Global Information Commons in a Multi-level Perspective

8/9/2019 Global Information Commons in a Multi-level Perspective

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Session 5 Management & Social Aspects, 9 Nov. 2007 Global Information Commons Workshop Copyright 2010 J. Goossenaerts

Jan Goossenaerts

Pragmeta Knowledge Clout

www.pragmetaknowledgeclout.be
http://www.pragmetaknowledgeclout.be/http://www.pragmetaknowledgeclout.be/


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AbstractIn the long term perspective, the creation of economic and social values concurs with therise from niche (micro) to regime (meso) or landscape (macro) of new solutions tofrequently occurring problems. Multiple socio-technical regimes such as transportation,agriculture, manufacturing, health and energy, depend on the society's science base andthe socio-industrial fabric utilizing it to achieve more sustainable innovations. Broadlyspeaking, in the chain from scientific data and facts to improved artifact, multiple trade-offs and combinations are required. The chains involve multiple stakeholders anddecision frames. Even if all required knowledge and information would be open, theywould be complex and time-demanding. Yet, as the rationality of men is bounded, muchknowledge and scientific data are enclosed, and engineering designs are protected by

property rights, the outcome of the trade-off and the sub-sequent engineering effort aremore likely to be conservative rather than innovative.In the multi-level perspective the importance of meso-level arrangements is emphasized,yet the institutional and infrastructural elaboration of these arrangements needs moreattention. It is a hypothesis that in the global to local context, much value is left un-constructed as the unfolding research & technology development proceeds underprevailing institutional practices. Within specific sectors (regimes as meso-level actors),past studies have used counterfactual models to quantify the social savings of

infrastructure systems such as railroads (Fogel). Macro-level institutional innovationshave been key in achieving landscape-wide surges in economic performance andinnovation (North, Shiller).For a science-based socio-industrial landscape and at the meso-level, we proposearchitecture commons (a limiting principle for IPR) and architecture-commonscompliant provisioning of scientific and technical data. (We tentatively estimate thepotential impacts of enhanced meso-level institutions and infrastructure in overcomingcurrent micro-level barriers to innovation.)


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Overview Introduction

Socio-technical Transitions in a multi-level perspective

Multi-level Regulative Cycle? Is it a wheelwork?

Do information products induce a problematicexpansion?

Architecture Commons for sectoral consolidation of dominant designs

in science (software) applications the scorecards of enterprise architecture

Conclusion


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Introduction Systems Architect's Perspective:

strive for balance and compromise among the tensions of multiple

stakeholder needs and resources, interests and technology

consider the full scope of the system of concern: from strategy to

operations, from its environment to its interface and component families

Contributions (Target) A Multi-level Perspective to scrutinize the boundary of (intellectual)

property and commons

Leverage knowledge on:

institutional analysis and design

socio-technical transition pathways product, software and enterprise architecture

Shared vision on problem mess & solution options


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Socio-Technical Transition Pathways- society & its

governance

- discipline &sectorcommons

(laws, models,standards,..)

- labs & firms

-

- personsRef: Geels, F. W., Schot, J., (2007) Typology ofsociotechnical

transition pathways, Research Policy 36, pp. 399-417.

macro

meso

micro

pico

Landscape

Socio-technical Regime C

Socio-technical Regime A

Socio-technical Regime B

Networks of actors


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7/23Session 5 Management & Social Aspects, 9 Nov. 2007 Global Information Commons Workshop Copyright 2010 J. Goossenaerts

The Regulative Cycle

real sitework system

site specificreference model

s

ProblemIdentification

Analysis anddiagnosis

InterventionImplementation

Plan of actionDesign

Evaluation/ Monitoring

reference model

Translation

Peer Intelligence(Market, Science,

Roadmap,Benchmarking,..)

Problem/Gap

Register

PRM

sitespecific

PRM

PRM: performance reference model



Examples at multiple levelsLevel

Aspect

Macro

(Landscape)

Meso

(Regime/sector)

Micro

(Niche/firm)

Pico

Typical

Principals

Intern., regional, nat. & local

authorities

Standards orgs;

engineering & science disc.

corporations person in multiple roles

Real site work

system

Market & non-market

interactions in a territory

sectoral interactions in a

territory, or in community of

practice

farm, factory, office

environment that sustain

value creating processes

the livelihood, the learning

and/or work context of the

person

Sample Design

Methods

regulatory reform (Jacobs,

2007)

Constitutive Institutional

Analysis & Design (IAD)

research & eng. design

methods; standards dev.;

sectoral IAD (Hess & Ostrom,

2007)

business & org. dev.

methods

Kolb; learning paths

Cases Parliament in the England

(North, 1990)

Limited liability by Law (Shiller,

2003); TRIPS

Photo Voltaic cells (Nagamatsu

et al, 2006);

GSM (Bekkers et al, 2002);

ICPS (Nagashima)

many

(business lit.)

many

(psychology & pedagogy

lit.)

Problem

articulation

comparative economics,

Incl. historical (North, 1990)

comparison among

sectors

benchmarking social comparison

(Festinger)

Values growth, inclusivity,

sustainability, security

Innovation; diffusion;

substitutability (market)

competition, productivity,

market share, profit

care of the self and the

family, wealth



The carrying capacity & development of livelihoods

S N

FP

H

livelihood

Vulnerability

Context

Changes in

flows&stocks

Development

Processesinfluence

livelihood

Outcomes

Asset Stocks & Flow

H: Human capital

S: Social capital

P: Physical capitalF: Financial capital

N: Natural capital

Reference SLF: Sustainable Livelihoods Framework

Opportunity

Context

Technology

Learning



...is it a (regulative) wheelwork?

in a "good" socio-technical design, it is preferrable thatlevels can behave & evolve "autonomously" (decoupling)

mono-level incremental/modular innovation

mono-level architectural/radical innovation"business as usual under institutions that are fit for theinteractions"

accumulating innovation in one (or more) levels or locimay cause pressures elsewhere

"contradictions necessitate analysis (of fitness) andredesign"



institutions

infrastructure

demand for

content & services

by business & consumers

supply of content &

service solutions

demand-supply interactions under

right-conditioned institutions

facilitated by utilities designed for

efficient material/energy/financial

flow & people mobility

information based

demand-supply interactions

without fit institutions &

utilities for data & knowledge

institution gap

utility gap

non-interoperabilities

as cross-cuttinginnovation decelerator;

asset eroder;incentive destroyer

improvement

misses due tosilo-architecture

& high switching costs

strategy to lockin customers by

vertical solutions

Do information products induce a

problematic socio-technical expansion?



Embedding eInfrastructure into livelihoods

+ e-Infrastructure

Asset Stocks & Flow

H: Human capital

S: Social capital

P: Physical capital

F: Financial capital

N: Natural capital

S N

FP

H

livelihood Evidence-based

Development

Processes

influence

livelihood

Outcomes

Vulnerability

Context

Changes in

flows&stocks

stock of knowledge

& its remembering

+ e-device



development of ICT-reliant

livelihoods

ModelIncrement

ModelIncrementWork System Repository

(cumulative models)

Lfe Cycle Focus

Using a methodology

Project

Execution

Life Cycle Stage

Using a methodology

Maintenance &Operation

Life Cycle Stage

Using a methodology

Monitoring &

Evaluation

Life Cycle Stage

Using the assets & IT

Primary Process &

Asset

Maintenance

ICT Models

- Requirements Model- Component Model

- Platform Specific Model

D1-O1-I1

direct

Scope

Definition D2

direct

Decision

Analysis

Operations Model- Principal Model

- Asset Model- Resource Model

- Interaction Refinements

Value and Risk Model- Function Model

- Context Statement- Indicator Register

- Value & Risk Register

D3-O5-I8

direct

Installation

& Delivery

O2-I2

operations

Problem

Analysis D2



Global Information Commons thought experiment: a material economy without commons?

commons and private property as two sides of a coin (in a market)

incentives in productive & market interactions depend on a clear andenforceable property regime:Market economies are institutionallyunderpinned by a clearly delineated system of property rights enabling

people and firms to keep the returns on their investments, makecontracts and resolve disputes ...(Rodrik, 1999)

How would a clearly delineated system of property rights forinformation products look like?

Are there any problems with information products?



The information products

problem mess

institutional gaps;

patchwork IPR regimes;

aged content practices;

immature generic models;

coping with globalization

macro

Many sectoral regimes;

Much fragmentation (standards);

dominant content & software

providers seek rents from path

dependence & lock-in ;

intellectual infrastructure is

low on agenda

meso

Many non-interoperability costs;

many missed improvements;

slow innovation; rapid erosion;

high switching costs

micro

Much learning needs;

rapid erosion of knowledge;

information overload

pico



Different viewpoints Economics: Increasing returns in information products are cemented

by business models which leverage small portfolios of intellectualproperty into the control of markets. Information products are, however,equally well suited to other business models in which increasing returnsare slight and competitors are many." (Guy,Rev. of InternationalPolitical Economy, 2007)

Law:property regimes for infrastructure resources (Frischmann,Minnesota Law Review, 2005); Essential Facilities Doctrine (Sherman

Act, US 19th century); Competition Law (EU)

Technology/Suppliers:proprietary architecture & data standards are

essential to deliver innovation to the market

Demand side: good decisions build upon much information (which ishard to get)



Architecture Commons (1) Architecture = the fundamental organization of a system embodied in

its components, their relationships to each other, and to theenvironment, and the principles guiding its design and evolution (IEEE1471-2000)

Characteristics:

via dominant design, it is fairly stable in an industrial sector basis for division of production & service processes

those who own architecture via patent(s) have power that can block othersfrom innovating (Ford vs. Ransom, Blackberry,...) (architecture patenting)

(in software, moreover):

often privately controlled ( e.g. Microsoft, SAP) (stack wars)

silo-structured applications lock-in customers (use

prevailing claim: proprietary control of architecture is key to delivery ofinnovation



Architecture Commons

in Industry Sectors (General) Design choices:

treat it as an infrastructure resource that cannot be part of intellectualproperty (i.e. prohibit architecture patenting)

make meso-level entities owner of it (as part of standards)

use it as a means to segment the modules on the basis of which end-

user functionality is configured (adaptivity) patents within a pool are either:

complementary (different modules);

substitutable (for a same module, or new module for set of others)

use it to structure patent pools & decide on division of license income

among the owners of (component-related) intellectual property Current practices (incl. past patent pools):

product platforms, often maintained within companies

GSM standard and the essential IPR underlying it (ETSI)

Aerospace, automotive,...


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Architecture Commons in

Information Systems Issue:

data and its use are all encapsulated in a single application

applications have heterogeneous user interfaces, data

encoding techniques,...) it is very difficult to repurpose the data

Solution Option:

use a reference model for technical integration adopt/enforce a componentization discipline in the

development of applications

(all in addition to commons needs addressed duringworkshop)


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E i A hi


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Enterprise Architecture:Scorecard commons in Value & Risk Analysis

Balanced Scorecard Generalized Scorecard

Financial Value flows

Customer External stakeholders; SC &Network Processes;Social Capital

Internal Business Processes Internal Assets & business processes;Human capital

Learning & Growth Competitiveness & Sustainability

generalize for

ubiquitous

value & risk

dimensions

globe / MDG

person scorecard

firm scorecard

sector scorecard

(Global Reporting

Initiative,

incl.sector supplement

instantiate

for each

level &work system


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performance & developmental connectivities across levels

Bedrijfsomgeving

Levenscyclus

fase

Systeem-

operaties &Onderhoud

Bedrijven

Levenscyclus

fase

System

Development

BedrijfIS-reliant

Worksystem

Instituties

Levenscyclus fase

Systeem-ontwikkeling

Markt

Levenscyclus fase

Systeemoperaties &Onderhoud

MarktIS-reliant

Worksystem

Levenscyclus focus

m.b.v.

E&B instrumenten

Evaluatie &Beoordeling

Levenscyclus focus

m.b.v. assets &

operationele ICT

systemem

Primary Process &Asset Management

Levenscyclus focus

m.b.v. project portfolio

instrumenten

Project PortfolioManagement

Levenscyclus focus

m.b.v. project instrumenten

& repositories

Project uitvoering

Performance Alert:

Behoefte aan belastingverhoging

Bedrijven

Levenscyclus

fase

Systeem-

ontwikkeling

Bedrijfsomgeving

Levenscyclus

fase

Systeem-

operaties &

Onderhoud

BedrijfIS-reliant

Worksystem

Levenscyclus

focus

m.b.v. E&B instrumenten

Evaluation &Monitoring

Levenscyclus

focus

m.b.v. assets &operationele ICT

systemen

Primary Process

& AssetManagement

Levenscyclusfocus

m.b.v. project portfolioinstrumenten

Project PortfolioManagement

Levenscyclus

focus

m.b.v. projectinstrumenten &

repositories

Project

uitvoering

Performance Alert:BTW-tarief verandert

Risico op boetes

Marktrepository Bedrijfsrepository

Macro Meso

BTWERP

model

ProjectCharterProject

CharterProjectCharter

ProjectCharter

ProjectCharterProject

Charter

Balanced

Scorecard

l

l

BalancedScorecard

ERP

systeem

BTWsysteem

Ontsta

an

Perform

ance

Ale

rts

Case: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compind.2009.05.013


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S i 5 M t & S i l A t 9 N 2007 Gl b l I f ti C W k h C i ht 2010 J G t

Conclusion

A multi-level perspective allows us to further clarify the boundary betweenintellectual property and intellectual infrastructure

architecture commons offer an additional factor choice in the redesign ofthe socio-technical landscape: it builds upon legacy and successful practices of the "industrial" economy

its implications for the knowledge economy should be further evaluated: impacts (cost/benefits) on innovation efficiency interferences with GIC identified elsewhere

it goes hand in hand with Regulative Cycle as a livelihood-driven methodpattern

more detailed analysis, design & validation via scenarios needed prior tothe advocacy of an institutional redesign (knowledge economy reform)

the "module"Intellectual property" frontside (with an "architecture GI"commons backside) offers a clearly delineated, incentive-rich research &technology development playing ground (which could mobilize creativeminds - inclusivity)

Documents

Global Information Commons in a Multi-level Perspective