exist naturally in the atmosphere,heating it by trapping energy that hasoriginally come from the Sun.

This process is called the greenhouseeffect.

Without the greenhouse gases the surface ofthe Earth would be as cold as the surface ofthe Moon (about -18 degrees Celsius orC).


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n ance reen ouse


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n ance reen ouseeffect

Global warming refers to a rise in the

temperature of the surface of the earth. Green house effect is essential for life and

is one of the Earths natural processes.

An increase in the concentration ofgreenhouse gases leads to an increasein the magnitude of the greenhouse

effect. This is called enhanced greenhouse

effect; this results in global warming.

Thus what we dont want is

-E n h a n ce d G re e n h o u se E ffe ct C a u se s


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-E n h a n ce d G re e n h o u se E ffe ct C a u se s


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Electromagnetic Spectrumincoming outgoing

The temperature of the earth is largely


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The temperature of the earth is largelydependent upon the energy output fromthe Sun, a primary source of energy, over

150 million kilometers away.The Earth when formed was originally veryhot.

However, the Suns energy output wasonly 70% of what it is presently.

The temperature of the earth is directly

related to the energy input from the Sun.1/3 of the Suns energy is reflected byclouds and ice.

The remainder 2/3 is absorbed by the


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Sunlight heats up the ground


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Sunlight heats up the ground.

The heated ground emits infrared radiation.

If amount of solar energy absorbed by theearth is equal to the amount radiated backinto space, the earth remains at a constant

temperature.

However, if the amount of solar energy isgreater than the amount radiated, then the

earth heats up.

If the amount of solar energy is less than theamount radiated, then the earth cools down.

G h i h h


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Greenhouse gases in the atmosphereabsorb more infrared energy than

it re-radiates to space, resulting ina net warming of the Earth-atmosphere system and of surfacetemperature.

The ozone layer absorbs the ultravioletradiation from the Sun and warms the

atmosphere.


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gases are:

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) :

Source: Fossil fuel burning, deforestation, automobiles, etc,.

Anthropogenic increase:30%

Average atmospheric residence time:500 years

Many studies show the correlation between carbon dioxide levels andtemperatures.

2. Methane (CH4) :

3 Ni id (N O)


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3. Nitrous oxide (N2O) :

Source:Industry and agriculture (fertilizers) Anthropogenic increase: 15% Average atmospheric residence time:140-190 years

4. Chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs):Duringthe last fifty years mankind has also introducedCFCs, which not only damage the ozone layerbut also act as greenhouse gases

5. Water vapor: Itis the most abundantgreenhouse gas in Earths atmosphere.

Without water vapors effect on theatmosphere, the earth would be at belowfreezin tem erature


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Sources

Burning of Fossil Fuels


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Burning of Fossil Fuels

Pollution from coal, natural gas, and oilPollution from coal, natural gas, and oilPollution from coal, natural gas, and oil

At h i F db k


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Atmospheric Feedbacks

Increased CO2

Higher temperature

More water vapor

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

More watervapor & other

changes

Increased cloud cover

More reflected solar radiation

Lower temperature

Less water vapor

More absorbed infrared radiation

Higher temperature

More water vapor

++

+

+

+

M f h itt d


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Many of greenhouse gases are emittedby human activities.

We have to try to reduce the humanoriginated gas emissions with our effortsand ingenuity.

By reducing emissions, global warming canbe prevented.

Rapid population growth (populationexplosion-From about 1 billion in 1800, itis predicted to reach 9 billion in 2050 and11 billion in 2100) will worsen thecondition.


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Whats the proof that global

warming is taking place?


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During the 150 years of the industrial age,the atmospheric concentration of carbon

dioxide has increased by 31 percent.Over the same period, the level ofatmospheric methane has risen by 151percent, mostly from agricultural activities.

The data show that an increase of one degreeCelsius makes the Earth warmer now than ithas been for at least a thousand years.

Out of the 20 warmest years on record, 19have occurred since 1980.

The three hottest years ever observed haveall occurred in the last ten years, even.

Portage Glacier- Portage Glacier


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Portage Glacier-Portage Glacieris a glacier on the Kenai Peninsula of the

U.S. state ofAlaska

2004

1914

Colorado River- It is a river in the Southwestern United


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Colorado River Itis a river in the Southwestern UnitedStates and northwestern Mexico, approximately 1,450 miles(2,330 km) long draining a part of the arid regions on the westernslope of the Rocky Mountains.

A rizo n a

D e c 2 0 0 3Ju n e 2 0 0 2

How is global warming


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How is global warming

measured?


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Ice Core DataIce Core Data

C O 2 -Measurements Before 1958A n ta rctica

CO Atmospheric


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CO2 Atmospheric

Measurements

C O 2 M e a su re m e n ts S in ce 1 9 5 8 M a u n a,Lo a H a w a ii

1000 Years of CO2 and


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Temperature(Northern)Hemisphere

CO2Concentrations1000 Years of CO2 and

Global Warming

Ye a Ye a r

Effects of Global Warming:


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Effects of Global Warming: All the aspects of the life are affected. 1.Rising Sea Level

The temperature rise causes melting of icecaps atop mountains and glaciers in the

north and south Polar Regions.It is predicted that a 5 C increase intemperature would melt the Greenland icesheet, resulting in 3-meter sea level riseover the next millennium.

Not only that, it would raise sea level byabout 7 meters if it melted completely.

At this rate 125 million Indians will need torelocate by 2029.

Sea levels increase some 20 to 40


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2. Increased


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Temperature:

v The slightest

difference in theEarthstemperature would

upset the wholeworld.

v Global-average

surfacetemperatureprojected toincrease by 1.4 C

to 5.8 C b 2100

3.Changes in Water Supply


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Global warming will reduce glaciers, water supply and affect millions of people.

Causes water stress and scarcity

Increase water borne diseases

Source :April:2Source Pat

,Mulroy General,ManagerSouthern Nevada

Water,Authority Lake

.Mead Intake No

,3 Keynote,address

PowerPoint,presentationEnvironmental

ServicesAssociation of

, ,Alberta Banff, ,Alberta Canada

,2 2010

- ,Hoover Dam Lake Mead Water Levels 1983 and

.Aff t d
http://www.esaa-events.com/watertech/2010/pdf/Presentation-Thurs-Keynote.pdf


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Affected: All animals and plants are sensitive to

temperature changes.

When there are not many plants, creatures thateat plants will also be affected.

Insects, birds, and plant-eating animals will

disappear from their habitats. Food cycle is affected.

Food cycle is affected


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Food cycle is affected

5.All the economiessuch as, Agriculture,


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Insurance, Transportation etc, areaffected.

6.Ecosystemssuch as, Forests,


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Mountains, and Ecological productivity-affected

. g nc ence o na ural i i


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gcalamities

Including epidemics ofemerging and

reemerging diseases.For the last 20 years nearly30 new diseases have evolved

and many diseases are reemerging.Even an 1C rise of temperaturewill lead to natural calamities

like Typhoons, earthquake, cyclones, floods, droughts, epidemic of diseases etc


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Global warming can cause


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04/06/11 70

g

How to prevent:


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How to prevent:


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2007Reductions in CO2Per Year

Our Goal

Gl b lGl b l


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GlobalGlobal

Warming:Warming:

Shifting GearsShifting Gears

Use less energy that heat up the earth.Incandescent


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Use CFLs, not regular incandescent bulbs.

CFLs use 60% less energy than a regular bulb.

This simple switch will save

about 150KGs of carbon dioxide a year.

If every family in India replaces regular

CompactFluorescent

Set the AC to 25C, not 22.


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An AC used for an hour generates 3KGs ofCO2.

If you go without Ac for an hour a day,the release of 3X365=1204.5 KGs ofCO2 into the atmosphere per year,could be prevented.

Take a train or bus instead of a car. Usebicycles.

Avoid traffic jams.

Walking, carpooling or using publictransport will save at least 2 litersof petrol a week.

When you use the


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When you use thegeyser for an hourgenerates 3.3 kg ofCO2.

If you cut down the useof the geyser by just

one hour a day, youcan stop the releaseof3.3 x 365 =

1204.5 kg of CO2 inthe atmosphereannually.

Use of lead freepetrol


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petrol. Use of alternate

fuel such as CNG

(CompressedNatural Gases) forautomobilesinstead of petrol

and diesel.1 litre of petrol(octane) producesabout 1 Kg ofwater vapour and2.17 Kg of CO2.

Avoiding just 10miles of drivingevery week would

eliminate about

Afforestation: A i l ill b b


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A single tree will absorbone ton of carbon dioxide

over its lifetime. If each person plants one

tree in a life time we caneliminate 1.13 billion tons

of CO2 from theatmosphere.

One tree can absorb the

amount of CO2 releasedby an average car thathas been driven for 4,000miles (6,437 km).

Unfortunatel loball , Recycle your

organic


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organicwaste:

Around 3% ofthe

greenhousegas emissions

through themethane isreleased bydecomposingbio-degradablewaste.

You can save

1200 Kg of

Industries


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Green belts, plantation of trees to createa buffer zone between residential and


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a buffer zone between residential andindustrial estates. These absorb CO2 of

the air.Plan industries away from residential

areas and ensure regulation.

Controlling emissions at source level inindustrial set up by use of electrostaticprecipitators and bag filters.

Fitting power station with scrubbers canreduce SO2 (Sulphur dioxide) emissionby upto 95% and with catalyticconverters can significantly reduce

Alternatives


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Renewable Energy Sources

Solar Energies

Wind Power

Biomass

Geothermal

Legislation to controlair pollution

,Bhopal gas tragedy1984


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air pollution.The air ( prevention and

control of pollution)Act, 1981 andenvironmental Act,

1986 form the basis ofmonitoring andcontrolling air pollutionin the country

especially after Bhopalgas tragedy, 1984.

Central pollution control Board (CPCB): Central Pollution Control Board was


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Central Pollution Control Boardwasconstituted in 1974 and it is executing anation-wide programme of ambient air

quality monitoring known as National AirQuality Monitoring Programme (NAMP).

The monitoring of pollutants is carried outfor 24 hours.

If temperatures do not decrease in thenear future, at the current rate,temperatures would be 1- 2C higher bythe end of the century.

Some climate models have predictedtemperature increases of up to 9C with adoubling of atmospheric CO2.

However, two recent studies, using

different techniques, have constrained the

onc us on:vThe whole world needs to tackle global


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vThe whole world needs to tackle globalwarming together.

vAn international conference is annuallyheld to try to reduce greenhouse gasemissions.

vEvery action of us adds to globalwarming.

vEvery one of us is also able to contribute

to stopping the problem through energysaving.

vFor example setting your air conditionersthermostat to a moderate temperature

vMany small things make


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y ga great difference.

vEven if human beings stop burningoil and coal today, we cant stop

global warming immediately.

vWe have already spewed enough

greenhouse gases into theatmosphere to cause temperaturesto warm and sea levels to rise forat least another century.


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STOPGLOBALWARMING


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Thank You

Documents

Global Warming- A Warning