Global, Human, and Ethical Impacts of Product Design
INVESTIGATING PRODUCT LIFECYCLES
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Impacts Human Throughout time, humanity has used natural
resources, animals, plants and inanimate materials, for its
survival, consumption, and enjoyment. It is often taken for granted
things and resources will always be here. Many times short term
monetary gain is considered a priority.
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Impacts Continued Global Population: - is growing at an
exponential rate. - shows a continual change in human needs and
wants. Energy: non-renewable resources are becoming more and more
scarce.
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Ethics A set of moral principles or values; a theory or system
of moral values. The discipline dealing with what is good and bad
and with moral duty and obligation.
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Ethical Design Dilemmas Situations in which decisions you make
are in conflict with what may or may not be morally correct.
Sometimes this is obvious right away, and other times it is not.
Solutions to open-ended design problems have dilemmas that
designers face when creating the product. Lets look at some
pictures of products or things and discuss the ethics
involved.
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Steps in resolving ethical design decisions 1. Moral Clarity-
identify the relevant moral values. 2. Conceptual clarity- clarify
key concepts. 3. Just the facts- obtain all relevant information.
4. Informed about options- Consider all genuine options and
alternative solutions. 5. Well-reasoned- Make a reasonable
decision.
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Design Analogy Engineering design as a metaphor or model for
thinking about moral decision making- in general, not just within
engineering. Like design, moral choice often involves alternative
permissible solutions to dilemmas.
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Product Lifecycle Definition is the succession of strategies
used by business management as a product goes through its
life-cycle. The conditions in which a product is sold (advertising,
saturation) changes over time and must be managed as it moves
through its succession of stages.life-cycle The goals of Product
Life Cycle (PLC) are to reduce time to market, improve product
quality, reduce prototyping costs, identify potential sales
opportunities and revenue contributions, and reduce environmental
impacts at end-of-life. To create successful new products the
company must understand its customers, markets and
competitors.
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1. Raise and Extract All consumer products begin their
lifecycle with a dependence on the natural environment. Some form
of energy is always required to extract the natural resources from
the earth or its atmosphere.
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2. Process Raw materials are processed or refined. Energy is
required for the processing and refining.
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3. Manufacture Manufacture Additional energy is required as the
processed or refined materials move through the manufacturing and
assembly process.
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4. Use Use Consumer products are transported to stores
(consuming additional energy) and are ready for purchase. Products
remain at this stage as long as they are usable or repairable.
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5. Dispose Dispose When the product is no longer of use to us
and we get rid of it.
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EPA Guidelines EPA: Environmental Protection Agency. This
organizations mission is to protect human health and the
environment.
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EPA Guidelines The EPA works to develop and enforce regulations
that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress.
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EPA Guidelines The EPA is responsible for researching and
setting national standards for a variety of environmental programs.
The EPA delegates to states and tribes the responsibility for
issuing permits and monitoring and enforcing compliance.
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OSHA Guidelines OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health
Administration OSHA's mission is to assure the safety and health of
America's workers by setting and enforcing standards; providing
training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and
encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and
health.
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OSHA Guidelines To establish and maintain safe workplace
environments, OSHA enforces standards and reaches out to employers
and employees through technical assistance and consultation
programs.
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Construction Materials
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Concrete- Made by combining four materials into a mixture of
two parts: portland cement aggregate
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Portland cement- A finely pulverized material made up of
compounds of silica, lime, alumina, and iron. Portland cement is
created by mixing limestone with clay, slag, or shale and then
burning the mixture in a rotary kiln. The setting and hardening is
the result of a chemical reaction between the portland cement and
water called hydration.
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Alternatives to Portland Cement Slag cement and Fly-ash cement
are green alternatives.
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Formwork- Creating concrete objects such as slabs, walls,
footings, and columns with the use of a mold or form.
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Concrete reinforcement- Placing a reinforcing material, such as
steel bars, in a concrete structure to resist tensile, shear, and
bending forces.
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Concrete joints- Permits movement and volume changes to
encourage cracks at the joint instead of other areas.
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Masonry- Stone, clay masonry units, and concrete masonry units
used for construction material
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Mortar- A combination of portland cement, lime, or masonry
cement and an aggregate that forms a workable paste.
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Grout- Pourable construction materials used to fill voids in
reinforced and unreinforced masonry, tile, and stone paving.
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Clay masonry units- Burned clay units used in construction such
as bricks, architectural terra cotta, and hollow clay tile. Molded
concrete units used in the construction industries as structures,
walls, and facing.
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Precast concrete- Concrete products that have been precast in
molds and then removed and transported to construction sites. An
example is precast concrete walls for building, which are often
prestressed.
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Dimensional Lumber is a collective term for harvested wood that
has been manufactured into boards and planks. This process is part
of something called wood production. Lumber is predominantly used
for structural purposes but has many other uses as well. Lumber is
classified as hardwood or softwood.wood production Lumber is
supplied either rough or finished. Besides pulpwood, rough lumber
is the raw material for furniture-making and other items requiring
additional cutting and shaping. It is available in many species,
usually hardwoods, but it is also readily available in softwoods
such as white pine and red pine because of their low cost. Finished
lumber is supplied in standard sizes, mostly for the construction
industry, primarily softwood from coniferous species includingpine,
fir and spruce (collectively known as Spruce-pine-fir), cedar, and
hemlock, but also some hardwood, for high-grade
flooring.pulpwoodfurniturehardwoodswhite pinered
pinesoftwoodconiferouspinefirspruceSpruce-pine-fircedarhemlock
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Sheathing Oriented strand board ( OSB ) is an engineered wood
particle board formed by layering strands (flakes) of wood in
specific orientations. It may have a rough and variegated surface
with the individual strips of around 2.5 15 cm (1" x 6"), lying
unevenly across each other.engineered woodparticle
boardwoodvariegated OSB is a material with high mechanical
properties that make it particularly suitable for load-bearing
applications in construction. [1] The most common uses are as
sheathing in walls, flooring, and roof decking. For exterior wall
applications, panels are available with a radiant-barrier layer
pre- laminated to one side; this eases installation and increases
energy performance of the building envelope. OSB also sees some use
in furniture production.construction
[1]sheathingradiant-barrierbuilding envelopefurniture
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Water Membranes In building construction, a structure needs
waterproofing since concrete itself will not be watertight on its
own (but note concrete is easily waterproofed with additives). The
conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes'. This
relies on the application of one or more layers of membrane
(available in various materials: e.g., bitumen, silicate, PVC, EPDM
etc.) that act as a barrier between the water and the building
structure, preventing the passage of water. However, the membrane
system relies on exacting application, presenting difficulties.
Problems with application or adherence to the substrate can lead to
leakage. In the UK these membranes are rarely allowed below ground
below the water
table.constructionconcretemembranesbitumensilicatePVCEPDM
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Asphalt Shingles An asphalt shingle is a type of wall or roof
shingle. They are one of the most widely used roofing covers in
North America because they have a relatively inexpensive up-front
cost and are fairly simple to install.roof shingle
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Gypsum Board (Drywall) Drywall (also known as plasterboard,
wallboard, gypsum board, sheetrock, or gyprock ) is a panel made of
gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper. It is
used to make interior walls and ceilings. Drywall construction
became prevalent as a speedier alternative to traditional lath and
plaster.gypsum plasterlath and plaster In many places, the product
is sold under the trademarks Sheetrock or Gyproc. In New Zealand
the category is known as plasterboard or gib board (originally
"Gibraltar board"), the latter being a proprietary brand name but
now largely a genericised trademark genericised trademark
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Finish Carpentry Carpentry that involves the installation of
finish woods, (and trim made of plastic or molded polyurethane
materials) to provide a finished appearance to installed doors,
windows, stairs, and other features of a building's interior.
Elements include casing, baseboard, railings, mantels, louvers,
paneling, and
shelving.finishtrimplasticpolyurethanematerialsdoorswindowsstairsElementscasing
baseboardrailings mantelslouverspaneling
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Paints Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition
that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to
a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or
provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many
colorsand in many different types, such as watercolor, artificial,
etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but
dries into a solid.liquidmasticsubstratesolid
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Carpets A carpet is a textile floor covering consisting of an
upper layer of "pile" attached to a backing. The pile is generally
either made from wool or a manmade fiber such as polypropylene,
nylon or polyester a nd usually consists of twisted tufts which are
often heat-treated to maintain their structure.textilefloor
coveringpolypropylenenylonpolyester