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Global Threat Global Threat Reduction InitiativeReduction InitiativeMobile Source Tracking ProjectsMobile Source Tracking Projects
Presented by:Kurt Silvers, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Global Threat Reduction Initiative
Mission: Reduce and protect vulnerable nuclear and radiological material located at civilian sites worldwide
Goals: Convert research reactors and isotope production facilities from HEU
to LEU (permanent threat reduction)
Remove and dispose of excess nuclear and radiological materials (permanent threat reduction)
Protect high priority nuclear and radiological materials from theft and sabotage through a sustainable threat reduction model
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Radioactive Materials of Concern and Common Uses
Cs-137 (30 year half life): Blood, research, and sterilization irradiators; 1,000 – 50,000 Ci
Co-60 (5 year half life): Teletherapy and Gamma Knife units (cancer treatment); 1,000 – 10,000 Ci, and panoramic irradiation (sterilization); 100,000 – 10,000,000 Ci
Ir-192 (73 day half life): Brachytherapy (cancer treatment) and radiography (industrial imaging);10 – 150 Ci
Am-241 (432 year half life): Oil well-logging; 8 – 20 Ci
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Principles of GTRI Security Enhancements
Graded Approach
Layered, target-out application,
Tailored to response strategy,
Based on material attractiveness.
Alert and Notify
Objective
Prompt detection,
Reliable notification,
Timely response initiation.
Insider Threat
Mitigation
Critical alarms,
Continuously armed and supervised,
Received by multiple individuals/locations.
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Fixed Source Security Strategy
CONTAINMENT STRATEGY
DETECT DELAY RESPOND
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Mobile Source Operational Scenario
RiskRisk• Insider• Procedural Incompliance
• Insider• Theft
(Offsite storage and 3RD party transport
heightened risk)
• Insider
• Insider• Loss
• Insider• Procedural Incompliance
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Mobile Source Security Challenges
Characteristics of Mobile Devices Security Challenges
• Devices are portable and move from storage facilities, to transport vehicles, to job sites
• Transported and used across wide geographic areas
• Used at job site for varying lengths of time
• Used in harsh and sometimes remote locations
• Relatively small devices/containers
• Sources exposed instead of contained during operation
• Security extends beyond storage location
• Limited remote alarm notification and surveillance during transport and use
• Reliance on manual procedures and operator communication during transport and use
• Limited options for addressing “delay”
• Response jurisdictions can be difficult to determine
• Device location may be unfamiliar to responders
Enhanced Security Considerations
•Tracking devices/containers and monitoring source presence
•Alarm communication methods and reliability (cellular/satellite)
•Power consumption (battery life)
•Limited space for sensor and communication components
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Well Logging and Radiography Industry Engagement
Oil-Field Service Industry Partnership Jointly developed “Security and Control of High-
Activity Well Logging Sources Guidelines” Addressed security of well logging sources in
storage, in transit and in use at drill sites
Industrial Radiography Security Initiative Partnership between GTRI, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, the Non-Destructive Testing Management Association, and individual radiography licensees
Outreach venue to raise risk/threat awareness and to discuss approaches to training and security upgrades
Mobile Source Tracking In 2012, GTRI met with representatives from each
industry to discuss the status of their internal mobile source tracking efforts
Options for supporting these efforts were considered
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GTRI Mobile Source Tracking Projects
In 2013, GTRI funded the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to work with well logging and radiography industry partners and other commercial product developers to design and develop an enhanced mobile radiation source tracking system for the well logging and radiography industries.
Mobile radioactive source tracking and reporting system
Security
Operations managementImproveImprove
DevelopDevelop
• Leverage available commercial off-the-shelf technologies where possible
• Focus solution towards a low cost system with minimal maintenance and low operational impact
• Design system to be technology transferred for commercial production and sale
Design Considerations
Design Considerations
• Theft• Loss
• Inventory Status• Procedural Compliance
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Cs137Am241Be
Communication Links
Master Control Unit (MCU)
BLE 4.0 Web browser
Telematics (Tele)Handheld eTag
Active RF tag
Adhered to logging shields (2) and calibration shields (2)•Item Status•Source Information•Tamper Detection
System Controller
•Source/Radiation DetectionRadiation Sensor
•Source Information•eTag Presence•Tamper Detection•Alarms
Location (GPS)
•Satellite Communications
Local Control
•User Interface
Base StationApplication Software
User Interface
•Alarms•Source Information•Location
x 4
Bluetooth BLEGlobalstar
Bluetooth
MCU wired to vehicle power
MCU antenna wire
Satellitedata
Cloud
Well Logging – Radioactive Source Tracking System
Calibration Source 1 &2
MCU
Base Station PC
PNNL
PNNL
PNNL
Tele User
Development Teams
PNNLTele
Tele
UserApplication Software
User
Telematics
MCU
MCU
Mobile Alert
Base Station AlertPC Display Representation
! ! ! ALARM ! ! !! ! ! ALARM ! ! !
Approve Source Usage
Vault
Source Checkout and Loading
In Transit
In Transit
In Use
Well
Offsite Storage
Down Well
Well Logging Land Based Source Usage: Overview
System Controls and NotificationsSystem Controls and Notifications
Checkout•Default Run Mode Configuration •Authorized User System Configuration•System Validates Checkout and Load
MCU Monitoring•Presence of shield eTags •Radiation Detection•System Tamper•Geo-fence*
Alerts/Alarms•Messages sent to multiple users
Electronic inventory management
In Use Alarms• Alarm will be generated after a pre-determined
amount of time elapses and the source is not checked in. Procedural efforts have to be made to determine the frequency for which sources have to be checked in.
*Not currently in scope
Source Checkout and Loading
Return to Vault11
Well Logging Tracking System Development Process Timeline
Phase I: Preliminary Design and Engineering Units
Phase II:Critical Design and Prototype Units
Phase III:Technology Transfer, Manufacturing, and Deployment
5/13 12/13
12/13 12/14
12/14 4/15
Deliverables
Conceptual Design Requirements Defined Preliminary Design Engineering Units
Prototype Units Prototype Pilot: Detailed Design: Device Verify and Validation: Critical Design:
Technology Transfer: Low Rate Initial Production: Manufacturing Approval:
ScheduleTitle
2-Sept-14 14-Oct-1413-Nov-1431-Dec-14
12-Feb-15 26-Mar-15
23-Apr-15
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Communication Links
PM-Box Telematics (Tele)PM-Tag
Active RF tag integrated into handle
•Source/Radiation DetectionRadiation Sensor
•Source Information•Tamper Detection•Alarms
Storage and Communications Relay
•Device Presence•Tamper Detection•Communication Links•PM-Tag Battery Charger
Location (GPS)
•Cellular Communications•Optional Satellite Communications
Base StationApplication Software
User Interface
•Alarms•Source Information•Location
Bluetooth BLE wired
Cellulardata
Radiography – Radioactive Source Monitoring System Overview
Base Station PC
PNNL
PNNL
Tele User
Development Teams
PNNL Tele
Tele
UserApplication Software
User
Telematics
Mobile Status/Alarms
Tele protocol
Range: 300 ft
Wire to truck power
Wire to existing telematics
RF Antenna
Cellular Antenna
Integrated into packaging
Mobile Alert
Base Station AlertPC Display Representation
! ! ! ALARM ! ! !! ! ! ALARM ! ! !
Cloud
Approve Source Usage
Vault
Source Checkout and Loading
In Transit
In Transit
In Use
Offsite Storage
Out of Range
Radiography Source Usage: Overview
System Controls and NotificationsSystem Controls and Notifications
Checkout•Default Run Mode Configuration•System Validates Checkout
PM-Tag Monitoring•Presence of source•Radiation Detection•System Tamper•Storage in PM-Box Detection
Alerts/Alarms•Messages sent to multiple users
Electronic inventory management
Out of Range Alarms • Alarm would trigger after a
determined amount of time has elapsed and the camera was not returned within range of the truck.Source Checkout
and Loading
Return to Vault 14
Radiography Tracking System Development Process Timeline
Phase I: Preliminary Design and Engineering Units
Phase II:Critical Design and Prototype Units
Phase III:Technology Transfer, Manufacturing, and Deployment
5/13 2/14
2/14 1/15
1/15 6/15
Deliverables
Conceptual Design Requirements Defined Preliminary Design Engineering Units
Prototype Units: Prototype Pilot: Detailed Design: Device Verify and Validation: Critical Design:
ScheduleTitle
26-Jun-1425-Jul-14
22-Aug-1419-Dec-14
7-Jan-15
18-Mar-1513-May-1511-Jun-15
Technology Transfer: Low Rate Initial Production: Manufacturing Approval:
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System Benefits & Limitations
BenefitsTimely notification of potential security incidentMore accurate locational data to target response/search areaInsider threat detectionProcedural compliance assuranceElectronic inventory management
LimitationsCannot track individual sealed sources independent of their container1
Base system cannot continuously track devices/containers outside of RF range2
Size and cost of satellite communication technology Cellular communication coverage and cost Power consumption
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1 Evaluating ability to monitor well logging Am241Be source while down well.2 Cellular-based tracking of individual radiography cameras may be implemented as a
system option, but will increase unit costs and service fees.
Future Activities
Well Logging Design modifications to support additional use cases (e.g. 3rd party transport in over pack) License technology to additional telematics or security system vendors
Radiography Provide engineering support and license technology to additional radiography device
manufacturers, telematics or security system vendors
General Maintain product testing and standards compliance evaluation services Monitor cellular/satellite communications and battery technologies and work with vendors to
incorporate enhanced technologies as they become viable
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GTRI Contacts
Please contact us if you have developed/deployed a similar system and would like to share lessons learned or collaborate, or if you are interested in the NNSA/PNNL developed technology once it becomes commercially available:
Ioanna IliopulosOffice Director
North and South American Threat Reduction
DOE/NNSA/GTRI
202-586-1881
Kurt SilversPacific Northwest National Laboratory
509-372-4828
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Questions?Questions?
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