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Global Nuclear Activities
Outline
Fissile material stocks
Nuclear arsenals
Nuclear tests since 1945
Current operating nuclear reactors and share of electricity producing from nuclear reactors
Under-construction nuclear reactors
Nuclear watchdog: an introduction of IAEA
Nuclear timeline
Fissile Material Stocks
According to the International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM), The global inventory of highly enriched uranium (HEU) is estimated to be about 1370 ± 125 tonnes as of the end of 2014. The global stockpile of separated plutonium as of the end of 2014 is estimated as 505 ± 10 tonnes, of which about 271tonnes is the material in civilian custody.
Country HEU,
tonnes Non-civilian Pu, tonnes
Civilian Pu, tonnes
Russia 679 128 52.2
United States 599 87.6 0
France 30.6 6 61.9
China 18 1.8 0.025
United Kingdom 21.2 3.2 103.3
Pakistan 3.1 0.19 0
India 3.2 5.7 0.4
Israel 0.3 0.86 -
North Korea 0 0.03 -
Others 15 - 52.8
TOTAL 1370 234 271
2
Numbers for weapon plutonium for the United States and United Kingdom are based on official data. Most numbers for civilian plutonium are based on declarations submitted to IAEA and reflect the status as of December 31, 2014. Other numbers are non-governmental estimates, often with large uncertainties. HEU amount for Russia is 90% enriched HEU equivalent. The totals are rounded. See individual country entries for details.1
France, Russia, the United Kingdom, Japan, and India operate civilian reprocessing facilities that separate plutonium from spent fuel of power reactors. China is operating a pilot civilian reprocessing facility.
Twelve countries - Russia, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands (the last three are in the URENCO consortium), Japan, Argentina, Brazil, India, Pakistan, and Iran - operate uranium enrichment facilities. North Korea is also believed to have an operational uranium enrichment plant.2
Global Nuclear Arsenals
At the start of 2015, nine states—the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea)—possessed approximately 15 850 nuclear weapons, of which 4300 were deployed with operational forces. Roughly 1800 of these weapons are kept in a state of high operational alert.3
Source: Arms Control Association
1 Fissile Material Stocks, International Penal on Fissile Material (IPFM), http://fissilematerials.org/ 2 Ibid. 3 Nuclear forces, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2016, http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/nuclear-forces
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Nuclear Tests Since 1945
Since the first nuclear test explosion on July 16, 1945, at least eight nations have detonated 2,054 nuclear test explosions at dozens of test sites from Lop Nor in China, to the atolls of the Pacific, to Nevada, to Algeria where France conducted its first nuclear device, to western Australia where the U.K. exploded nuclear weapons, the South Atlantic, to Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan, across Russia, and elsewhere.
Most of the test sites are in the lands of indigenous peoples and far from the capitals of the testing governments. A large number of the early tests—528—were detonated in the atmosphere, which spread radioactive materials through the atmosphere. Many underground nuclear blasts have also vented radioactive material into the atmosphere and left radioactive contamination in the soil.
Through nuclear test explosions, the testing nations have been able to proof-test new warhead designs and create increasingly sophisticated nuclear weapons. In 1996, negotiations on a global Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) were concluded and the treaty was opened for signature on September 24, 1996. The CTBT, which prohibits "any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion" and established a international test monitoring and verification system, has not yet entered into force.
List of Nuclear Tests
Year United States
USSR/ Russia
United Kingdom
France China India Pakistan North Korea
Total
1945 1
1
1946 2
2
1947 0
0
1948 3
3
1949 0 1
1
1950 0 0
0
1951 16 2
18
1952 10 0 1
11
1953 11 5 2
18
1954 6 10 0
16
1955 18 6 0
24
1956 18 9 6
33
1957 32 16 7
55
1958 77 34 5
116
4
1959 0 0 0
0
1960 0 0 0 3
3
1961 10 59 0 2
71
1962 96 79 2 1
178
1963 47 0 0 3
50
1964 45 9 2 3 1
60
1965 38 14 1 4 1
58
1966 48 18 0 7 3
76
1967 42 17 0 3 2
64
1968 56 17 0 5 1
79
1969 46 19 0 0 2
67
1970 39 16 0 8 1
64
1971 24 23 0 5 1
53
1972 27 24 0 4 2
57
1973 24 17 0 6 1
48
1974 22 21 1 9 1 1
55
1975 22 19 0 2 1 0
44
1976 20 21 1 5 4 0
51
1977 20 24 0 9 1 0
54
1978 19 31 2 11 3 0
66
1979 15 31 1 10 1 0
58
1980 14 24 3 12 1 0
54
1981 16 21 1 12 0 0
50
1982 18 19 1 10 1 0
49
1983 18 25 1 9 2 0
55
1984 18 27 2 8 2 0
57
1985 17 10 1 8 0 0
36
1986 14 0 1 8 0 0
23
1987 14 23 1 8 1 0
47
1988 15 16 0 8 1 0
40
1989 11 7 1 9 0 0
28
1990 8 1 1 6 2 0
18
5
1991 7 0 1 6 0 0
14
1992 6 0 0 0 2 0
8
1993 0 0 0 0 1 0
1
1994 0 0 0 0 2 0
2
1995 0 0 0 5 2 0
7
1996 0 0 0 1 2 0
3
1997 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1998 0 0 0 0 0 2 2
4
1999-2005
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2006 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2007-2008
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2009 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0
2011 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2013 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Total 1,030 715 45 210 45 3 2 4 2,054
Source: Arms Control Association
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Operating Nuclear Reactors4
At present, 442 nuclear reactors are operating across the globe. USA is on top, with 99 nuclear operating reactors. All these reactors are producing 383470 MW of electricity. List of all nuclear reactors and their capacity to produce electricity is given below:
Country Number of Reactors
Total Net Electrical Capacity [MW]
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 99 98708
FRANCE 58 63130
JAPAN 43 40290
RUSSIA 35 25443
CHINA 31 26635
KOREA, REPUBLIC OF 25 23074
INDIA 21 5308
CANADA 19 13500
UKRAINE 15 13107
UNITED KINGDOM 15 8883
SWEDEN 10 9648
GERMANY 8 10799
BELGIUM 7 5913
SPAIN 7 7121
CZECH REPUBLIC 6 3904
SWITZERLAND 5 3333
FINLAND 4 2752
HUNGARY 4 1889
SLOVAKIA 4 1814
ARGENTINA 3 1627
PAKISTAN 3 690
BRAZIL 2 1884
4 . http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/WorldStatistics/OperationalReactorsByCountry.aspx
7
BULGARIA 2 1926
MEXICO 2 1440
ROMANIA 2 1300
SOUTH AFRICA 2 1860
ARMENIA 1 375
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF 1 915
NETHERLANDS 1 482
SLOVENIA 1 688
Total 442 383470
Source: IAEA
8
Nuclear Reactors by Country: Graph
Source: IAEA
9
Under-Construction Reactors
There are 66 nuclear reactors under construction in the world. In this context, China is on top and making 24 nuclear power plants including two are establishing in Taiwan. USA—which has most nuclear reactors in the world – is also making five more nuclear reactors. The list of under-construction nuclear reactors is given below:
Under Construction Nuclear Reactors
Country Number of Reactors Total Net Electrical
Capacity [MW]
CHINA 24 24128
RUSSIA 8 6582
INDIA 6 3907
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 5 5633
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 4 5380
KOREA, REPUBLIC OF 3 4020
BELARUS 2 2218
JAPAN 2 2650
PAKISTAN 2 630
SLOVAKIA 2 880
UKRAINE 2 1900
ARGENTINA 1 25
BRAZIL 1 1245
FINLAND 1 1600
FRANCE 1 1630
Total 66 65028
Source: IAEA
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Under-Construction Reactors: Graph
Source: IAEA
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Nuclear Share of Electricity Generation in 2014
Country Number of Operated Reactors
Total Net Electrical Capacity
[MW]
Nuclear Electricity Supplied
[GW.h]
Nuclear Share
[%]
FRANCE 58 63130 418001.40 76.9
SLOVAKIA 4 1814 14420.34 56.8
HUNGARY 4 1889 14777.73 53.6
UKRAINE 15 13107 83122.79 49.4
BELGIUM 7 5927 32093.74 47.5
SWEDEN 10 9470 62270.05 41.5
SWITZERLAND 5 3333 26467.90 37.9
SLOVENIA 1 688 6060.82 37.2
CZECH REPUBLIC 6 3904 28636.78 35.8
FINLAND 4 2752 22645.96 34.6
BULGARIA 2 1926 15013.99 33.6
ARMENIA 1 375 2265.64 30.7
KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
23 20717 149199.22 30.4
SPAIN 7 7121 54860.38 20.4
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
100 99313 798616.26 19.5
RUSSIA 34 24654 169064.84 18.6
ROMANIA 2 1300 10753.68 18.5
UNITED KINGDOM 16 9373 57918.48 17.2
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CANADA 19 13500 98588.12 16.8
GERMANY 9 12074 91783.70 15.8
SOUTH AFRICA 2 1860 14762.70 6.2
MEXICO 2 1330 9311.60 5.6
PAKISTAN 3 690 4577.53 4.3
ARGENTINA 3 1627 5258.17 4.0
NETHERLANDS 1 482 3873.51 4.0
INDIA 21 5308 33231.87 3.5
BRAZIL 2 1884 14463.39 2.9
CHINA 23 19007 123807.69 2.4
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF
1 915 3723.60 1.5
JAPAN 48 42388 0.00 0.0
Total 439 376890 2410372.94 NA
Source: IAEA
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Nuclear Share of Electricity Generation in 2014 in Graph
Source: IAEA
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Permanent Shutdown Reactors
Country Number of Reactors
Total Net Electrical Capacity [MW]
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 33 13945
UNITED KINGDOM 30 4715
GERMANY 28 15576
JAPAN 16 8262
FRANCE 12 3789
CANADA 6 2143
RUSSIA 5 786
BULGARIA 4 1632
ITALY 4 1423
UKRAINE 4 3515
SLOVAKIA 3 909
SWEDEN 3 1210
LITHUANIA 2 2370
SPAIN 2 621
ARMENIA 1 376
BELGIUM 1 10
KAZAKHSTAN 1 52
NETHERLANDS 1 55
SWITZERLAND 1 6
Total 157 61395
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Nuclear Weapons Related Treaties
Bilateral
o India-Pakistan Non-Attack Agreement
The Agreement obligates India and Pakistan to refrain from undertaking, encouraging, or participating in actions aimed at causing destruction or damage to nuclear installations or facilities in each country.
Countries: INDIA, PAKISTAN
o Joint Declaration of South and North Korea on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
The Joint Declaration was a treaty in which South and North Korea agreed not to possess, produce, or use nuclear weapons, and prohibited uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing.
Countries: NORTH KOREA, SOUTH KOREA
o Lahore Declaration
The Lahore Declaration was an agreement between India and Pakistan that called for both to reduce the risk of accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons, among other confidence-building measures.
Countries: INDIA, PAKISTAN
o Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)
SALT refers to two rounds of talks between the US and the USSR on nuclear arms control. SALT I (1969-1972) led to the ABM Treaty.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
o Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II)
SALT refers to two rounds of talks between the US and the USSR on nuclear arms control. SALT II lasted from 1972-1979.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
o Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT)
The treaty mandates the United States and Russia to mutually decrease and limit strategic nuclear weapons, with each party reserving the right to determine the structure of its strategic offensive arms.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
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o Treaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (New START)
New START is the most recent agreement for nuclear arms reduction between the United States and Russia, establishing a limit on deployed strategic warheads.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
o Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Strategic Offensive Reductions (START I)
START I limited the number of strategic nuclear delivery vehicles and warheads. START II complemented START I by attempting to establish further limits on strategic nuclear weapons for each party.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
o Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Strategic Offensive Reductions (START II)
START II complemented START I by attempting to establish further limits on strategic nuclear weapons for each party.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
o Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-range and Shorter-range Missiles (INF Treaty)
The INF Treaty was a bilateral agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was the first treaty to reduce nuclear arms instead of establishing an arms ceiling.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
o Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes (PNE Treaty)
The PNE Treaty allows the United States and the USSR to conduct underground peaceful nuclear explosions at any location under their jurisdiction or control.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
o Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (ABM Treaty)
The ABM Treaty is an agreement between the United States and Soviet to cease construction of a national anti-ballistic missile system to limit the development and deployment of defensive missiles.
Countries: BELARUS, KAZAKHSTAN, RUSSIA, UKRAINE, UNITED STATES
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o US-DPRK Agreed Framework
The Agreed Framework was an agreement between the United States and North Korea, which called for replacing a North Korean nuclear reactor in exchange for normalizing relations and other incentives.
Countries: NORTH KOREA, UNITED STATES
Multilateral
o Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
The CTBT prohibits nuclear weapon test explosions. It has not yet entered into force, since three of the 44 required states have yet to sign it and five to ratify it.
Countries: ALGERIA, ARGENTINA, ARMENIA, AUSTRALIA, AZERBAIJAN, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CANADA, ESTONIA, FORMER YUGOSLAVIA,FRANCE, GEORGIA, JAPAN, JORDAN, KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, LATVIA, LIBYA, LITHUANIA, MYANMAR, RUSSIA, SOUTHAFRICA, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN, TAJIKISTAN, TURKEY, UKRAINE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, UNITED KINGDOM, UZBEKISTAN, VENEZUELA, VIETNAM
o International Convention on the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
The Convention covers a broad range of acts and possible targets, including nuclear power plants and nuclear reactors. It criminalizes the planning, threatening, or carrying out acts of nuclear terrorism.
Countries: ALGERIA, ARMENIA, AUSTRALIA, AZERBAIJAN, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CHINA, INDIA, JAPAN, KAZAKHSTAN, LATVIA, LIBYA, LITHUANIA,RUSSIA, SAUDI ARABIA, SOUTH AFRICA, UKRAINE, UNITED KINGDOM, UZBEKISTAN
o Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water (Partial Test Ban Treaty) (PTBT)
The PTBT requires parties to abstain from carrying out nuclear explosions in any environment where such explosions cause radioactive debris outside the limits of the State that conducts an explosion.
Countries: ARGENTINA, ARMENIA, AUSTRALIA, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CANADA, EGYPT, INDIA, INDONESIA, IRAN, IRAQ, ISRAEL, JAPAN, JORDAN,LIBYA, MYANMAR, PAKISTAN, RUSSIA, SOUTH AFRICA, SOUTH KOREA, SYRIA, TURKEY, UKRAINE, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES,VENEZUELA
o Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
The NPT is a treaty aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons through the three elements of non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear energy.
Countries: UNITED STATES
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o Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof (Seabed Treaty)
The treaty prevents placement of NBC weapons on the seabed and ocean floor to eliminate the possibility of an underwater arms race and promote the peaceful exploration of water bodies.
Countries: ALGERIA, ARGENTINA, ARMENIA, AUSTRALIA, AZERBAIJAN, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CANADA, CHINA, CUBA, EGYPT, ESTONIA, FORMER, YUGOSLAVIA, FRANCE, GEORGIA, INDIA, INDONESIA, IRAN, IRAQ, ISRAEL, JAPAN, JORDAN, KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, LATVIA, LIBYA,LITHUANIA, MYANMAR, NORTH KOREA, PAKISTAN, RUSSIA, SAUDI ARABIA, SOUTH AFRICA, SOUTH KOREA, SYRIA, TAIWAN, TAJIKISTAN,TURKEY, UKRAINE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, UZBEKISTAN, VENEZUELA, VIETNAM
NWFZs
o African Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone (ANWFZ) Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty)
The Treaty obligates Parties not to develop, manufacture, acquire, or possess any nuclear explosive device. Parties may engage in peaceful nuclear activities and must conclude safeguards agreements with the IAEA.
Countries: ALGERIA, LIBYA, SOUTH AFRICA
o Antarctic Treaty
The Treaty obligates parties to only use Antarctica for peaceful purposes. Military activities are prohibited, including the testing of weapons, nuclear explosions, and the disposal of radioactive waste in Antarctica.
Countries: ARGENTINA, AUSTRALIA, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CANADA, CHINA, CUBA, ESTONIA, FRANCE, INDIA, JAPAN, NORTH KOREA, RUSSIA,SOUTH AFRICA, SOUTH KOREA, TURKEY, UKRAINE, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, VENEZUELA
o Central Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone (CANWFZ)
CANWFZ signatories cannot develop, acquire, possess, or control any nuclear weapon or nuclear explosive device, or carry out nuclear weapon tests. They also pledge to prevent nuclear explosions.
Countries: KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, TAJIKISTAN, UZBEKISTAN
o Nuclear-Weapon-Free Status of Mongolia
The NWF Status prohibits any state from: 1. the development, possession, or control over nuclear weapons in Mongolia; 2. transporting nuclear weapons in Mongolia; 3. disposing radioactive material in Mongolia.
Countries: MONGOLIA
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o Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone (SEANWFZ) Treaty (Bangkok Treaty)
ASEAN members established the treaty, a critical component of ASEAN’s Declaration on a Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality, to ensure the absence of nuclear explosive devices in the region.
Countries: INDONESIA, MYANMAR, VIETNAM
o South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone (SPNFZ) Treaty of Rarotonga
The treaty prohibits nuclear explosive devices in the South Pacific. It is the second treaty to establish a NWFZ, and also bans the testing and use of nuclear explosive technologies.
Countries: AUSTRALIA
o Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (LANWFZ) (Tlatelolco Treaty)
The Tlatelolco Treaty prohibits Latin American states from acquiring, possessing, developing, testing or using nuclear weapons, and prohibits other countries from storing and deploying nuclear weapons on their territories.
Countries: ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, CUBA, VENEZUELA
Proposed Multilateral
o Proposed Fissile Material (Cut-off) Treaty (FMCT)
The proposed treaty is intended to prohibit the production of fissile material. It has been on the proposed agenda of the Conference on Disarmament for many years, but the CD has not been able to establish a committee to begin formal negotiations because states disagree on the scope of the future treaty.
Countries: ALGERIA, ARGENTINA, ARMENIA, AUSTRALIA, AZERBAIJAN, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CANADA, CHINA, CUBA, EGYPT, ESTONIA, FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, FRANCE, GEORGIA, INDIA, INDONESIA, IRAN, IRAQ, ISRAEL, JAPAN, KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, LATVIA, LIBYA, LITHUANIA,MYANMAR, NORTH KOREA, PAKISTAN, RUSSIA, SAUDI ARABIA, SOUTH AFRICA, SOUTH KOREA, SYRIA, TAIWAN, TAJIKISTAN, TURKEY, UKRAINE,UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, UZBEKISTAN, VENEZUELA
o Proposed Internationally Legally-Binding Negative Security Assurances (NSAs)
NSAs are the promise of nuclear-weapon States not to use or threaten nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States.
Countries: ALGERIA, ARGENTINA, AUSTRALIA, BRAZIL, CANADA, CHINA, CUBA, FRANCE, INDIA, INDONESIA, IRAN, ISRAEL, JAPAN,KAZAKHSTAN, KYRGYZSTAN, MYANMAR, NORTH KOREA,
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PAKISTAN, RUSSIA, TAJIKISTAN, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, UZBEKISTAN,VENEZUELA, VIETNAM
o Proposed Nuclear Weapons Convention (NWC)
The proposed NWC, modeled on the CWC and BTWC, is intended to prohibit the development, testing, production, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons by all parties.
Countries: CHINA, FRANCE, RUSSIA, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES
o Proposed Prevention of an Arms Race in Space (PAROS) Treaty
A PAROS treaty would build on the efforts of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty to preserve space for peaceful uses by committing States Parties to refrain from placing objects carrying any type of weapon into orbit, installing weapons on celestial bodies, and threatening to use force against objects in outer space.
Countries: RUSSIA, UNITED STATES
21
Nuclear Safety Related Treaties and Agreements
Multilateral
Convention on Nuclear Safety
The Convention on Nuclear Safety is an incentive-based instrument that commits States operating nuclear power plants to establish and maintain a regulatory framework to govern the safety of nuclear installations.
Countries: ARGENTINA, ARMENIA, AUSTRALIA, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CANADA, CHINA, ESTONIA, FRANCE, INDIA, INDONESIA, JAPAN, JORDAN,KAZAKHSTAN, LATVIA, LIBYA, LITHUANIA, PAKISTAN, RUSSIA, SAUDI ARABIA, SOUTH AFRICA, SOUTH KOREA, TURKEY, UKRAINE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, VIETNAM
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM)
The CPPNM is the only legally binding international agreement focusing on the physical protection of peaceful use nuclear materials.
Countries: ALGERIA, ARGENTINA, ARMENIA, AUSTRALIA, AZERBAIJAN, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CANADA, CHINA, CUBA, ESTONIA, FRANCE,GEORGIA, INDIA, INDONESIA, ISRAEL, JAPAN, JORDAN, KAZAKHSTAN, LATVIA, LIBYA, LITHUANIA, PAKISTAN, RUSSIA, SAUDI ARABIA, SOUTH AFRICA, SOUTH KOREA, TAJIKISTAN, TURKEY, UKRAINE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, UNITED KINGDOM, UNITED STATES, UZBEKISTAN
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
The Joint Convention is the first international instrument to focus on minimizing the effects of hazardous radiological materials and developing best practices to promote an effective nuclear safety culture.
Countries: ARGENTINA, AUSTRALIA, BELARUS, BRAZIL, CANADA, CHINA, ESTONIA, FRANCE, GEORGIA, INDONESIA, JAPAN, KAZAKHSTAN,KYRGYZSTAN, LATVIA, LITHUANIA, RUSSIA, SOUTH AFRICA, SOUTH KOREA, TAJIKISTAN, UKRAINE, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, UNITED KINGDOM,UNITED STATES, UZBEKISTAN
22
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Here is some background information about the International Atomic Energy Agency and nuclear power.
The IAEA was created in 1957 in response to the deep fears and expectations resulting from the discovery of nuclear energy. Its fortunes are uniquely geared to this controversial technology that can be used either as a weapon or a useful tool.
The Agency's initiation came after U.S. President Eisenhower's Atoms for Peace address to the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 8, 1953. These ideas helped shape the IAEA Statute, which 81 nations unanimously approved in October 1956. The Statute outlines the three pillars of the Agency's work: nuclear verification and security, safety and technology transfer.
The IAEA inspects nuclear and related facilities under safeguard agreements. Most agreements are with countries that have committed to not possessing nuclear weapons. These agreements are concluded pursuant to the global Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), for which the IAEA is the verification authority.
IAEA Policymaking Bodies
IAEA programmes and budgets are set through the decisions of its policymaking bodies - the 35-member Board of Governors and the General Conference of all Member States.
1. The General Conference
The general conference is the highest policymaking body of the IAEA. It is composed of representatives of all member states of the agency. The general conference meets annually, typically in September, to consider and approve the agency's programme and budget and to decide on other matters brought before it by the board of governors, the director general, or member states.
2. Board of Governors
The IAEA Board of Governors is composed of 35 Member States, as designated and elected by the General Conference. The Board meets at IAEA headquarters in Vienna five times per year - in March and June, twice in September (before and after the General Conference), and again in December.
3. Member States
The IAEA has 162 Member States, as of February 2014. Eighteen ratifications were required to bring the IAEA's Statute into force.
23
IAEA Departments
Six major IAEA departments - management, nuclear sciences and applications, nuclear energy, nuclear safety and security, technical cooperation, and safeguards and verification - set the organizational framework.
1. Nuclear Applications
The Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications helps countries use nuclear and isotopic techniques to promote sustainable development objectives in agriculture, human health, water resource management, marine environment and industrial applications.
2. Nuclear Energy
The Department of Nuclear Energy fosters the efficient and safe use of nuclear power by supporting nuclear programmes around the world, catalysing innovation and building capability in energy planning, analysis, and nuclear information and knowledge.
3. Safety & Security
The Department of Nuclear Safety and Security works to provide a strong, sustainable and visible global nuclear safety and security framework, protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation.
4. Safeguards
The Department of Safeguards carries out the duties and responsibilities of the IAEA as the world’s nuclear inspectorate, performing an indispensable role in global efforts to stop the spread of nuclear weapons.
5. Technical Cooperation
The Department of Technical Cooperation helps countries improve their scientific and technological capabilities in the peaceful applications of nuclear technology, thus contributing to sustainable development.
6. Management
The department of management manages all financial issues and general services.
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Other Facts About IAEA5
The IAEA has 162 member states;
Yukiya Amano has been the director general of the IAEA since December 1, 2009;
There are 35 member countries on the IAEA Board of Governors, which meets five times a year;
The IAEA has about 2,300 employees;
IAEA safeguard programme monitors nuclear reactors to make sure nuclear material is not being diverted for making weapons;
The IAEA sends out inspectors to monitor the reactors;
The IAEA helps countries prepare and respond to emergencies.
Timeline6
1939 Nuclear fission is discovered.
1942 The world's first nuclear chain reaction takes place in Chicago as part of the wartime Manhattan Project.
1945 The first nuclear weapons test takes place in New Mexico near Alamogordo.
July 16, 1945 The U.S. successfully tests its first nuclear bomb.
August 6, 1945 An atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima, Japan.
August 9, 1945 An atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
August 29, 1949 The Soviet Union tests its first nuclear bomb.
December 1951 Electricity is first generated from a nuclear reactor at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho.
October 3, 1952 The United Kingdom tests its first nuclear bomb.
December 8, 1953 In a speech to the U.N. General Assembly, President Dwight D. Eisenhower asks the world's major powers to work together in developing peacetime uses of the atom. This is known as the Atoms for Peace program; 40 countries participate. Also during this speech, Eisenhower proposes the creation of an international agency to monitor the spread of nuclear technology.
5http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/21/world/nuclear-power-iaea-fast-facts/ 6 Ibid
25
1954 Brazil begins a long term effort to develop nuclear technology.
June 26, 1954 In the town of Obninsk, near Moscow, the first nuclear power plant is connected to an electricity grid to provide power to residences and businesses.
1955 Argentina begins a long term nuclear research program.
1957 The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is established to facilitate the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
February 13, 1960 France tests its first nuclear bomb.
1961 The IAEA establishes its first safeguards system.
October 16, 1964 China tests its first nuclear bomb.
September 16, 1968 The IAEA revises its safeguards system with the addition of provisions for safeguarded nuclear material in conversion plants and fabrication plants.
March 5, 1970 The Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (also known as the Non Proliferation Treaty, or the NPT) enters into force. The IAEA establishes a safeguards system for NPT countries.
May 18, 1974 India conducts what it calls a ‘peaceful nuclear explosion’.
March 28, 1979 A partial meltdown of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 nuclear power plant reactor core occurs in Middletown, Pennsylvania. It is determined that equipment malfunctions, design-related problems and human error led to the partial meltdown.
1981 Swedish diplomat Dr Hans Blix is appointed Director General of the IAEA.
April 26, 1986 Reactor number four explodes at the Chernobyl, Ukraine, nuclear power plant, releasing large amounts of radiation into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people are evacuated from their homes. Authorities say the disaster directly killed about 30 people. Later estimates say more than 4,000 clean-up workers died and close to 70,000 were disabled from radiation-related causes. According to the United Nations, the explosion and fire that occurred affected, directly or indirectly, nine million people due to the radioactive materials released into the atmosphere.
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1994 North Korea withdraws from the IAEA after having joined in 1974.
January 29, 1996 France declares a moratorium on nuclear testing.
July 29, 1996 China declares a moratorium on nuclear testing.
May 16, 1997 The IAEA Board of Governors approves the Model Additional Protocol, which is aimed at strengthening safeguards.
December 1997 Mohamed ElBaradei is appointed IAEA Director General.
May 11-13, 1998 India tests some nuclear devices.
May 28-30, 1998 Pakistan tests some nuclear devices.
September 2001 Mohamed ElBaradei is reappointed as IAEA director general.
December 2002 North Korea expels IAEA inspectors.
January 10, 2003 North Korea announces its withdrawal from the NPT.
June 16, 2003 The IAEA Board of Governors discusses Iran's nuclear program, disclosing that Iran had failed to report certain nuclear material and activities.
August 2003 IAEA inspectors find traces of highly enriched uranium at an electrical plant in Iran.
November 26, 2003 The IAEA Board of Governors adopts a resolution condemning Iran´s pursuit of clandestine nuclear activities in violation of its IAEA safeguards agreement.
December 18, 2003 Iran signs the Additional Protocol to its IAEA safeguards agreement.
December 19, 2003 Libya announces that it will dismantle its WMD program, disclose all relevant information, and allow IAEA inspectors to verify its compliance.
March 10, 2004 Libya signs the Additional Protocol with the IAEA.
June 2005 Mohamed ElBaradei reappointed as IAEA Director General.
October 7, 2005 The IAEA and Mohamed ElBaradei are named the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way."
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January 6, 2006 IAEA inspectors found that Iran had removed IAEA seals on nuclear equipment.
February 4, 2006 After meeting for four days in emergency session, 27 of the IAEA board's 36 countries vote in favour of reporting Iran to the U.N. Security Council for its nuclear program. Syria, Venezuela and Cuba vote in opposition, and Algeria, Belarus, Indonesia, Libya and South Africa abstain.
March 13-14, 2007 Director General Mohamed ElBaradei visits Pyongyang to discuss February's Six Party agreement to shut down North Korea's primary nuclear reactor. This is the first official visit by the IAEA since 2002.
December 1, 2009 Yukiya Amano replaces Mohamed ElBaradei as director general of the IAEA.
March 11, 2011 A 9.0 magnitude earthquake strikes near the east coast of Honshu, Japan. This creates a massive tsunami. A state of alert is declared at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The tsunami knocks out the plant's cooling systems. The cores of three of Fukushima Daiichi's six reactors are damaged by overheating and resulting hydrogen explosions blow apart the buildings surrounding reactors 1 and 3. The vast amount of radiation released from the plant, largely in the first two weeks, prompts Japanese authorities to eventually rate the crisis at the top of the international scale that measures nuclear accidents. Plant workers are still battling to restore the plant's cooling systems.
May 27, 2011 The seven oldest German nuclear reactors are taken offline and shut down permanently. These reactors had provided approximately 23 percent of the electricity for the country.
May 30, 2011 Germany announces the decision to abandon the use of all nuclear power by the year 2022. This repeals a 2010 plan to extend the life of the country's nuclear reactors. Germany will invest in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. The announcement included a tax on spent nuclear fuel rods. An eighth power plant was added to the list of those to be permanently closed. The country has 17 nuclear reactors.
September 12, 2011 A furnace explodes at a nuclear site in France, killing one person and injuring four. According to officials, there was no radioactive leak or waste released.
November 8, 2011 The IAEA releases a report that it has "serious concerns" and
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"credible" information that Iran may be developing nuclear weapons.
January 29-31, 2012 Meetings aimed at resolving outstanding issues in relation to Iran's nuclear program are held between IAEA and Iran in Tehran.
February 20-21, 2012 An IAEA team visits Iran for further discussion on Iran's nuclear program. During these discussions and the ones held January 29-31, the IAEA team requests access to the military site at Parchin. Iran denies these requests and refuses to agree to a process for resolving questions about other possible military dimensions of their nuclear program.
May 5, 2012 The Tomari Nuclear Power Plant's reactor 3 in Hokkaido is shut down for maintenance, leaving Japan without nuclear power for the first time in four decades.
June 16, 2012 Despite public objections, the Japanese government approves restarting two nuclear reactors at the Kansai Electric Power Company in Ohi in Fukui prefecture, the first reactors scheduled to resume since all nuclear reactors were shut down in May 2012.
July 1, 2012 Kansai Electric Power Co. Ltd. (KEPCO) restarts the Ohi nuclear plant's No. 3 reactor, resuming nuclear power production in Japan for the first time in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi meltdown following the tsunami.
November 11, 2013 The International Atomic Energy Agency signs a cooperation deal with Iran which will give the IAEA greater access to long unseen nuclear sites, including a heavy water reactor in Arak.
