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Global media systemsJ201 Introduction to Mass CommunicationOct 3 -2016
Professor Hernando [email protected] @uatiff201.journalism.wisc.edu#sjmc201
Global Media Systems- today’s class plan
2
① Early press conceptualizations
② Hallin & Mancini media typology
③ Prevalence of the commercial model
④ Press freedom around the world
① Authoritarian press model
② Libertarian press model
③ Communist press model
④ Social responsibility model
Media system theories – Four Theories of the Press (Siebert, Peterson & Schramm, 1956)
Dimensions of a Media System– (Hallin & Mancini Typology, 2004)
① Development/structure of media market.
② Levels of political parallelism within the country.
③ Degree and nature of state intervention in the media system.
④ Journalistic professionalism.
① Structure of the media market
• Rate of newspaper circulation
• Audience (elite vs mass)
• TV news versus newspapers
Dimensions of a Media System– (Hallin & Mancini Typology, 2004)
② Political parallelism (connections between media and political parties)
• Politically oriented content & partisanship of audiences
• Connections to political organizations
• Rotating door between news and government
• Advocacy versus objective reporting
Dimensions of a Media System– (Hallin & Mancini Typology, 2004)
③ Degree and nature of state intervention
• Exerting censorship or other types of pressure
• Economic subsidies to media
• Ownership of media organizations
• Regulating media in the public’s interest
Dimensions of a Media System– (Hallin & Mancini Typology, 2004)
④ Journalistic professionalism
• Autonomy
• Distinct professional norms
• Public service orientation
Dimensions of a Media System– (Hallin & Mancini Typology, 2004)
Hallin & Mancini Media Systems Typology
• Market dominated• Mass circulation• Neutral journalism• Strong professionalism
Liberal model
• Strong state intervention• Elite circulation• Advocacy journalism• Weak professionalism
Polarized pluralist
• State intervention (independence)• Mass circulation• Neutral journalism• Strong professionalism
Democratic corporatist
Dimensions of a Media System– (Hallin & Mancini Typology, 2004)
Several channels (BBC1, BBC 2, etc.)
Most watched content provider on TV in Britain (38% of audience)
Annual license fee: $224 in 2010
Example: The BBC
72% of funding comes from license fee
A small portion (6%) comes directly from government
The rest (22%) comes from commercial revenues
Example: The BBC
Reasons why not:
Dedicated funding
Multi-year funding
Oversight boards
Charters and regulations
Staggered terms for commissioners
Is the BBC controlled by the government?
In the absence of strong press freedoms, censorship is a major problem
Publicly-funded media can enjoy many of the same freedoms when safeguards are in place
Liberal, commercialized media often criticized for delivering content with less substance to attract audiences + advertisers
Media systems: Outcomes to think about
One study of public and private channels in UK, France, Germany & US: “more extensive [election] coverage on public than commercial channels” (Esser, 2008)
A study of channels in Denmark, Finland, UK & US: “public service television gives greater attention to public affairs and international news, and thereby fosters greater knowledge in these areas, than the market model” (Curran et al., 2009)
Outcomes: Research
American influence
Technology as a common ground
Modernization (professionalization)
Secularization (decline of political orders based on traditional institutions)
Commercialization: from the world of politics to the world of commerce (focus on private life, growth of infotainment).
Triumph of the liberal/commercial model
Advocacy journalism persists in Europe and might be growing in the U.S.
Professionalism was based on separating the journalist from the commercial logic of the media industry, but current practices undercut this separation.
Having gained autonomy from the political system, media seem to be losing autonomy with the economic system.
Counter tendencies to homogenization
• Pluralism - representation of opinions in the media
•Media independence - from authorities
• Environment -in which journalists work
• Legislative framework- effectiveness
• Transparency – procedures that affect news
• Infrastructure - that supports the production of news
•Violence against journalists
Press Freedom Index 2015
Press Freedom 2015
Violations of press freedom, 2013-2015
Global Global press freedom score, 2013-2016 (rsf.org)
① Increased used of religious reasons to censor political criticism.
② Covering demonstrations increasingly hazardous.
③ Perceived national security needs.
④ News control as a weapon of war.
⑤ Threat of non-state groups.
Press Freedom 2015 – Changing conditions
Venezuela ranks 139/180
Journalist intimidation: Russia’s Anna Politkovskaya
① Media systems converge around commercial practices, but commercialism does not necessarily entail independence.
② Last year media’s freedom shrunk worldwide.
③ The independence of media is more critical than ever, as political systems have a harder time fulfilling social expectations and economic systems resolving collective problems.
In conclusion
Questions
See you Wednesday.
