Somak Raychaudhury Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune (somak@iucaa.in)

Global projects in Astrophysics for India

INSA Anniversary meeting 27 December 2017

LIGO-India

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Gravitational Waves

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Detection of Gravitational Waves received the top awards in science,

marking a glorious beginning of Gravitational Wave Astronomy

LIGO-India is a great opportunity for science, human resource development and technology spin-offs. Needs urgent funding to enable setting up of related theoretical and

experimental groups and laboratories in the institutions and universities.

40 authors from Indian institutions in discovery paper

GW Spectrum: Sources & Detectors

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LIGO-India A Mega-Science project on Indian Soil

Indian observatory: setup, commission & operate. [Lead institutes: IPR,IUCAA, RRCAT] Fundamental Discovery of Einstein’s messengers:

LIGO-India GW Astronomy New window to the Universe!

Strategic geographical advantage on India, Demographic advantage of India Global cooperation, not competition

Joint venture with LIGO Lab. USA (Caltech, MIT)

High end Science Technology and Engineering. Transformational for Indian capabilities and high tech skills enabling cutting edge work in photonics, lasers & vacuum technology) Industrial Connection

LIGO-G1701635

Indo-US collaboration

Funding agencies: NSF (USA) and jointly DAE (India) & DST (India) Institutions: LIGO Lab., Caltech & MIT (USA), together with

LIGO-India Stakeholders

1. Inter-University Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune

2. Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar 3. Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology

(RRCAT), Indore 4. Directorate of Construction, Services and Estate

Management (DCSEM), Mumbai Last three affiliated to Dept of Atomic Energy, India

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LIGO-India ‘preferred’ site

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LIGO-India ‘preferred’ site

Highly Multi-disciplinary project

Emerging Research themes (in the building phase) • Squeezed light technology: US LIGO observatories will soon

introduce squeezed light in the vacuum port to improve SNR.

• Improved Mirror coating : Thermal noise of the mirror coatings are expected to become the limiting source of noise in the mid frequency band. LI must participate in this global challenge with LSC

• Advanced Optics & Laser technology: Fiber based approach to High power stabilised laser solutions, future cryogenic silicon optics, scatter losses in mirrors.

• Control Systems

• Mitigating Newtonian Gravity noise: Direct gravitational coupling between moving ground mass and the test masses, a.k.a., Newtonian Noise (NN). Precise measurements of seismic waves, online/offline adaptive noise cancellation

• Wind loading noise on LIGO-India building structure: Variable tilt introduces on the building foundation to strong gusts of wind

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11 Series of meetings at IUCAA to build LI S&T community

4 meetings in 2016, more coming

Indian Institutions: IUCAA, IPR, RRCAT, IIT Madras, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IISER Pune, IISER Tvm, IISER Kolkata, TIFR Mumbai, TIFR Hyderabad, ICTS-TIFR, Physical Research Lab., National Physical

Laboratory, Univ. of Pune & Nanded, SINP Kolkata, …

http://www.gw.iucaa.in/litra2016/

International experts: Rana Adhikari (Caltech US),

Giles Hammond (Glasgow UK), Kiwamu Izumi (LIGO-Hanford US),

Brian Lantz (Stanford U, US), David McClelland (ANU, Aus.),

Benno Willke (AEI-Hannover, Germany) Brett Shapiro (Stanford U., US)

Andreas Friese (U. Birmingham, UK)

LIGO-India Science buildup

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Thirty Meter Telescope

TMT Observatory: Partners

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China: tertiary mirror(M3) Na GS laser launching, Segments, instruments

Canada: Dome, AO systems, instruments

Japan:Telescope Structure, Segment Blanks, segments instruments

USA: Segments, Polishing, Civil Works, instruments

India : M1 Control system, Software, segments Instruments

S. Raychaudhury, IUCAA

TMT-India: Partners

• DST-DAE funding: DST Leading • TMT-India HQ at Indian Institute of

Astrophysics, Bengaluru • Three lead institutes: IIA Bengaluru, IUCAA

Pune, ARIES Naini tal • Over 20 more Institutes and Universities

currently involved • TMT International Science Meet held in Mysuru in Nov 2017

Segment Support Assembly • Prototypes of SSA and actuators are being made at

Avasarala Technologies, Bengaluru and Godrej & Boyce, Mumbai

S. Raychaudhury, IUCAA 15

Indian Role

S. Raychaudhury, IUCAA 16

Thirty Metre Telescope • Construction permit for Mauna Kea cancelled by

the Hawaii supreme court on technical grounds • Permit re-acquiring process is in progress • Mauna Kea remains TMT’s preferred site, back up site is

La Palma, Spain- this is now being vigorously pursued

• However, work is progressing in all partner countries

• In India – TCS, OSW, segment support assembly, actuators etc. are being prototyped and design iterations are in progress at IIA Bengaluru and at IUCAA

LIGO-G1701635

Science team buildup Series of meetings at IUCAA to build LI S&T

community 1st meeting: Aug 16-18, 2016 2nd meeting: Dec 19-21, 2016 3rd meeting: Mar 27-28, 2017 4th meeting: May 15-16, 2017

Indian Institutions: IUCAA, IPR, RRCAT, IIT Madras, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IISER Pune, IISER Tvm, IISER Kolkata,

TIFR Mumbai, TIFR Hyderabad, ICTS-TIFR, Physical Research Lab., National Physical Laboratory, Univ. of Pune

& Nanded, SINP Kolkata, …

International experts: Rana Adhikari (Caltech),

Andreas Friese (U. Birmingham) Giles Hammond (Glasgow),

Kiwamu Izumi (LIGO-Hanford), Brian Lantz (Stanford),

Tjonnie Li (CU Hong Kong) David McClelland (ANU)

Fred Raab (LIGO, Hanford) David Reitze (LIGO, Caltech)

Peter Saulson (Syracuse) B.S. Sathyprakash (Penn State)

Brett Shapiro (Stanford) L. Singer (NASA Goddard)

Benno Willke (AEI-Hannover)

LIGO-India: The Road Ahead

Square Km Array and India

Slides mainly from

Yashwant Gupta, NCRA-TIFR, Pune

The Square Kilometre Array The SKA is the most ambitious

Radio Astronomy project ever attempted

1 square km (1,000,000 sq m) collecting area (~ 30 x GMRT !) ~ 3000 small sized antennas, with larger field of view

High resolution antennas spread out over distances up to 3000 km, but connected in real-time (by optical fibre)

Wide frequency range: 70 MHz - 10 GHz

Location : Australia AND South Africa (radio quiet regions, far away from human habitat))

Radio telescope sensitivities over the years

SKA Technologies

Receptor stations spread out over a region of 3000 km; highly compact & dense central core region

Multiple detector technologies to cover the large frequency range : dishes (high frequency), sparse & dense aperture arrays (low & mid frequencies)

Extensive optical fibre network (petabits/sec ) : > total internet traffic)

State of the art low noise electronics & real-time signal processing

Supercomputing capability (petaflops) for post processing requirements

Science with the SKA

Cosmic Dawn & EoR : direct imaging of the earliest structures

Cosmology & Dark Energy : primordial non-Gaussianity, super-horizon scales and the matter dipole

Galaxy Evolution (via Radio Continuum and Neutral Hydrogen) : star formation rates, resolved gaseous disks and angular momentum growth;

The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Magnetism : what generates the magnetic fields in space? ; the role of magnetism in galaxy evolution

The Transient Radio Sky : Fast Radio Bursts as cosmological probes

Strong-field Tests of Gravity with Pulsars & Black Holes : gravity waves & fundamental physics; was Einstein right ?

SKA Phase I Full SKA is a very ambitious project; for ease of implementation, it has been split into phases SKA Phase I : ~ 10% of full SKA Frequency coverage : 70 MHz to 3 (10) GHz Max baseline : 150 km All infrastructure and designs to keep in mind the full

SKA Two sites : Australia (SKA-low) and South Africa

(SKA-mid) Global HQ : Jodrell Bank (UK) Detailed design & definition phase : 2012 - 2018 (~

110 M Euros) Construction phase : 2019 - 2024 (~ 650 M Euros;

Rs 4500 cr)

SKA-MID : Karoo, South Africa Phase 1: 200 15m dishes spread over 150 km (2018 – 2023) Phase 2: 2500 dishes spread over 3500 km (2025 – 2033)

The Karoo • 800 km north of Cape Town • Radio quiet protected by

Astronomy Advantage Act • Building on MeerKAT

SKA-LOW : Murchison, Australia Phase 1: 130,000 dipole antennas over 80 km (2018 – 2023) Phase 2: 500,000 dipoles over 250 km (2025 – 2033)

Murchison Desert • 800 km north of Perth • Very low popn density • Radio quiet zone protected

by ACMA • ASKAP & MWA precursors

SKA-I : Members

Indian Participation in SKA

India has been involved in the SKA Project since the early days of thinking & planning; and is a Full Member of the SKA Organisation. NCRA is the nodal organisation and DAE is the nodal ministry The GMRT has the status of a SKA pathfinder facility Main aspects of Indian participation in SKA, at present, are : Participation in technical design phase of SKA-I (and plans

for contribution to construction phase of SKA-I) Involvement in SKA Pathfinders : technical and science

aspects Preparing for science with the SKA Developing required technical and scientific manpower :

training and outreach Present activities are coordinated by the SKA India Consortium