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Global Trends in Higher Education

1

Seminar on Current Trends and Global Scenario

in Higher Education series 2/2014

- 7 July 2014

Dr. Nordin Yahaya

Senior Director, UTM International


Preparation Committee

• Prof. Dr. Ho Chin Siong

• Prof. Dr. Nor Haniza binti Sarmin

• Prof. Dr. Hadi Nur

• Prof Dr. Ahmad Kamal Idris

• PM Dr. Lee Chew Tin

• PM Dr. Othman Che Puan

• Ms Doris Abdullah

2


A thousand year old industry on the cusp of

profound change

3

These drivers of change will transform the

higher education industry landscape,

forcing universities to adapt their business

models.


Key Trends in Global Higher Education

What key trends can we expect that will prove influential in international higher education?

4

University Funding

• More institutional self-sufficiency and competition

Regulatory Environment

• An increasing focus on managing risk and assuring quality

Technology

• Maturation of MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses)

to offer credible academic pathways

Rahul Choudaha19 January 2013 Issue No:255

Dr Rahul Choudaha is director of research and advisory services at World Education Services in New York

http://www.wes.org/RAS



1. Globalization and Internationalization

2. Access and Equity, the revolution of massification

3. Quality Assurance, Accountability, and Qualification Frameworks

4. Financing Higher Education

5. Private Higher Education and Privatization

6. The Centrality and Crisis of the Academic Profession

7. ICT and Distance Education

8. The Student Experience, Teaching, Learning, and Assessment

9. Rankings of universities

Source: Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking an Academic Revolution Philip G. Altbach, Liz Reisberg and Laura E. Rumbley, UNESCO Publishing (2010)

UNESCO Report 2010: Global Perspectives on Higher Education



• The continued increase in international student mobility

• The rise of science and technology-focused universities

• Changing education hierarchy in Asia

• Overall stability for Continental European universities

• Better visibility for universities worldwide

Martin Ince, convener of the QS Global Academic Advisory Board.

Five key trends in international higher education :


Five mega-trends will transform the higher education sector

7

Source: University of the future. A

report by Ernst & Young

http://www.ey.com/Publication/vw

LUAssets/University_of_the_futur

e/$FILE/University_of_the_future

_2012.pdf



1. International student mobility flows in the next decade and the demographic and economic factors impacting on them;

2. Emergence of new models of global higher education partnerships – this includes teaching partnerships and provision of degrees off-shore;

3. Patterns in research output and its growing internationalisation; and

4. Commercial research activities as a response to decreased investment in higher education across a growing number of countries.

8

Source: The Shape of Things to Come:

Higher education global trends and emerging opportunities to 2020. www.britishcouncil.org/higher-education

The British Council: Four Key Trends in International Higher Education:


Key Trends in Global Higher Education: Impacts of Globalisation

1. Mobility of 4.0 million students, countless scholars, degrees and universities moving about the globe freely

2. English as the dominant language of scientific communication.

3. ICT created a universal means of simplified scientific communication.

4. International cooperation and mutual recognition agreements (eg Bologna Process & Lisbon Strategy). ASEAN 2015?

5. Represents an assault on national culture, language and autonomy.

6. Ranking of universities becomes global phenomena

Source: Dr. Robert J. Coelen .The Internationalisation of Higher Education, 2.0.

Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Inaugural Lecture on 1 November 2013

“As educators, we need to be aware of the forces that shape the future of education and

the world for which we prepare our graduates”. Coelen, 2013


Five Megatrends of Global Higher Education – The Drivers of Change

1 - Access and Equity

2 - Global Mobility

3 - University Funding

4 - Research and Innovation

5 - Global Reputation


1 – Access and Equity

5 Drivers of Change

11

The current Australian university model —

a broad-based teaching and research

institution, with a large base of assets

and back office — will prove unviable in all

but a few cases. Ernst and Young



• Traditionally, universities held the key to knowledge. University libraries, faculty domains and research institutes were where knowledge was created, stored and shared.

• Democratisation of knowledge and access will drive a global ‘education revolution’, creating both new opportunities and new sources of competition, stimulate new delivery approaches.

• Expansion of access will drive a global ‘education revolution’, transforming societies by creating opportunities for millions of people.

• Increased participation in emerging markets


1 - Access and Equity

13

Source: University of the future. A report by Ernst & Young http://www.ey.com/


1 - Access and Equity – the expansion of the middleclass

14

The Internationalisation of Higher Education, 2.0

Dr. Robert J. Coelen

Stenden University of Applied Sciences,

Inaugural Lecture on 1 November 2013



• ICT-enhanced higher education (open and distance learning, virtual universities, e-learning, open educational resources) is likely to become the most significant driver of cross-border provision.

• Digital technologies will transform the access to education

• Drive new approaches to teaching and learning and the way education is delivered and supported.

• New delivery systems – MOOCs

– Mobile Learning

– Cloud Computing

15


Current Model – established universities

16



Potential Future Model

17



18

Clayton Christensen (Harvard Business School)

“MOOCs a potent disruptive technology that will kill off many inefficient universities. Fifteen

years from now more than half of the universities [in America] will be in bankruptcy”


2 – Global Mobility

5 Drivers of Change

19




models.


2 - Global Mobility

• Global mobility will continue to grow for students, academic talent, and increasingly for university brands.

• Student mobility stands at 1 million in 1980, 4.3 million in 2010 and is expected to increase to 5.8 million by 2020.

• Newer phenomenon: Global mobility of academic brands

83,000 international students (Dec 2009) 11th most preferred study destination globally

200,000

6th placing

2010

2020 Malaysia as Education Hub


1. “International Student

Mobility: Patterns and

Trends”, The

Observatory on

Borderless Higher

Education, Sept 2007

2. OECD: Education At A

Glance (2009)

2 - Global Mobility

Globalization is not only shaping the world’s economy and culture but, without question, is influencing higher education as well. UNESCO, 2010


2 - Global Mobility

Academic mobility is a hallmark of the global age. UNESCO, 2010


2 - Global Mobility


2 - Global Mobility

24

Source: The Shape of Things to Come:

Higher education global trends and emerging opportunities to 2020. www.britishcouncil.org/higher-education


3 – University Financing

5 Drivers of Change

25




models.



26

It is a

REALITY!


• Government expenditure on higher education generally is declining per student globally.

• Education as a service or product which can be sold on the international or national market.

• Governments allocate funds on a competitive basis and for specific purposes.

• Governments require more accountability from institutions quality, expenditure and outcomes.

• There are more public-private partnerships (buildings, student accommodation, pre-university programs).

• Institutions expected to be more business-like, efficient, strategic.

27


Source: University of the future. A report by Ernst & Young

http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/University_of_the_future/$FILE/University_of_the_future_2012.pdf


Three common Funding sources for Higher education:

28

Public funding

Tuition fees

Endowment

Other sources may include Institutional investment, resource generation from a myriad of identified sources

3 - University Financing


29

“funding crisis has created a

shortfall that the universities’

brightest brains are struggling to

solve.

Institutions’ costs are rising, owing

to pricey investments in technology,

teachers’ salaries and galloping

administrative costs.

That comes as governments

conclude that they can no longer

afford to subsidise universities as

generously as they used to.” Source: The Economist. The future of universities.

The digital degree

The staid higher-education business is about to

experience a welcome earthquake. Jun 28th 2014

3 - University Financing


3 – University Financing - UK

30

Source: The funding Environment for universities an assessment. 2013

WWW.UNIVERSITIESUK.AC.UK


Sustainable university financial/ funding framework

31

• Buildings laboratory and infrastructure and campus sustainability public works

Capital expenditure

• Continuity in the allocation of funding for expansion programmes, upgrading of skills and qualification of the academic staff, branding and reputation management

Human capital

• Driving institutional research activities and enhancement of intellectual ambiance within the institution.

R &D

3 –University Financing


• The subsidised higher education cost would not help towards preparing a sustainable higher education funding framework.

• Fully subsidised higher education model would not produce dynamic higher education institutions with good prestige and reputation.

• A subsidised-dependent mentality among administrators, academic staff and students would not lead Malaysia on its desired status of becoming a higher education hub by 2020, as stipulated under the National Higher Education Strategic Plan.

32


Source ; Lee Hock Guan – ISEAS perspectives #2 2014 Malaysia’s funding system for Higher Education not sustainable



• “Subsidised higher education cost would trap higher education institutions in a public-funding dependent mode” – Zaini Ujang, 2013

33


3 – University Financing - Malaysia

34

Source: The Impact of Economic Crisis on Higher Education: UNESCO Bangkok. 2012


4 – Research & Innovation - global scenario, input, output, collaboration

5 Drivers of Change

35


4 – Research and Innovation: Global Scenario in R & D

• R&D funding is still expanding in all regions

• More % increase in emerging economies

• North America & Europe spending a lot more in R & D compared to other regions


4 – Research and Innovation: Top 15 Countries in R &D

GERD (Gross domestic

expenditure on R&D) as a

percentage of GDP


Researches are more multidisciplinary

High mobility of researchers

More international collaboration in researches at the same time more competitive

Research funding is more competitive

Accountability / Government policies

Multiple trend impact the research landscape

Need suitable “model” for UTM to

adopt these trends

Global Trends

Researches are more individualistic?

Low mobility of researchers?

Low international collaboration?

Reduced research funding?

No strong niche area in research?

UTM

38

4 – Research and Innovation

Research strategy

and research

performance


39

4 – Research and Innovation – trends in emerging technology


4 – Research and Innovation – Scientific Loci

• The scientific foci in Malaysia have seen several shifts throughout the years. While focus has generally been on Engineering and Medicine, Malaysia also concentrated on Agriculture (1997-2001), followed by Biochemistry (2002 -2007), and Physics (2008 – 2012).

• Malaysia’s scientific output has more than doubled over the years.

• It collaborates mostly with the United Kingdom, followed by the United States, Australia, China and Japan.

• The compound annual growth rate of its publications is 21.5%.

Source: Higher Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding Up - The rise of graduate education

and university research. UNESCO Institute of Statistics. 2014


42

4 – Research and Innovation – Niche subject area

No a strong niche subject area at UTM




4 – Research and Innovation: Funding for R & I

• 50-75% R & D funding in OECD countries are from Business Enterprises

• Only 15-35% are from government

Source: International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base - 2011

A report prepared for the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills. Elsevier UK


4 – Research and Innovation: Funding for R & I

44




4 – Research and Innovation: Research Performance

RESEARCH OUTPUT: • Patents • Competencies • Highly Cited Articles • Citations • Usage • Articles • Researchers • GERD

GERD (Gross domestic expenditure on R&D) as a

percentage of GDP

www.utm.my innovative ● entrepreneurial ● global 46

Scopus indexed publications - The rise of Asia?

4 – Research and Innovation – Publication/Articles


Research Output for Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea & Thailand, Year 1996-2011

No

. o

f P

ublic

ation

s

Research Output for Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea & Thailand

Source: SCImago Journal & Country Rank 2012

4 – Research and Innovation - publication


4 – Research and Innovation: Growth in Article Output (2006-2010)

Source: International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base - 2011

A report prepared for the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills. Elsevier UK


Articles Output in Scimago Rankings (Scopus 2007-2011)

49

O – OUTPUT %IC – International Collaboration NI - % Q1 -



Articles Output in Scimago Rankings (Scopus 2007-2011)

Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia

50



Articles Output in Scimago (Scopus 2007-2011)

Singapore, Australia, Brazil, Chile

51



Articles Output in Scimago (Scopus 2007-2011)

China, South Korea

52



Citation: Highly Cited Researchers

53

Over three thousand researchers earned

the distinction by writing the greatest

numbers of reports officially designated by

Essential Science Indicators℠ as Highly

Cited Papers—ranking among the top 1%

most cited for their subject field and year of

publication, earning them the mark of

exceptional impact.


Highly Cited Researchers - Malaysia

Data

Prof Saidur Rahman UM

Prof Dr Abdul Latif Ahmad USM

Prof Ishak Hashim UKM

Prof Ahmad Fauzi

Prof Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef

Prof Hamdani Saidi

Results found: 194 227 104 283 69 200 Sum of the Times Cited 2697 4355 1202 4053 1421 1871

Sum of Times Cited without self-citations 2115 4079 1063 3405 1219 1695

Citing Articles 1688 3296 760 2778 876 1476 Citing Articles without self-citations 1553 3172 709 2598 825 1415 Average Citations per Item 13.9 19.19 11.56 14.32 20.59 9.35

h-index 30 34 21 32 20 23

Highly Cited Paper according to categories 16 13 4 2 1 0

54

Source: RMC


Innovation, Innovation, Innovation

55

• “ MIT – the best technology-transfer program in the country,” – Bill Clinton • Between 2000 and 2006, MIT graduates started more than 5,800 companies.

• The highest number of patents in the world (179 in 2011)

• MIT’s entrepreneurial impact is so great that, active companies created by its alumni bring in a combined revenue today of as much as $2 trillion.

Source: http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2012/10/mit-

important-university-world-harvard/


International Collaboration

56


Source: SciVal Spotlight 2011 (August 2012)

UTM Global Collaboration Landscape


UTM Global Collaboration Network

58


Top 15 Asian Universities with high PGR and in-region Collaboration: Agricultural and

Biological Sciences


Top 15 Asian Universities with high PGR and in-region Collaboration: Engineering


Top 15 Asian Universities with high PGR and in-region Collaboration: Material Sciences


Publication overview of ASEAN countries (2001-2010)

621 954 9,552

0

44,132

605 6,930

85,226

49,024

8,765

0

22500

45000

67500

90000

Brun

ei D

arus

sala

m

Cam

bodi

a

Indo

nesia

Lao

PDR

Mal

aysia

Mya

nmar

Philip

pine

s

Sing

apor

e

Thai

land

Viet

nam

# publications

Source: Aizan Yaacob, Rosnah Awang Hashim, Nurahimah Mohd Yusoff, Victor Chan Kok Kian and Doria Abdullah. (2013). Research and

Development in Higher Education: Spearheading Innovation in Malaysia. In Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, Malaysian higher

education: Sustaining Excellence (pp.52-64).


Critical are

a: in

tern

ational colla

bora

tion

Country/territory by income level

Trend High income Middle income Low or lower middle income

Positive Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore

Cambodia, Nepal, Pakistan

Negative

China, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam

Bangladesh, Myanmar

No significant trend

Brunei Darussalam, Korea (Republic)

India, Sri Lanka, Maldives

Afghanistan, Bhutan, Korea (DPR), Lao PDR

Image source: http://goo.gl/vjoKxP Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). (2014). Higher Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding Up.

Retrieved from http://goo.gl/PNrcZG.

Impact of scientific publication is measured by both citations and international collaboration.

+ve trend = countries have increased international collaboration between 2003-2012

-ve trend = countries have decreased international collaboration between 2003-2012

Country classifications based on the trend in the percentage of

international co-authored publications between 2003 and 2012

A decline trend is a sign of

the consolidation and

expansion phase in scientific

development which is

apparently dominant in

middle-income countries.

Malaysia’s publication

INCREASED in VOLUME but

DECREASED with regard to

INTERNATIONAL

COLLABORATION.

http://goo.gl/vjoKxP

http://goo.gl/vjoKxP

http://goo.gl/PNrcZG


Top ASEAN universities with high publication growth rate

and in region collaboration, by discipline [1/2]

Discipline Publication growth rate (%) In region collaboration (%)

Agricultural and biological sciences

UTM (119%), UM (84%), USM (60%), UPM (46%)

UPM (20%), Kasetsart University Thailand (17%), USM (19%), UM (20%), Chiang Mai University Thailand (25%), Chulalongkorn University Thailand (14%)

Biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology

IIUM (65%), USM (55%), UTM (51%), UM (49%), UPM (45%)

N/A

Chemistry UPM (69%), UTM (51%), UKM (46%), UM (43%)

USM (44%), UM (34%), Prince of Songkla University Thailand (50%)

Computer Sciences UTM (88%), UPM (58%), UKM (53%) N/A

Earth and planetary science

UPM (46%), NTU Singapore (47%) N/A

Economic and business science

USM (73%), UKM (70%), UM (48%), UPM (45%)

N/A

Engineering UMP (131%), UM (68%), UKM (67%), UPM (58%), UTM (56%)

N/A

Environmental science

UM (70%), UPM (58%), UTM (50%) UPM (22%)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). (2014). Higher Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding Up. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/PNrcZG.



Top ASEAN universities with high publication growth rate

and in region collaboration, by discipline [2/2]

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). (2014). Higher Education in Asia: Expanding Out, Expanding Up.

Retrieved from http://goo.gl/PNrcZG.

Discipline Publication growth rate (%) In region collaboration (%)

Health professions and nursing

UKM (50%), UM (35%) Mahidol University Thailand (11%)

Materials science UPM (56%), UKM (52%), UKM (50%), UTM (38%), USM (30%)

USM (38%), UM (30%)

Mathematics UPM (62%), UM (61%), UTM (58%), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (47%)

N/A

Medicine UPM (38%) UM (15%)

Multidisciplinary IIUM (140%), USM (115%), UPM (106%), Chiang Mai University Thailand (102%), UTM (97%), UKM (90%), UM (21%), UMP (19%)

UPM (102%), UKM (5%), UTM (16%), UM (9%), USM (8%)

Other life and health science

UPM (43%) Mahidol University Thailand (18%), UPM (19%), Chulalongkorn University Thailand (20%)

Physics and astronomy

UM (57%), UPM (54%), UTM (46%), USM (31%), UKM (29%)

USM (45%), UM (29%)



5 - Global Reputation of Universities

5 Drivers of Change

66

“ Rankings have many faults and do not adequately describe universities and cannot show whether

one institution is better than another

….but

I am very happy when Cambridge is rated as the top university in the world”

Alison Richard

Former Vice Chancellor

University of Cambridge


Trend in Global Reputation (Rankings & Rating)

• A new force in national and global higher education is created by the many rankings and rating of academic institutions

• These rankings are criticized but, nonetheless, taken seriously by individuals, public, universities, and at times governments.

• Show no signs of disappearing…


Worried about slipping down the ranking table?

68


THE Rankings Methodology

Areas Weighting Indicators

TEACHING: the learning environment 30%

Academic reputation (15%),

Staff-student ratio (4.5%),

Doctorate-bachelor ratio (2.25%),

Doctoral awards (6%),

Income per staff (2.25%).

RESEARCH: volume, income and reputation

30%

reputation (18%),

volume (6%)

income (6%)

CITATIONS: research influence 30% citation per staff in ISI journals

INDUSTRY INCOME: innovation 2.5% research innovation income per staff

INTERNATIONAL OUTLOOK: how global is your university

7.5%

staff (2.5%),

students (2.5%)

research (2.5%)


QS Rankings Indicators

INDICATORS WUR AUR LATIN AMERICA

ACADEMIC REPUTATION 40% 30% 30%

EMPLOYER REPUTATION 10% 10% 20%

FACULTY STUDENT 20% 20% 10%

CITATIONS PER FACULTY 20% - -

CITATIONS PER PAPER - 15% 10%

PAPERS PER FACULTY - 15% 10%

INTERNATIONAL FACULTY 5% 2.5% -

INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS 5% 2.5% -

INBOUND EXCHANGE STUDENTS - 2.5% -

OUTBOUND EXCHANGE STUDENTS - 2.5% -

STAFF WITH PHD - - 10%

WEB IMPACT - - 10%


THE Ranking - Asia

71

UM –

USM -

UKM – 22.3

UPM – 18.0

UTM - ?


UTM International Rankings (QS)

401 358 355

2011 2012 2013

QS-World University Rankings (WUR)

QS-WUR 82 76 74 68 66

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

QS-Asian University Rankings (AUR)

QS-AUR

Subject Rankings (in the World) 2010 2011 2012 2013

Computer Science & Information System 201-250 151-200

Chemical 201-250 151-200 101-150 101-150

Civil & Structural 201-250 151-200 101-150 101-150

Electrical & Electronics 201-250 151-200 101-150

Mechanical, Aeronautical & Manufacturing 201-250 151-200 101-150 101-150

Environmental Sciences 201-250


QS-Subject Rankings – Comparison with Malaysian Universities 2013

Subject/Rankings in Malaysia UTM* UM USM UKM UPM

Computer Science & Information System

3 2 1 6 4

Chemical 3 2 1 6 4

Civil & Structural 2 5 1 3 4

Electrical & Electronics 5 1 2 3 4

Mechanical, Aeronautical & Manufacturing

5 1 2 3 4

* UTM Subject Rankings for all Engineering & Technology subjects : 101-150


QS - ASIAN UNIVERSITY RANKINGS 2013-2014

INDICATOR % SCORE 2013 RANK 2013 SCORE 2014 RANK 2014

ACADEMIC REPUTATION (from global survey)

30 65.9 67 65.3 68

EMPLOYER REPUTATION (from global survey)

10 60.5 62 64.5 81

FACULTY STUDENT RATIO 20 79.3 78 87.3 55

CITATIONS PER PAPER (from SciVerse Scopus)

15 6.7 301+ 8.6 201+

PAPERS PER FACULTY (from SciVerse Scopus)

15 20.4 240 24.2 201+

PROPORTION OF INTERNATIONAL FACULTY

2.5 80.5 29 95.2 18

PROPORTION OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS

2.5 99.9 7 99.9 10

PROPORTION OF INBOUND EXCHANGE

2.5 70.8 40 45.9 36

PROPORTION OF OUTBOUND EXCHANGE

2.5 100 4 79.3 23


Critical Agenda Projects (CAP)

75


CONCLUSIONS

76


Achieving Excellence

Leadership

Strategy

People System & Processes

Employee Engagement

Structure, Capacity & Capability

77

Customer Experience

Organisational Performance

Values Culture


Conclusions

78

Game Changers in Future Universities

Finance

Human Capital

Digital Technology

Research & Innovation

Global Reputation

Internationalisation

Teaching Delivery


79

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Global Trends in Higher Education - utm.my · Global Trends in Higher Education 1 ... innovative entrepreneurial global 2 - Global Mobility Academic mobility is a hallmark of the