Global History and Geography Regents 2009 Susan E. Hamilton Of New Hartford CSD

Global History and Global History and Geography Regents Geography Regents

20092009Susan E. HamiltonSusan E. Hamilton

Of New Hartford CSDOf New Hartford CSD

Test StructureTest Structure30% Geography30% Geography

50 multiple choice questions on 50 multiple choice questions on ninth and tenth grade materialninth and tenth grade material

One thematic essay on broad topicOne thematic essay on broad topic Several short answer document-Several short answer document-

based questionsbased questions One essay based on the One essay based on the

documentsdocuments

Global History & GeographyGlobal History & Geography

Introduction & Overview of Introduction & Overview of ProgramProgram

Test StructureTest Structure

Study & Test-taking StrategiesStudy & Test-taking Strategies

Thematic Essay ReviewThematic Essay Review

Final TipsFinal Tips

How to Study for the RegentsHow to Study for the Regents Identify your strengths and Identify your strengths and

weaknesses and focus on your weaknesses and focus on your weaknessesweaknesses

Know how you learnKnow how you learn

Break up study sessions in small Break up study sessions in small chunks of timechunks of time

make yourself accountable - have make yourself accountable - have someone quiz yousomeone quiz you

Use review resources including online Use review resources including online practice exams and worksheetspractice exams and worksheets

Multiple choice QuestionsMultiple choice Questions

General social studies/vocabularyGeneral social studies/vocabulary speaker/quotationspeaker/quotation maps/political maps/political

cartoon/graphs/chartscartoon/graphs/charts fact/opinionfact/opinion cause/effectcause/effect trend/global issuestrend/global issues outline/main ideasoutline/main ideas chronological orderchronological order

Multiple choice strategies Multiple choice strategies Read the question carefully. If it is Read the question carefully. If it is

unclear “translate” it (change unclear “translate” it (change vocabulary)vocabulary)

Use word association to make Use word association to make connections between key words and connections between key words and what you knowwhat you know

If possible, determine whether the If possible, determine whether the question is asking for a positive or question is asking for a positive or negative answernegative answer

Go with what you know Go with what you know Use process of eliminationUse process of elimination Check your answers Check your answers

Document-based QuestionsDocument-based Questions Always read the question before you Always read the question before you

read the document.read the document. Always read the source of the Always read the source of the

document (date, author, time period, document (date, author, time period, etc.) etc.)

As you read the document, underline As you read the document, underline the answerthe answer

Answer Answer ALLALL of the document of the document questions using information from the questions using information from the documents even if you don’t use documents even if you don’t use them in your essaythem in your essay

Document-based Essay TipsDocument-based Essay Tips Brainstorm using word association. It is Brainstorm using word association. It is VERYVERY

IMPORTANTIMPORTANT to include information relating to to include information relating to the topic beyond the information found in the the topic beyond the information found in the documents. Think: Who? What? Where? When? documents. Think: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?Why? How?

Make a chart or graphic organizer using the Make a chart or graphic organizer using the information providedinformation provided

Make sure that you use and cite (doc. #) Make sure that you use and cite (doc. #) the required number of documents. the required number of documents. Keep Keep in mind documents are meant to support your in mind documents are meant to support your position. position.

Be sure you have included outside Be sure you have included outside information(you may wish to underline this)information(you may wish to underline this)

Brainstorming Outside Information for Brainstorming Outside Information for Documents-Examples:Documents-Examples:

Imperialism:Imperialism: making of colonies, Great making of colonies, Great Britain-India, Boxer Rebellion, China-Britain-India, Boxer Rebellion, China-spheres of influence, Scramble for Africa-spheres of influence, Scramble for Africa-Berlin Conference, Spain-Latin America, Berlin Conference, Spain-Latin America, nationalism.nationalism.

Mongols:Mongols: largest empire in the world, largest empire in the world, Genghis Khan, Golden Horde, Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan, Golden Horde, Kublai Khan, Marco Polo, trade.Marco Polo, trade.

Middle AgesMiddle Ages: feudalism, manor, serfs, : feudalism, manor, serfs, Roman Catholic Church, Crusades, Roman Catholic Church, Crusades, The The Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales

Thematic EssayThematic Essay Political, economic and social conditions Political, economic and social conditions

have often led to turning points that have have often led to turning points that have changed the course of history for nations changed the course of history for nations and peoples. and peoples.

Identify Identify three three turning points from your turning points from your study of global history and for eachstudy of global history and for each• Describe the causes and key events that led Describe the causes and key events that led

to the turning pointto the turning point• Explain how each turning point changed the Explain how each turning point changed the

course of history for nations and peoples. course of history for nations and peoples.

Thematic Essay StrategiesThematic Essay Strategies Study key global and geography themesStudy key global and geography themes Read the task and be sure you Read the task and be sure you

understand what is being asked.understand what is being asked. Brainstorm ideas using word association. Brainstorm ideas using word association.

Think: Who? What? Where? When? Why? Think: Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?How?

Make a chart or graphic organizer using Make a chart or graphic organizer using the information providedthe information provided

Write your essay based on your chartWrite your essay based on your chart Reread your essay and add any additional Reread your essay and add any additional

relevant informationrelevant information

End of absolute monarchy, democratic ideas, nationalism increases

Poor leadership of Louis XVI, Unfair taxation, ideas of Enlightenment, Example of American Revolution

1789 French

Revolution

Reunification of Germany, democratic Germany, economic troubles

Western pressure in Cold War, Gorbachev’s leadership, Glasnost

1989 Fall of

Berlin Wall

Legal segregation ends, international sanctions removed, investment increases, Mandela elected first black president in 1994

International pressure, growing black unrest and strength of ANC, Mandela’s leadership

1990 End of

Apartheid

Explain change

Causes /

Events

Turning Point

Theme: Turning PointsTheme: Turning Points

Positive Global Events/IdeasPositive Global Events/Ideas

Pax RomanaPax Romana Magna Carta Magna Carta EnlightenmentEnlightenment RenaissanceRenaissance Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution Universal Declaration of Human Universal Declaration of Human

RightsRights detentedetente GlasnostGlasnost

Negative Global Events/IdeasNegative Global Events/Ideas Absolutism/ totalitarianism/ fascismAbsolutism/ totalitarianism/ fascism Armenian Armenian

Massacre/Holocaust/Cambodian Massacre/Holocaust/Cambodian genocide/ ethnic cleansing in Bosnia/ genocide/ ethnic cleansing in Bosnia/ Rwandan genocideRwandan genocide

Mao’s Great Leap Forward & Cultural Mao’s Great Leap Forward & Cultural Revolution Revolution

collectivizationcollectivization apartheidapartheid

Vocabulary translationsVocabulary translations Westernize=modernize=industrializeWesternize=modernize=industrialize independence=self-determination = independence=self-determination =

nationalism =autonomy= sovereignty nationalism =autonomy= sovereignty traditional = before industrializationtraditional = before industrialization mercantilism=favorable balance of trademercantilism=favorable balance of trade imperialism = colonialismimperialism = colonialism imperial power = mother country, colonial imperial power = mother country, colonial

powerpower Marxist socialism = communism/MarxismMarxist socialism = communism/Marxism bourgeoisie = middle classbourgeoisie = middle class capitalism= free market, supply and demandcapitalism= free market, supply and demand

Geography & Its EffectsGeography & Its Effects Natural resources:Natural resources: iron ore & coal in Britain iron ore & coal in Britain

> Industrial Revolution, diamonds in S.Africa, > Industrial Revolution, diamonds in S.Africa, gold in Latin America gold in Latin America

Rivers:Rivers: early civilizations emerge; Nile River in early civilizations emerge; Nile River in Egypt, Fertile CrescentEgypt, Fertile Crescent

Water sourcesWater sources: Middle East and Russia: Middle East and Russia

Island status:Island status:

• Japan’s isolation & limited natural Japan’s isolation & limited natural resources - imperialism & industrialization, resources - imperialism & industrialization,

• Great Britain- strength of navy, ports, WWIIGreat Britain- strength of navy, ports, WWII

Monsoons:Monsoons: “feast or famine” of South “feast or famine” of South Asia, Green RevolutionAsia, Green Revolution

Irregular coastline:Irregular coastline: Italy has many Italy has many natural ports, inviting trade & natural ports, inviting trade & Renaissance, EnglandRenaissance, England

Land Bridge:Land Bridge: Korea serves as a cultural Korea serves as a cultural bridge between Japan and Chinabridge between Japan and China

Great Eurasian PlainGreat Eurasian Plain: allowed easy : allowed easy invasions of Poland and USSR (WWII)invasions of Poland and USSR (WWII)

Geography & Its Effects

Enormous size of RussiaEnormous size of Russia:: frequent invasion, frequent invasion, difficult to conquer, quest for warm-water portsdifficult to conquer, quest for warm-water ports

Harsh winter:Harsh winter: Russia’s “General Winter” Russia’s “General Winter” helped defeat Napoleon and Hitlerhelped defeat Napoleon and Hitler

Smooth(regular) coastlines & unnavigable Smooth(regular) coastlines & unnavigable rivers in Africa:rivers in Africa: delay European imperialism delay European imperialism

Location of Middle EastLocation of Middle East:: cultural diffusion cultural diffusion and conflict over Holy Landand conflict over Holy Land

Oil resources:Oil resources: Iraq takeover of Kuwait, OPEC Iraq takeover of Kuwait, OPEC

Geography & Its Effects

Global ProblemsGlobal Problems Know Know location, causes, effects and possible location, causes, effects and possible

solutionssolutions• overpopulationoverpopulation• deforestationdeforestation• desertificationdesertification• status of women status of women • nuclear proliferationnuclear proliferation• pollution/global warming/depletion of pollution/global warming/depletion of

resourcesresources• urbanizationurbanization• faminefamine• terrorismterrorism

Turning PointsTurning Points Just about any revolution can be a turning Just about any revolution can be a turning

point in a nation’s historypoint in a nation’s history Others include:Others include:

• Signing of Magna Carta (1215)Signing of Magna Carta (1215)

• Fall of Constantinople (1453)Fall of Constantinople (1453)

• Voyages of Columbus (1492)Voyages of Columbus (1492)

• Collapse of Soviet Union (1990)Collapse of Soviet Union (1990)

• End of apartheid in South Africa (1990)End of apartheid in South Africa (1990)

Political SystemsPolitical Systems Democracy: Democracy: gov’t by the consent of the gov’t by the consent of the

people, protection of individual rightspeople, protection of individual rights

• Direct: AthensDirect: Athens

• Indirect: RomeIndirect: Rome

• Parliamentary: Britain & IndiaParliamentary: Britain & India

• Word association: Pericles, John Locke, Word association: Pericles, John Locke, EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Communism:Communism: government control of government control of economy(command), “classless” societyeconomy(command), “classless” society• Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin: 1917-Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin: 1917-

19901990• China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping: 1949China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping: 1949• Cuba, Fidel Castro:1959Cuba, Fidel Castro:1959• Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh: 1975Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh: 1975• Cambodia: Pol Pot Cambodia: Pol Pot • North Korea: Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong IlNorth Korea: Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il

Political SystemsPolitical Systems

Totalitarianism/Authoritarian (Stalin)Totalitarianism/Authoritarian (Stalin) Fascist (Hitler, Mussolini)Fascist (Hitler, Mussolini) Theocracy/Religious rule (Ayatollah Theocracy/Religious rule (Ayatollah

Khomeini:Iran, Taliban/Afghanistan)Khomeini:Iran, Taliban/Afghanistan) Oppressive dictator (Saddam Hussein)Oppressive dictator (Saddam Hussein) Autocratic (Czars of Russia)Autocratic (Czars of Russia) Absolute rule/divine right (King Louis XIV Absolute rule/divine right (King Louis XIV

and Louis XVI)and Louis XVI) Feudalism: local control/strict social Feudalism: local control/strict social

system/lordsystem/lord

Political SystemsPolitical Systems

Religion & PhilosophiesReligion & Philosophies HinduismHinduism

• IndiaIndia•Sacred textSacred text: Vedas &Upanishads: Vedas &Upanishads•Basic beliefs:Basic beliefs: several gods, caste several gods, caste

system, reincarnation, karma, dharma, system, reincarnation, karma, dharma, sacred cowsacred cow

• Impact:Impact: caste system remains strong caste system remains strong in rural areas but is weakening in cities, in rural areas but is weakening in cities, many Hindus are vegetarians (Sepoy many Hindus are vegetarians (Sepoy Mutiny)Mutiny)

BuddhismBuddhism

• Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

• Basic beliefs:Basic beliefs: reincarnation, nirvana, reincarnation, nirvana, Four Four Noble TruthsNoble Truths life is full of sufferinglife is full of sufferingsuffering is caused by a desire for thingssuffering is caused by a desire for thingssuffering can be eliminated by eliminating suffering can be eliminated by eliminating

desiredesirefollowing the following the Eightfold PathEightfold Path will help will help

overcome desire (right thinking and action)overcome desire (right thinking and action)

Religion & PhilosophiesReligion & Philosophies

JudaismJudaism• Israel, created in 1948Israel, created in 1948•Holy BookHoly Book: Torah: Torah•Three beliefsThree beliefs: monotheistic, God gave : monotheistic, God gave

Hebrews the land of Canaan (Israel), 10 Hebrews the land of Canaan (Israel), 10 CommandmentsCommandments

•SpreadSpread throughout world as a result of throughout world as a result of DiasporaDiaspora

• Impact:Impact: Zionism Zionism (Jewish nationalism), (Jewish nationalism), conflict in the Middle Eastconflict in the Middle East


ChristianityChristianity• Western Europe, Latin America (Catholic)Western Europe, Latin America (Catholic)

• Holy Book:Holy Book: Bible Bible

• Three beliefs:Three beliefs: monotheistic, Jesus Christ as monotheistic, Jesus Christ as savior, 10 Commandmentssavior, 10 Commandments

• SpreadSpread through Age of through Age of ImperialismImperialism (White (White Man’s Burden)Man’s Burden)

• Impact:Impact: Crusades, dominant institution Crusades, dominant institution during the Middle Ages, Protestant during the Middle Ages, Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther)Reformation (Martin Luther)


IslamIslam• Middle East (except Israel), IndonesiaMiddle East (except Israel), Indonesia•Holy BookHoly Book: Quran (Koran): Quran (Koran)•Three beliefs:Three beliefs: monotheistic, monotheistic, Five Five

PillarsPillars (faith, prayer, charity, fasting, (faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca), Sharia (Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca), Sharia (Islamic laws)laws)

•SpreadSpread through trade and conquest through trade and conquest• Impact:Impact: Islamic fundamentalism in Iran Islamic fundamentalism in Iran

(1979)(1979)


Confucianism Confucianism • ChinaChina

•Basic beliefs:Basic beliefs: Five Basic Human Five Basic Human RelationshipsRelationships, education should be , education should be the road to advancement, the road to advancement, filial pietyfilial piety (respect for family)(respect for family)

• Impact:Impact: provides social order and provides social order and encourages educationencourages education


RevolutionsRevolutions Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution::FROMFROM nomadic nomadic

tribes tribes TO TO domestication of animals and domestication of animals and farming giving rise to early civilizationsfarming giving rise to early civilizations

Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution:FROM:FROM limited limited trade based on barter trade based on barter TOTO urban centers urban centers and new middle class leading to changes and new middle class leading to changes in business practices(mercantilism & in business practices(mercantilism & capitalism)capitalism)

Scientific Revolution:Scientific Revolution: FROM FROM medieval medieval thinking thinking TOTO use of observation and use of observation and reason reason

Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution:: FROMFROM absolutist absolutist policies of James II policies of James II TOTO William and Mary signing William and Mary signing of Bill of Rights limiting power of the monarchy of Bill of Rights limiting power of the monarchy in Great Britainin Great Britain

French Revolution:French Revolution: FROM FROM absolute absolute monarchy of Louis XVI monarchy of Louis XVI TO TO democratic ideals of democratic ideals of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Industrial Revolution: Industrial Revolution: FROMFROM cottage cottage industry (goods made at home by hand) industry (goods made at home by hand) TOTO factory system, women working, higher factory system, women working, higher standard of living, reform movementstandard of living, reform movement

RevolutionsRevolutions

Russian Revolution:Russian Revolution: FROMFROM Czarist autocratic Czarist autocratic rule of Nicholas II rule of Nicholas II TO TO communist rule under communist rule under LeninLenin

Chinese Revolution:Chinese Revolution:FROMFROM warlord control warlord control and civil war with Nationalists and civil war with Nationalists TO TO communist communist rule under Mao Zedong rule under Mao Zedong (supported by peasants)(supported by peasants)

Iranian Revolution:Iranian Revolution:FROMFROM western rule of western rule of Shah Reza Pahlavi Shah Reza Pahlavi TO TO Islamic Fundamentalist Islamic Fundamentalist rule of Ayatollah Khomeinirule of Ayatollah Khomeini

Green Revolution:Green Revolution: FROM FROM limited crop yield limited crop yield TOTO double crop yield in South/Southeast Asia double crop yield in South/Southeast Asia

RevolutionsRevolutions

Chronological EventsChronological Events EUROPE:EUROPE: Ancient Greece & Roman Empire > Ancient Greece & Roman Empire >

Roman Empire fall> splits > east = Byzantine Roman Empire fall> splits > east = Byzantine Empire (thrives from trade) and west = Dark Empire (thrives from trade) and west = Dark Ages/feudalism> Crusades > rise of trade > Ages/feudalism> Crusades > rise of trade > Renaissance/Reformation >Age of Exploration Renaissance/Reformation >Age of Exploration > Commercial Revolution > Absolute kings > > Commercial Revolution > Absolute kings > Enlightenment > French Revolution > Industrial Enlightenment > French Revolution > Industrial Revolution > Age of Imperialism > WWI & WWII Revolution > Age of Imperialism > WWI & WWII > independence movements in colonies > Cold > independence movements in colonies > Cold War > fall of USSR> EUWar > fall of USSR> EU

More chronological eventsMore chronological events Africa:Africa:Early kingdoms (Ghana, Mali Songhai) > Early kingdoms (Ghana, Mali Songhai) >

Transatlantic Slave Trade > scramble for Africa Transatlantic Slave Trade > scramble for Africa by European nations > demands for by European nations > demands for independence after WWII (Nkrumah & independence after WWII (Nkrumah & Kenyatta) > tribalism lingers > trend toward Kenyatta) > tribalism lingers > trend toward democratic nationsdemocratic nations

India: India: Mughal Empire (Akbar)Mughal Empire (Akbar) > > British rule > British rule > Gandhi’s independence movement > Gandhi’s independence movement > partitioning (India & Pakistan) > lingering partitioning (India & Pakistan) > lingering tensionstensions

More chronological eventsMore chronological events Japan:Japan: Chinese influence > feudal period Chinese influence > feudal period

(Tokugawa Shogunate) > Matthew Perry visits (Tokugawa Shogunate) > Matthew Perry visits > Meiji Restoration(westernization) > > Meiji Restoration(westernization) > imperialism (raw materials) > WWII > imperialism (raw materials) > WWII > democratic economic superpowerdemocratic economic superpower

China:China: Early dynasties > Opium War > Spheres Early dynasties > Opium War > Spheres of Influence > Boxer Rebellion > Civil War> of Influence > Boxer Rebellion > Civil War> Communist Revolution (1949 - Mao) >Great Communist Revolution (1949 - Mao) >Great Leap Forward/ Cultural Revolution > Deng’s Leap Forward/ Cultural Revolution > Deng’s economic reforms (1980s) > calls for economic reforms (1980s) > calls for democratic reforms > Tiananmen Square democratic reforms > Tiananmen Square massacremassacre

More chronological eventsMore chronological events Russia:Russia: harsh autocratic rule under czars harsh autocratic rule under czars

> 1917 Bolshevik Revolution (Lenin) > > 1917 Bolshevik Revolution (Lenin) > Stalin’s totalitarian rule> WWII > Cold Stalin’s totalitarian rule> WWII > Cold War > Gorbachev’s Glasnost & War > Gorbachev’s Glasnost & Perestroika > Collapse of Soviet Union> Perestroika > Collapse of Soviet Union> democracy & free marketdemocracy & free market

Latin America: Latin America: Spanish conquest >Spanish conquest > harsh rule (harsh rule (encomienda encomienda system)> Slave system)> Slave trade > nationalist movements> military trade > nationalist movements> military dictatorships> democratic trenddictatorships> democratic trend

Middle East:Middle East: River Valley Civilizations > River Valley Civilizations > Byzantine Empire > Golden Rule of Islamic Rule Byzantine Empire > Golden Rule of Islamic Rule > Crusades> Crusades• Rise & Fall of Ottoman EmpireRise & Fall of Ottoman Empire• Turkey modernizes (Ataturk)Turkey modernizes (Ataturk)• Arab-Israeli conflict (Zionism > Holocaust > Arab-Israeli conflict (Zionism > Holocaust >

wars > PLO > Camp David Accords > Intifada wars > PLO > Camp David Accords > Intifada > conflict continues> conflict continues

• Shah overthrown> Iranian Revolution (1979) Shah overthrown> Iranian Revolution (1979) > Islamic fundamentalist state> war with > Islamic fundamentalist state> war with Iraq/conflict with USIraq/conflict with US

• Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait >Gulf WarSaddam Hussein invaded Kuwait >Gulf War• Taliban in Afghanistan overthrown by USTaliban in Afghanistan overthrown by US

More chronological eventsMore chronological events

Key PeopleKey People NationalistsNationalists CommunistsCommunists WomenWomen Supporters of WesternizationSupporters of Westernization Religious leadersReligious leaders Ruthless LeadersRuthless Leaders Enlightened thinkersEnlightened thinkers othersothers

NationalistsNationalists Latin America: Latin America: Simon Bolivar, Toussaint Simon Bolivar, Toussaint

L’Overture, Jose de San MartinL’Overture, Jose de San Martin Italy: Italy: Cavour, Mazzini, GarabaldiCavour, Mazzini, Garabaldi India: India: Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi Africa: Africa: Kenyatta (Kenya), Nkruma Kenyatta (Kenya), Nkruma

(Ghana)(Ghana) China: China: Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shekSun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek Middle East: Middle East: Arafat (Palestine), Ben-Arafat (Palestine), Ben-

Gurion (Israel - Zionist)Gurion (Israel - Zionist)

CommunistsCommunists Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/ Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/

communism)communism) V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.)V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Fidel Castro (Cuba)Fidel Castro (Cuba) Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping (China)Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping (China) Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam) Kim Jong Ill (North Korea)Kim Jong Ill (North Korea)

WomenWomen World Leaders:World Leaders: Indira Gandhi (Human rights, Nehru’s Indira Gandhi (Human rights, Nehru’s

daughter, India – Prime Minister), Benazir Bhutto daughter, India – Prime Minister), Benazir Bhutto (Democracy & human rights, Pakistan -1(Democracy & human rights, Pakistan -1stst female prime female prime minister of Islamic country), Golda Meir (Zionism, minister of Islamic country), Golda Meir (Zionism, Jewish rights, Israel), Margaret Thatcher (1Jewish rights, Israel), Margaret Thatcher (1stst woman woman prime minister opposed Soviet Union,Great Britain)prime minister opposed Soviet Union,Great Britain)

Humanitarian Concerns:Humanitarian Concerns: Mother Teresa (Christian Mother Teresa (Christian missionary helped poor,India – Nobel Peace Prize), Aung missionary helped poor,India – Nobel Peace Prize), Aung Su (Democracy & women’s rights, Burma/Myanmar – Su (Democracy & women’s rights, Burma/Myanmar – Nobel Peace Prize), Rigoberta Menchu (Indian Rights, Nobel Peace Prize), Rigoberta Menchu (Indian Rights, Guatamala – Nobel Peace Prize)Guatamala – Nobel Peace Prize)

Enlightened thinker: Mary Wollstonecraft (British writer, Enlightened thinker: Mary Wollstonecraft (British writer, philosopher, feminist)philosopher, feminist)

Supporters of Supporters of WesternizationWesternization Russia: Catherine the Great, Peter the Russia: Catherine the Great, Peter the

GreatGreat Iran: Shah Rezi PahleviIran: Shah Rezi Pahlevi Turkey: Kemal AtaturkTurkey: Kemal Ataturk Japan: Emperor MeijiJapan: Emperor Meiji

ReligiousReligious leaders leaders

Martin LutherMartin Luther• Goal: to reform Roman Catholic ChurchGoal: to reform Roman Catholic Church• Action: posted Action: posted 95 Thesis95 Thesis, believed in , believed in

faith faith alone for salvationalone for salvation•ReformationReformation shattered religious unity shattered religious unity

in Europein Europe

ReligiousReligious leaders leaders Ayatollah KhomeiniAyatollah Khomeini

• Goal: remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and western Goal: remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and western influence and replace it with an influence and replace it with an Islamic Islamic FundementalistFundementalist state state

• Impact: Impact: Iranian Islamic Revolution in Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979.1979. Government required strict adherence Government required strict adherence to Islamic law and enacted anti-western to Islamic law and enacted anti-western policies, held American hostages for over one policies, held American hostages for over one year, women lost rightsyear, women lost rights

Ruthless LeadersRuthless Leaders Adolf Hitler (Germany)Adolf Hitler (Germany) Pol Pot (Cambodia)Pol Pot (Cambodia) Slobodan Milosevic (Serbia)Slobodan Milosevic (Serbia) Mao Zedong (China)Mao Zedong (China) Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

Enlightened ThinkersEnlightened Thinkers John LockeJohn Locke RousseauRousseau VoltaireVoltaire Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft MontesquieuMontesquieu

Other Key PeopleOther Key People Adam SmithAdam Smith: wrote : wrote The Wealth of The Wealth of

NationsNations advocating laissez-faire advocating laissez-faire capitalism (gov’t leaves businesses capitalism (gov’t leaves businesses alone)alone)

Machiavelli:Machiavelli: wrote wrote The PrinceThe Prince, a , a handbook for rulers, “the ends justify the handbook for rulers, “the ends justify the means” & “it is better to be feared than means” & “it is better to be feared than loved”loved”

Nelson Mandela:Nelson Mandela: first black South first black South African president, fought against African president, fought against apartheidapartheid

Economic SystemsEconomic Systems TraditionalTraditional:: based on barter (trade) based on barter (trade) ManorialismManorialism:feudal manors (self-:feudal manors (self-

sufficient)sufficient) MercantilismMercantilism: export more than import, : export more than import,

led to imperialism led to imperialism Free market/ Laissez-faire Free market/ Laissez-faire

capitalism:capitalism: based on profit, private based on profit, private ownership, little gov’t interferenceownership, little gov’t interference

Command/ communism/ Marxist Command/ communism/ Marxist socialism:socialism: gov’t makes all economic gov’t makes all economic decisions, no private ownershipdecisions, no private ownership

Human Rights ViolationsHuman Rights Violations Denial of basic political, economic and Denial of basic political, economic and

social rights to which all humans are social rights to which all humans are entitiledentitiled• Jews in Middle Ages/pogroms in Jews in Middle Ages/pogroms in

Russia/HolocaustRussia/Holocaust• Apartheid: blacks in South Africa Apartheid: blacks in South Africa • Untouchables in IndiaUntouchables in India• Students in China (Cultural Students in China (Cultural

Rev./Tiananmen Square)Rev./Tiananmen Square)• Dissidents under Stalin & other Dissidents under Stalin & other

communist leaderscommunist leaders• Urban population in Cambodia (Khmer Urban population in Cambodia (Khmer

Rouge)Rouge)• Tutsies in RwandaTutsies in Rwanda• Muslims in Bosnia Muslims in Bosnia • Women under Taliban ruleWomen under Taliban rule

Early Civilization ContributionsEarly Civilization Contributions Mesopotamia: legal system, wheel, irrigation, Mesopotamia: legal system, wheel, irrigation,

cuneiform (Sumerian writing)cuneiform (Sumerian writing) Egypt: hieroglyphics, medicine, architectureEgypt: hieroglyphics, medicine, architecture Phoenicians: alphabetPhoenicians: alphabet China:silk-making, gunpowder, paper, porcelainChina:silk-making, gunpowder, paper, porcelain Hebrews:monotheism, Ten CommandmentsHebrews:monotheism, Ten Commandments Muslims:algebra, astronomy, medicineMuslims:algebra, astronomy, medicine Gupta: India, zero, decimal, Arabic numeralsGupta: India, zero, decimal, Arabic numerals Rome: law, aqueducts, architectureRome: law, aqueducts, architecture Mauryan Empire: India, spread of Buddhism, Mauryan Empire: India, spread of Buddhism,

organized governmentorganized government Mughal Empire:Mughal Empire: India, Akbar the Great, religious India, Akbar the Great, religious

toleration, built Taj Mahal toleration, built Taj Mahal

Organizations & GroupsOrganizations & Groups European Union (EU)European Union (EU) a growing group made a growing group made

up of European nations. Its goal is to expand up of European nations. Its goal is to expand free trade free trade (no tariffs). Use (no tariffs). Use euroeuro..

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLOPalestine Liberation Organization (PLO)Its )Its goal is to create an independent state in goal is to create an independent state in Palestine (conflict with Israel)Palestine (conflict with Israel)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Countries (OPEC) Its goal is to control the oil Its goal is to control the oil industry by setting production levels & prices.industry by setting production levels & prices.

United Nations (UN)United Nations (UN) Its goals are to promote Its goals are to promote global peace and encourage economic and global peace and encourage economic and social well-being.social well-being.

More organizationsMore organizations North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty

Organization(NATO):Organization(NATO): a growing military a growing military alliance between democratic nations alliance between democratic nations (former communist nations)(former communist nations)

Warsaw Pact:Warsaw Pact: a counter military alliance a counter military alliance made up of the Soviet Union and its made up of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations (Cold War)satellite nations (Cold War)

North American Free Trade North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA):Agreement (NAFTA): its goal is to its goal is to promote free trade between US, Canada promote free trade between US, Canada and Mexico (pros and cons)and Mexico (pros and cons)

NationalismNationalism Devotion to one’s nation’s independenceDevotion to one’s nation’s independence Groups seeking independenceGroups seeking independence

• Chechyns in RussiaChechyns in Russia

• Tibetans in ChinaTibetans in China

• Kurds in IraqKurds in Iraq

• Albanians in KosovoAlbanians in Kosovo

• Palestinians in PalestinePalestinians in Palestine

ImperialismImperialism Taking over a territory for raw materials, Taking over a territory for raw materials,

markets, power and prestigemarkets, power and prestige NEGATIVE: treated natives as inferior, exploited NEGATIVE: treated natives as inferior, exploited

natural resources, forced labornatural resources, forced labor POSITIVE: brought technology, medicine and POSITIVE: brought technology, medicine and

infrastructureinfrastructure AFRICA: Berlin Conference, Scramble for Africa, AFRICA: Berlin Conference, Scramble for Africa,

Mau Mau uprising (led by Jomo Kenyatta in Mau Mau uprising (led by Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya), lingering conflictKenya), lingering conflict

CHINA: Opium War, spheres of influence, Boxer CHINA: Opium War, spheres of influence, Boxer RebellionRebellion

INDIA: British East India CO., Sepoys, GandhiINDIA: British East India CO., Sepoys, Gandhi

Cold War EventsCold War Events War of tensions between United States War of tensions between United States

and Soviet Union (1945-1990), fear of and Soviet Union (1945-1990), fear of spreading communism spreading communism

Containment/ Marshall PlanContainment/ Marshall Plan Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade NATO & Warsaw Pact: collective securityNATO & Warsaw Pact: collective security Berlin WallBerlin Wall Bay of Pigs & Cuban Missile CrisisBay of Pigs & Cuban Missile Crisis Korean War and Vietnam WarKorean War and Vietnam War

Final WordsFinal Words Know you can do this.Know you can do this. Prepare using effective studying Prepare using effective studying

strategies: Get quizzed by someonestrategies: Get quizzed by someone Eat before the examEat before the exam Bring pens with you to the examBring pens with you to the exam Relax and do the best you canRelax and do the best you can Look at the essays first and brainstormLook at the essays first and brainstorm Do the questions you know firstDo the questions you know first Check your workCheck your work Best of luck on the Regents!Best of luck on the Regents!