GLOBAL TREND IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION · PDF file7/2/2012 · Seminar Nasional “Sustainability dalam Bidang Material, Rekayasa dan Konstruksi Beton” 2 1. INTRODUCTION This planet

Seminar Nasional “Sustainability dalam Bidang Material, Rekayasa dan Konstruksi Beton”

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GLOBAL TREND IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

Prof. Ir. Roesdiman Soegiarso, M.Sc., Ph.D.1

Ir. Onnyxiforus Gondokusumo, M.Eng.2

Devina S. Raditya Jap3

Abstract

Developing the globe in a sustainable way is paramount important for our present needs and future

generations. This paper seeks the aspects contribute in the development of the world and identifies the

inter-relationships. By knowing the needs and their impact to the world, sustainable world development

can be achieved. Sustainable construction in high-rise buildings as part of sustainable world will be

elaborated. The new development concept of high-rise buildings which is called sustainable construction

will be discussed. In order to measure the performance of this concept the related issues on high-rise

buildings are identified, the performance indicators in the form of spider graph are presented. In this

study, the Jakarta Tower is adopted as a model in evaluating sustainable construction concept. Finally,

how the sustainable world and sustainable construction affect the human life in the future and the

conclusion remarks on this study are outlined

Keywords: Sustainable world, Sustainable construction, High-rise buildings

Pengembangan dunia dengan cara berkesinabungan merupakan hal yang sangat penting untuk kebutuhan

kita sekarang dan generasi yang akan datang. Tulisan ini mencari aspek-aspek yang mempunyai

kontribusi terhadap pengembangan dunia and menentukan hubungan hubungannya. Dengan mengetahui

kebutuhan kebutuhan dan dampaknya terhadap dunia, pengemangan dunia yang berkesinabungan dapat

dicapai. Konsep pembangunan dalam bangunan tinggi yang disebut pembangunan yang berkesinabungan

akan dibahas. Untuk mengukur keberhasilan konsep ini, hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan bangunan

tinggi ditentukan dan indikasi keberhasilan dalam bentuk spider graph dipresentasikan. Dalam studi

Jakarta Tower dipilih sebagai model dalam mengevaluasi konsep pembangunan yang berkesinabungan.

Akhirnya bagaimana dunia yang berkesinabungan dan konstruksi yang berkesinabungan memberi

dampak kepada kehidupan manusia dimasa yang akan datang dan kesimpulan akan dipaparkan.

Kata kunci: Dunia berkesinabungan, Pembangunan berkesinabungan, Bangunan tinggi

1 Professor, Tarumanagara University, Project Director of Jakarta Tower 2 Lecturer, Tarumanagara University, Manager of Jakarta Tower 3 Sustainable Construction Specialist, PT. Holcim Indonesia Tbk.


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1. INTRODUCTION

This planet as the only place where the people live has to be developed to meet our needs and

maintained for our future generation. Since the beginning, this world has evolved and changed

due to many reasons. Many developments and explorations have been made without considering

the environmental aspects and the needs of future generations. And therefore, in recent years

people start to realize that this world has to be developed in harmony with the nature. The

questions are; who is responsible for this big task, where to start, what guidelines have to be

followed and what have been achieved so far? It is understood that this is not an easy task but

we have to start from somewhere and continue working to save this planet for future

generations. The beginning of the 21st century many seminars and discussions have been

conducted regarding to this topic and many papers have been published. In recent years the

scientists from different backgrounds have put their thoughts together how to develop and

manage this world in a sustainable way.

In broad, the task is to maintain a sustainable world. In this paper several aspects contribute to

the sustainable world and how they are related will be discussed. Understanding the

interrelation among all aspects is important in maintaining the sustainable world. One of the

issues in sustainable world is the development of the world where the sustainable construction

becomes part of this development. Lately, the sustainable construction has become the focus of

many researchers especially the topics related to energy and material. In the recent conference

on Sustainable Building South East Asia, 2007 many papers have been proposed on these topics

(Bathish, 2007 and Kristensen et. Al. 2007) and a few papers on legal aspect (Othman and

Rahman, 2007). Besides conferences, seminars and discussions sponsored non-profit

organizations, Holcim has played an active role not only to participate in the discussion, but also

to initiate a Holcim Foundation for sustainable construction (Holcim, 2004).

In sustainable construction, there are three performance indicators can be identified and

commonly used i.e., social aspects, economy aspects and environmental aspects. And also the

criteria belong to each aspect can be determined depending upon the needs and the sustainability

performance can be measured in the form of Spider Graph (Holcim, 2005). In order to observe

the implementation of this concept and contribution of the parameters on the three aspects

particularly on high-rise buildings, a model of Jakarta Tower has been developed and the results

are presented in the form spider graph (Soegiarso and Gondokusumo, 2006). In this paper a

brief historical background on high-rise buildings is presented. Finally, based on the study on

this paper, the conclusion will be derived.


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2. BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CONSTRUCTION

When sustainability construction is discussed, the word construction may be assumed identical

as civil engineering work. In other words, civil engineering work contributes heavily to the

deterioration of the world but also at the same time caters the human needs in this world.

Therefore, it has to be developed judiciously. In order to know how it emerges and evolves

throughout the historical of this world, let us review the brief development of civil engineering

work, particularly high-rise buildings.

All high-rise buildings up to now can be deveoped only because the presence of material steel

and concrete for construction. When these materials were introduced for construction actually

was just a few decades ago. Before these materials were used, the building structure was

relatively short and most of the buildings were made of stones stacked one to another. In the

seventeenth century cast iron was introduced for construction. In Russia, 1725, the first cast iron

members were used in a 12-meter roof span. Since cast iron has good performance in

compression, in 1772, in St. Anne’s church the first cast iron column was introduced. In 1792,

in England, the first multi-story building was constructed where the floors were supported by

cast iron columns. Similar to cast iron, concrete was introduced to be used as building material

in the eighteenth century. Basically, concrete consists of aggregate (sand and gravel), cement

and water. These items play an important role to the sustainability of the construction. In 1756,

John Smeaton, the British engineer made the first modern concrete. In 1824, Joseph Aspdin

invented Portland Cement where he had created the artificial cement by burning ground and

clay together. When cast iron and concrete are used together it is called reinforced concrete. In

1904, Ingalls building was the first high-rise reinforced concrete building built. In 1916 the

Portland Cement Association (PCA) was founded. This organization is still playing an active

role in the `construction industry. Up to date many high-rise buildings have been built using

reinforced concrete.

In the 19th century, the construction of high-rise buildings was started in Europe and continued

in the USA. Among them are Singer building (1808), Massonic Temple (1882) and St. Paul

(1888). In the 20th century the construction of high-rise building was continued. Woolworth

building (1918), Empire State building (1981), Sears tower (1974) and World Trade Center

(WTC) where it took seven years to complete the construction (1971-1978). The latest was

collapsed due to tragedy September 11. At the end of the 20th century the construction of high-

rise buildings was shifted from USA to Asia and Australia. In 1998, the 88-story building

Petronas Tower with the height of 452m was completed as the tallest tower in the world and at


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the same time to replace the position Sears tower. The beginning of the 21st century has become

the booming time for Asia in the construction of high-rise buildings. In Shanghai alone in 1997

more than 2000 high-rise buildings were constructed. Seemingly the countries are competing to

build high-rise buildings for different reasons and one of them as a landmark. In big cities as

shown in Figure 1, the land in prime area is occupied by tall structures and limited space is

available for greenery. And this is the trend of construction in big cities. In 2004, only six years

after the completion of Petronas tower, Taipei 101 with the height of 509m was completed as

the tallest building in the world. In 2007, the height of structure Burj tower already exceeded the

Taipei 101 eventhough the construction has not been completed. The last four tallest towers in

the world are shown in Figure 2.

When we observe the above data, most of high-rise buildings were built in the last 100 years

and in the last 20 years the construction of high-rise buildings in Asia has grown rapidly.

Actually, the growing is not only in the construction of high-rise buildings but also in other

aspects of development such as infrastructure. This is due to the increase of the needs of the

human beings and the increase of population. The global population in 1900 is 1.5 billion and in

2000 the global population has reached 6 billion and in 2025 the expecting figure is 8 billion.

The recent trend shows more people live in the city dwellers, consequently more construction of

buildings in the city is needed. This will cause the environmental problems. The study also

shows that the construction of buildings consumes 50% of the natural resources and 40% of

energy and 16% of water use. Moreover, building industry consumes up to 45% of the all CO2

emissions, more than transport and other industry together. (Holcim, 2007). And therefore, the

sustainable construction and development become paramount important issues in the last 10

years. Eventhough many papers have been published with the same objective, but there are still

several definitions about sustainability. In this paper we quote several definitions of

sustainability.

Sustainable development was first defined by Brundtland (Former Prime Minister of Norway) in his report in 1987. According to that report, “Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Sustainable development is then the kind of development we need to pursue in order to achieve the state of sustainability. It is continuous process of maintaining a dynamic balance between the demands of people for equity, prosperity and quality of life, and what is ecologically, social and economically possible. Sustainable construction means that the principles of sustainable development are applied to the comprehensive construction cycle from the extraction and beneficiation of raw materials, through the planning, design and construction buildings and infrastructure, until their fin-al deconstruction and management of


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the resultant waste. It is a holistic process aiming to restore and maintain harmony between the natural and built environments, while creating settlements that affirm human dignity and encourage economic equity.

Despite the differences, the steps toward the implementation of sustainable world and

sustainable construction are necessary and crucial. How the construction affects the human life,

how it meets the need of the people and how the construction should performed need a study. It

is important to note that the construction should be developed in harmony with the nature. This

issue will be elaborated in the subsequent section.

Shanghai New-York

Figure 1: The tall buildings in big cities

Figure 2: The four tallest building in the world


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3. SUSTAINABILITY TRIANGLE

It is obvious that the world where we are living has to be sustained, so that the continued

existence of human life in harmony with nature can be achieved. In other words, a sustainable

world has to be maintained for the sake of our life now and also for our next generation.

However the efforts towards that commitment may not bring optimal results without identifying

the key factors to achieve and maintain the sustainability. In this paper, the concept of

Sustainability Triangle is introduced. It is a systematic approach to classify the key factors to

achieve and maintain a sustainable world into three categories. The three key factors are

associated with the three nodes of a triangle. The first node is ‘Natural Resources’, the second

node is ‘Human Made’, and the third node is ‘Legal’. ‘Sustainable World’ node is located at the

center of the triangle. This composition is further called the Sustainability Triangle as shown in

Figure 3.

Figure 3: Sustainability Triangle

The concept of Sustainability Triangle can be explained as follows. Since the beginning of the

world, GOD provided human with various natural resources such as solar, wind, water, soil,

and many other materials. These natural resources are intended to supply human needs and to

support human life. On the other hand, human is given with the ability to utilize and manage the

natural resources. Human needs food, clothes, shelter for their life. From these basic needs,

human developed agriculture, mining, manufacturing, construction, and many others, which are

termed Human Made. Natural resources can create natural disasters such as earthquake,

landslides, cyclones, tsunami and floods that destroy human made. In some cases human caused

disaster can also occur. The interaction between these two key factors, Natural Resources and

Human Made, should be kept in balance to achieve a sustainable world. However, this is not an


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easy task. Another key factor, termed as Legal, is needed to protect and conserve the natural

resources and at the same time manage and control the human made. Whenever an indication of

scarcity or destruction occurs, natural resources will alert or initiate the legal to formulate

policies, regulations, standards that human made should comply. If the three key factors exist in

balance then a sustainable world can be achieved and maintained.

As mentioned earlier, construction is just one of many others that human makes and develops to

fulfill their needs. The concept of Sustainability Triangle is also applied in construction. The

three key factors, natural resources, human made and legal have to exist in balance during the

construction life-cycle. There are also stakeholders in the human made factor and legal factor

that play an important role to achieve and maintain a sustainable construction. This concept is

schematically drawn in Figure 4 and will further be elaborated in the following paragraph.

There are various types of project in the construction industry, such as housings, infrastructures,

public facilities, high-rise buildings, telecommunication and broadcasting towers. All these

projects can be categorized into human made. Land is used to accommodate construction

projects. Concrete, steel, timber, masonry and many others are manufactured as construction

materials. Solar, water and wind are the sources of energy to be utilized efficiently in

construction projects. These are the role of natural resources in construction. However, natural

resources can affect human made inadvertently in the form of natural disaster or human caused

disaster. The interrelation between natural resources and human made has to be kept in balance.

For this purpose, codes, regulations, standards, policies and other kinds of legal matter have a

very important role to protect natural resources and to control human made. The stakeholders

of the human made such as owners, designers, contractors, users, manufacturers have to comply

with the legal products issued by the government or other related institutions. Natural

resources, human made and legal will always have interrelation in the production, construction,

operations or demolition phase of a construction life-cycle. In other words, the existence of the

three key factors is required along the construction life-cycle to achieve and maintain a

sustainable construction.


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Figure 4: Sustainability Triangle in Construction

4. SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

4.1. Background

The issue on environment protection has been known by all of us for years. Lately, the concept

of environment protection has evolved from its original term to ‘sustainable development’ and

‘sustainable construction’ in the field of construction.

In June 1992 the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, known as the

“Earth Summit of the World” was held in Rio de Janeiro. In that conference the ground work

for solving global environmental problems was discussed.

The definition of sustainable development is relatively easy to understand. However, it is

realized that it is not easy when it comes to practice, particularly in the field of construction.

Some interpretation is needed to implement the concept of sustainable development in the


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construction industry. For that purpose, CIB (Conseil International du Batiment; World

Building Congress) held in 1999, made an agenda. The conclusion is that the construction

industry and the built environment are two key areas if a sustainable development is to be

attained in present societies. As mentioned earlier, this is because buildings consume more than

40% of the total energy in the European Union, and the construction industry generates

approximately 40% of all manmade waste. The dominant concept of design evolved as shown in

Figure 5.

Figure 5: Progress of recent changes in the subject of Environment

4.2. Sustainable Construction Concept

In this context, sustainability means meeting the needs of today without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable construction aims to apply this

principle to the construction industry by providing ways of buildings that use less virgin

material and less energy, cause less pollution and less waste but still provide the benefits that

construction projects have brought us throughout history. This means that the discussion on

sustainable construction should be viewed by multidisciplinary approaches, namely civil

engineering, architecture, environmental engineering, economics, social science.

The sustainable construction concept keeps in balance the financial, environmental and

operational consideration in a construction project. Since any construction project needs land,

materials and energy, the use of the three elements should also be thought considerably to

maintain the abovementioned balance. Therefore the process of maintaining the sustainability


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should begin from the design process and continue up to the construction process. Above all the

efforts comes the purpose to fulfill the requirement of the community. Figure 6 shows

symbolically the individual components which are integrated within sustainable construction

concept.

Figure 6: Integration of elements in sustainable construction process

4.3. Sustainability Performance Indicators

Since the scope of construction projects is very broad, the discussion in this paper will be

focused on building construction. Due to the complexity of the approaches, three major aspects

are considered as indicators for the sustainability performance of a building. The three major

aspects are social, economic, and environmental aspects. Each of three aspects is further

detailed into five indicators as shown in Figure 7.

The first aspect is social aspect. One of the most important purposes of any construction project

is to serve the need of the community. Therefore, a building is sustainable if it is able to serve

its social requirement. The people should have a level of comfort in occupying the building with

as much use of natural resources as possible. Day-lighting, ventilation, noise pollution, thermal

comfort and outward view from inside the building are factors to be considered to satisfy the

occupants of the building. A sustainable building should be easily accessible by the community,

inclusive of the disabled ones. The availability of public transportation, clear signage,

information desk is an important factor for this accessibility requirement. Easy access to various

public facilities, such as banks, retail shops, communication and recreation is another factor a

sustainable building should fulfill. The participation and control of the building occupants for

the building operations, in some extent, may contribute to the sustainability performance of a

building, for instance the ability to control the room temperature. Health and safety is another


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important factor. The avoidance of use of materials with potential negative effects to the indoor

air quality, clear and accessible information for emergency evacuation for building users are

some of the examples that make the health and safety practicable.

Figure 7: Aspects affecting sustainability performance

The second aspect is economic aspect. This economic aspect is surely important in any industry.

Some people may have a presumption that the implementation of sustainability concept with its

complexity will be expensive. In fact, the concept intends to reduce the investment costs and the

operations costs. In this case the right selection and the optimal use of the mechanical &

electrical equipment play an important role in minimizing the wasted energy. More attention

should be given to the potential energy that can be generated by natural resources, namely wind

energy, solar energy, water energy, and geothermal energy. The total life cycle cost, which

include both the investment and the operations cost, is the reference for any alternatives in

generating energy from the natural resources. Sustainable construction concept also intends to

lift up the local economy by considering the participation of local contractors, the use of local

materials, local equipment as much as possible. Occupancy rate of a building is one indicator of

the energy efficiency, which also affects the operations cost of the building. The flexibility of

some parts of the building to accommodate various events and the adaptability of the building to

the need of various tenants should also be considered in the economic aspect.

The third aspect is the environmental aspect. Construction activities have significant and well

known impacts to its environment. Therefore, it is in this environmental aspect that significant

improvement be possible to achieve. Construction site assessment should be conducted to avoid


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destruction to the green-belt land and minimize the ecological damage. Waste should be

minimized during construction. Innovative design to maximize the use of passive solar, water or

wind energy should be encouraged. It is important to pay attention on the selection of

sustainable and low impact materials. Mechanical & Electrical design plays an important role in

the design of insulation, lighting, air-conditioning systems etc. to minimize operations costs,

heat losses and energy use. Innovative ideas are required to recycle or reuse waste during the

construction process and the operations of the building.

4.4 Measuring the Sustainability Performance

The sustainability performance of a building should be measurable. For that purpose,

Sustainable Building Assessment Tool can be used. The objective of the tool is to provide an

indication of the performance of a building or the design of a building in terms of sustainability.

The tool should be ideally be used on a building that has just been completed. However, it can

be used at other stages of a building's lifecycle but some criteria may not be relevant. The tool

can be used on most building types such as schools, housing and offices.

The assessment is simply carried out by assigning a percentage of compliance (in the range of

0% to 100%) for each relevant criterion listed out in a table format. There are three major

aspects to be considered. They are social aspect, economic aspect and environmental aspect.

There are five groups of indicator in each aspect. Each group of indicator is further detailed into

five sub-indicators. The percentage of compliance is assigned to each of these sub-indicators.

The forms are shown in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 for social aspects, economic aspects and

environmental aspects respectively.

The output of the tool is an indicative value for each group of indicators, for each of the three

major aspects, as well as an indicative overall value. The output values can be grouped into 0-1,

1-2, 2-3, 3-4 and 4-5 which mean very poor, poor, average, good and excellent respectively.

Based on those indicative values, a radar graph can be drawn as shown in Figure 8. The radar

graph gives an indication of which group of indicators that needs attention, so that the building

performance is improved in terms of sustainability.

4.5. Sustainable Construction Initiatives for the Jakarta Tower

Jakarta Tower is a mixed-use development project which consists of a 558 meter multi-function

tower combined with several business units at the podium. It is built on a 4 hectare land area

with a total floor area of approximately 360,000 m2. At present, the basement part of the Jakarta


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Tower is under construction. A section and a perspective drawing of the Jakarta Tower are

presented in Figure 8.

A preliminary study of the sustainability concept for the Jakarta Tower was conducted. The

Sustainable Building Assessment Tool was applied. It was realized that not all of the building

indicators used in the tool was applicable due to its unique tower and the on-going stage of the

project. However, the study was conducted to give a preliminary idea of to what degree the

current development of the Jakarta Tower satisfy the sustainability concept and to generate

ideas for improvement.

The percentage of compliance of each sub-indicator was filled in and presented under the

‘measure’ column in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3. The radar graph as the tool output is shown

in Figure 9.

Figure 8: The Jakarta Tower Project

The graph shows that from the social aspects and economic aspects, the project goes into ‘good’

category. However, from the environmental point of view there are a lot of potential

improvements needs to be done.

From the environmental aspect, potential savings in the investment and the operation costs can

be generated from several sources such as the utilization of potential energy induced by solar


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and wind, the recycling of waste materials, the selection of the right mechanical & electrical

equipment and the right way of operating those equipment.

During the preliminary study on the sustainability concept for the Jakarta Tower, some

initiatives were generated.

- Collect the rain water on the roof for toilet flush and water condensation.

- Select the right type of sanitary equipment for efficient use of water.

- Use the ground water for the chiller equipment, toilet flush, etc.

- Use ventilation during night time to store the cool air.

- Use the right type of window glass to optimize the natural heating & cooling process.

- Use high efficiency lighting.

- Prepare a contract agreement with the contractor to recycle the construction waste.

- Plant vegetation on the roof of the podium.

Based on this preliminary study, the sustainable construction concept will be thoughtfully

considered in the design, construction and operation process of the Jakarta Tower project.

5. CONCLUSION

The concept of sustainable world in the form of sustainable triangle has been developed and the

relationship between natural resources, human-made and legal has been elaborated. The

background of sustainable construction concept and the performance indicators have been

discussed. The model to study the performance of sustainable construction has been developed.

The following conclusions can be drawn:


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Table 1: Indicative Performance Measure: Social Aspects Code Criteria Indicative performance measure Measure PointsSO 1 Occupant Comfort 3.4

SO 1.1 Daylighting % of occupied spaces that are within distance 2H from window, where H is the height of the window or where there is good daylight from skylights 40 0.4

SO 1.2 Ventilation % of occupied spaces have equivalent of opening window area equivalent to 10% of floor area or adequate mechanical system, with unpolluted air source 95 1.0

SO 1.3 Noise % of occupied spaces where external/internal/reverberation noise does not impinge on normal conversation (50dbA) 80 0.8

SO 1.4 Thermal comfort Temperature of occupied space does not exceed 28ºC or go below 19ºC for less than 5 days per year (100%) 80 0.8

SO 1.5 Views % of occupied space that is 6m from an external window (not a skylight) with a view 40 0.4

SO 2 Inclusive Environments 4.2

SO 2.1 Public Transport % of building(s) within 400m of disabled accessible public transport 100 1.0SO 2.2 Information High contrast, clear print signage in appropriate locations (100%) 90 0.9

SO 2.3 Space % of occupied spaces that are accessible to ambulant disabled / wheelchair users 80 0.8

SO 2.4 Toilets % of space with fully accessible toilets within 50m 80 0.8

SO 2.5 Fittings & Furniture % of commonly used furniture and fittings (reception desk, kitchenette, auditorium) fully accessible 70 0.7

SO 3 Access to Facilities 4.5

SO 3.1 Children day care centre

All users can walk (100%) / use public transport (50%) to get to their childrens' schools and creches 50 0.5

SO 3.2 Banking All users can walk (100%) / use public transport (50%) to get to banking facilities 100 1.0

SO 3.3 Retail All users can walk (100%) / use public transport (50%) to get to food retail 100 1.0

SO 3.4 Communication All users can walk (100%) / use public transport (50%) to get to communication facilities (post, telephone and internet) 100 1.0

SO 3.5 Exercise All users can walk (100%) / use public transport (50%) to get to recreation / exercise facilities 100 1.0

SO 4 Participation & Control 2.5

SO 4.1 Environmental control

% of occupied spaces able to control their thermal environment (adjacent to openable windows/thermal controls) 90 0.9

SO 4.2 Involvement % of users actively involved in the design process (workshops / meetings with models / large format drawings) 30 0.3

SO 4.3 Social spaces Social informal meeting spaces (parks / staff canteens / cafes) provided locally (within 400m) (100%) 90 0.9

SO 4.4 Sharing facilities 5% of facilities shared with other users / organisations on a weekly basis (100%) 20 0.2

SO 4.5 User group Active representative user group involved in the management of the building / facilities / local environment (100%) 20 0.2

SO 5 Education, Health & Safety 3.0

SO 5.1 EducationTwo percent or more space/facilities available for education (seminar rooms / reading / libraries) per occupied spaces (75%). Construction training provided on site (25%)

25 0.3

SO 5.2 SafetyAll well used routes in and around building well lit (25%), all routes in and around buildings visually supervised (25%), secure perimeter and access control (50%), crime control (100%)

75 0.8

SO 5.3 Awareness % of users who can access information on health & safety issues, training and employment opportunities easily accessed (posters/personnel) 50 0.5

SO 5.4 Materials All materials/components used have no negative effects on indoor air quality (100%) 90 0.9

SO 5.5 Accidents Method in place for recording all occupational accidents and diseases and addressing these 60 0.6


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Table 2: Indicative Performance Measure: Economical Aspects Code Criteria Indicative performance measure Measure PointsEC 1 Local economy 3.9

EC 1.1 Local contractors % value of the building constructed by local (within 50km) small (employees<20) contractors 60 0.6

EC 1.2 Local materials % of materials (sand, bricks, blocks, roofing material) sourced from within 50km 70 0.7

EC 1.3 Local components % of components (windows, doors etc) made locally (in the country) 80 0.8

EC 1.4 Local furniture/fittings % of furniture and fittings made locally (in the country) 80 0.8

EC 1.5 Maintenance % of maintenance and repairs by value that can, and are undertaken, by local contractors (within 50km) 95 1.0

EC 2 Efficiency 3.9

EC 2.1 Capacity % capacity of building used on a daily basis (actual number of users / number of users at full capacity) 80 0.8

EC 2.2 Occupancy % of time building is occupied and used (actual average number of hours used / all potential hours building could be used (24) ) 50 0.5

EC 2.3 Space per occupant Space provision per user not more than 10% above national average for building type (100%) 80 0.8

EC 2.4 Communication Site/building has access to internet and telephone (100%), telephone only (50%) 100 1.0

EC 2.5 Material & Components

Building design coordinated with material / component sizes in order to minimise wastage. Walls (50%), Roof and floors (50%) 75 0.8

EC 3 Adaptability 2.8EC 3.1 Vertical heights % of spaces that have a floor to ceiling height of 3000mm or more 90 0.9EC 3.2 External space Design facilitates flexible external space use (100%) 90 0.9

EC 3.3 Internal partition Non loadbearing internal partitions that can be easily adapted (loose partioning (100%), studwall (50%), masonary (25%) 50 0.5

EC 3.4 Modular planning Building with modular structure, envelope & services allowing easily internal adaptation (100%) 25 0.3

EC 3.5 Furniture Modular, limited variety furniture - can be easily configured for different uses (100%) 25 0.3

EC 4 Ongoing costs 4.0

EC 4.1 Induction All new users receive induction training on building systems (50%), Detailed building user manual (50%) 50 0.5

EC 4.2 Consumption & waste

% of users exposed on a monthly basis to building performance figures (water (25%), electricity (25%), waste (25%), accidents (25%) 75 0.8

EC 4.2 Metering Easily monitored localised metering system for water (25%) and energy (75%) 90 0.9

EC 4.3 Maintenance & Cleaning

Building can be cleaned and maintained easily and safely using simple equipment and local non-hazardous materials (100%) 90 0.9

SO 4.5 Procurement % of value of all materials/equipment used in the building on a daily basis supplied by local (within the country) manufacturers 90 0.9

EC 5 Capital Costs 2.0

EC 5.1 Local need Five percent capital cost allocated to address urgent local issues (employment, training etc) during construction process (100%) 20 0.2

EC 5.2 Procurement Tender / construction packaged to ensure involvement of small local contractors/manufacturers (100%) 75 0.8

EC 5.3 Building costs Capital cost not more than fifteen % above national average building costs for the building type (100%) 80 0.8

EC 5.4 Sustainable technology

3% or more of capital costs allocated to new sustainable/innovative technology (100%) 20 0.2

EC 5.5 Existing Buildings Existing buildings reused (100%) 0 0.0


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Table 3: Indicative Performance Measure: Environmental Aspects Code Criteria Indicative performance measure Measure PointsEN 1 Water 1.4

EN 1.1 Rainwater % of water consumed sourced from rainwater harvested on site 0 0.0

EN 1.2 Water use % of equipment (taps, washing machines, urinals showerheads) that are water efficient 60 0.6

EN 1.3 Runoff % of carparking, paths, roads and roofs that have absorbant/permeable surfaces (grassed/thatched/looselaid paving/ absorbant materials) 20 0.2

EN 1.4 Greywater % of water from washing/relatively clean processes recycled and reused 0 0.0

EN 1.5 Planting % of planting (other than food gardens) on site with low / appropriate water requirements 60 0.6

EN 2 Energy 1.6EN 2.1 Location % of users who walk / use public transport to commute to the building 100 1.0

EN 2.2 Ventilation % of building ventilation requirements met through natural / passive ventilation 20 0.2

EN 2.3 Heating & Cooling % of occupied space which has passive environmental control (no or minimal energy consumption) 20 0.2

EN 2.4 Appliances & fittings

% of appliances / lighting fixtures that are classed as highly energy efficient ( ie energy star rating) 10 0.1

EN 2.5 Renewable energy % of building energy requirements met from renewable sources 5 0.1EN 3 Waste 0.3

EN 3.1 Toxic waste % of toxic waste (batteries, ink cartridges, flourescent lamps) recycled 0 0.0EN 3.2 Organic waste % of organic waste recycled 0 0.0EN 3.3 Inorganic waste % of inorganic waste recycled. 0 0.0EN 3.4 Sewerage % of sewerage recycled on site 30 0.3

EN 3.5 Construction waste % of damaged building materials / waste developed in construction recycled on site 0 0.0

EN 4 Site 1.2EN 4.1 Brownfield site % of proposed site already disturbed / brownfield (previously developed) 0 0.0

EN 4.2 Neighbouring buildings

No neighbouring buildings negatively affected (access to sunlight, daylight, ventilation) (100%) 70 0.7

EN 4.3 Vegetation % of area covered in vegetation (include green roofs, internal planting) relative to whole site 20 0.2

EN 4.4 Food gardens Food gardens on site (100%) 10 0.1

EN 4.5 Landscape inputs % of landscape that does not require mechanical equipment (ie lawn cutting) and or artificial inputs such as weed killers and pesticides 20 0.2

EN 5 Materials & Components 2.8

EN 5.1 Embodied energy Materials with high embodied energy (aluminium, plastics) make up less than 1% of weight of building (100%) 95 1.0

EN 5.2 Material sources % of materials and components by volume from grown sources (animal / plant) 0 0.0

EN 5.3 Ozone depletion No materials and components used requiring ozone depleting processes (100%) 80 0.8

EN 5.4 Recyled / reuse % of materials and components (by weight) reused / from recycled sources 10 0.1

EN 5.5 Construction process

Volume / area of site disturbed during construction less than 2X volume / area of new building (100%) 95 1.0


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Social 3.5 Overall 2.8Economic 3.5 Classification AverageEnvironmental 1.5

0.01.02.03.04.05.0

SO-1: Occupant ComfortSO-2: Inclusive Environments

SO-3: Access to Facilities

SO-4: Participation & Control

SO-5: Education, Health & Safety

EC-1: Local Economy

EC-2: EfficiencyEC-3: AdaptabilityEC-4: Ongoing Costs

EC-5: Capital Costs

EN-1: Water

EN-2: Energy

EN-3: Waste

EN-4: Site

EN-5: Materials & Components

Figure 9: Indicative Performance Measure: Overall Aspects

1. The key factors in achieving and maintaining the sustainable of the world have been

introduced in the form of sustainability triangular. The relationship between key factors has

been discussed. The balance between the three key factors, natural resources, human-made

and legal will determine the success in developing the sustainable world.

2. Construction has become part of sustainable world issues that is related to the man-made

and it has to be executed judiciously.

3. Construction in this world is needed to meet the needs of human where the needs keep

increasing along the increase of the population. At the same time the construction will

deteriorate the environment. With the present development, the sustainable construction can

not be avoided.

4. Sustainable construction concept aim at the fulfillment of today’s need of people without

sacrificing the need of tomorrow’s generation by keeping in balance the social, economic

and environmental aspects. Sustainable construction concept should be planned from the

design stage, implemented during the construction stage and maintained during the

operations.


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5. Legal aspect plays and an important role in achieving and maintaining sustainable world and

construction.

6. Sustainable construction concept has been applied to Jakarta tower project and the results

have been presented in the form of spider graph. In this model, the aspects related to the

nature, water, energy and site have to be improved in order to meet a good standard

performance of sustainable construction.

6. REFERENCES

1. Holcim Forum for Sustainable Construction 2004

2. Potential Sustainable Construction Initiatives for the Jakarta Tower (2005), a one day

workshop, Holcim – PT. Prasada Japa Pamudja

3. Klaus G. Peter (2005), (HL - PP Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft, Germany) presentation on

Sustainable Building Design, Jakarta.

4. Keizo Baba (2005), Revival of Construction Industry in Asia by Sustainable Construction,

The Asian Institute of Technology Alumni Association (AITAA) Seminar, Jakarta 2

December.

5. Soegiarso, R. and Gondokusumo, O. (2006), “Interdiciplinary Approach in Civil

Engineering: From Numerical Theory to Sustainable Construction”, International

Conference “Answering the Challenges in Today’s Civil Engineering”, Jakarta 25-26

January.

6. Batish, H. (2007), Sustainability Building Development – Theory & Practice, Proceedings

of the Conference on Sustainable Building South East Asia, pp. 127-142.

7. Ng, C.J., Kristensen, P., Reimann, G. (2007), Sustainable Office Buildings in the Tropics,

Proceedings of the Conference on Sustainable Building South East Asia, pp. 349-446.

8. Othman, M.S.H. and Rahman S.A. (2007), Legal and Social Impediments on Policies for

Sustainable Building in Malaysia, Proceedings of the Conference on Sustainable Building

South East Asia.

Documents

GLOBAL TREND IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION · PDF file7/2/2012 · Seminar Nasional “Sustainability dalam Bidang Material, Rekayasa dan Konstruksi Beton” 2 1. INTRODUCTION This planet