Global Health: Approaches to improving the Quality of Life in
the US and China
Slide 2
Basic concepts Life expectancy: The average number of years of
life remaining at a given age Mortality or death rate: The average
annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at
midyear; also known as crude death rate Morbidity: A diseased
state, disability, or poor health due to any cause. The term may be
used to refer to the existence of any form of disease, or to the
degree that the health condition affects the patient.
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Demographics: Life Expectancy Figure Life Expectancy at Birth
across the countries in the world
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Demographics: Death Rate Figure Distributes of death rates
across the countries in the world (per 1,000 population)
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Demographics: Infant Mortality Figure Distributes of infant
mortality across the countries in the world (Infant mortality: the
number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per
1,000 live births in the same year)
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The United States
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Figure Life expectancy at birth, by race and sex: United
States, 1975 2007 final and 20082009 preliminary
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Life Expectancy Measure and sex All racesWhiteBlack
200920082009200820092008 Life expectancy Male Female 78.2 75.7 80.6
78.0 75.5 80.5 78.6 76.2 80.9 78.4 75.9 80.8 74.3 70.9 77.4 74.3
70.9 77.4 Table Life expectancy at birth by race and sex: United
States 2008 and 2009
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Approaches to Extending Life Expectancy Living a healthy social
and family life Going outside Engaging in regular physical activity
Not smoking Eating a plant-based diet and frequent consumption of
legumes and nuts Limiting alcohol consumption Sleeping 7 to 8 hours
per night Screening and tests Not taking unnecessary risks
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Death Rates Figure Crude and age-adjusted death rates in the
United States, 19802007 final and 20082009 preliminary
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Leading Causes of Morbidity and Death in the US The leading
causes of morbidity and mortality in 2009 in the United States 1.
Diseases of heart 2. Malignant neoplasms 3. Chronic lower
respiratory diseases 4. Cerebrovascular diseases 5. Accidents
(unintentional injuries) 6. Alzheimers disease 7. Diabetes mellitus
8. Influenza and pneumonia 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and
nephrosis 10. Intentional self-harm (suicide) 11. Septicemia 12.
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 13. Essential hypertension and
hypertensive renal disease 14. Parkinsons disease 15. Assault
(homicide)
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Leading Causes of Morbidity and Death in the US Table Deaths
and death rates for 2009, and age-adjusted death rates and percent
changes from 2008 to 2009 for the 15 leading causes of death
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Major Risk Factors Poverty Tobacco use Obesity Physical
inactivity
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Obesity Facts Percent of adults age 20 years and over who are
obese: 34% (2007-2008) Percent of adults age 20 years and over who
are overweight (and not obese): 34% (2007-2008) Percent of
adolescents age 12-19 years who are obese: 18% (2007-2008) Percent
of children age 6-11 years who are obese: 20% (2007-2008) Percent
of children age 2-5 years who are obese: 10% (2007-2008)
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Obesity Rate (2010) in the US 2010 State Obesity Rates State% %
% % Alabama32.2Illinois28.2Montana23.0Rhode Island25.5
Alaska24.5Indiana29.6Nebraska26.9South Carolina31.5
Arizona24.3Iowa28.4Nevada22.4South Dakota27.3
Arkansas30.1Kansas29.4New Hampshire25.0Tennessee30.8
California24.0Kentucky31.3New Jersey23.8Texas31.0
Colorado21.0Louisiana31.0New Mexico25.1Utah22.5
Connecticut22.5Maine26.8New York23.9Vermont23.2
Delaware28.0Maryland27.1North Carolina27.8Virginia26.0 District of
Columbia22.2Massachusetts23.0North Dakota27.2Washington25.5
Florida26.6Michigan30.9Ohio29.2West Virginia32.5
Georgia29.6Minnesota24.8Oklahoma30.4Wisconsin26.3
Hawaii22.7Mississippi34.0Oregon26.8Wyoming25.1
Idaho26.5Missouri30.5Pennsylvania28.6
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Child Obesity Program Coordinated School Health(CSH): model of
support connecting students health and their capacity to learn
through the support of families, communities and schools all
working together in a coordinated and cost- effective manner
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Table Infant deaths and infant mortality rates, by age and race
and Hispanic origin: United States (Rates are per 1,000 live
births) Infant Mortality
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Table Infant deaths and infant mortality rates for the 10
leading causes of infant death: United States (Rates are per
100,000 live births) Leading Causes of Infant Mortality
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Approaches to Reducing Infant Mortality U.S. has made slower
progress than most other industrialized countries in reducing
infant mortality Since 2000, progress has stalled. In 2000, the
U.S. infant mortality rate was 6.9 deaths per 1,000 live births; in
2009, it declined slightly to 6.4 Progress in reducing risk has
benefited infants mainly after the first month of life. There has
been less improvement in newborns chances of surviving the first
days and weeks of life
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Approaches to Reducing Infant Mortality Take A lifespan
approach to maternal and infant health Make infant and maternal
health a priority of health care reform Provide effective
monitoring and treatment of chronic diseases in women Provide
health education and preconception counseling Increase awareness
among prospective parents that good decision- making begins before
their babies are born Ensure timely prenatal care for all women
Address the barriers to prenatal care Fully implement and enhance
Medicaid policies and other programs that provide health care to
women of childbearing age Focus on timing and content of prenatal
care Help women make behavioral changes
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Approaches to Reducing Infant Mortality Address racial and
ethnic disparities in infant mortality Expand access to
high-quality neonatal intensive care Increase understanding of
racial and ethnic disparities Illuminate the relationship between
low birthweight and infant mortality Increase understanding of
economic and educational factors Support research that takes into
account the multiple factors that affect infant mortality Support
research that links environmental and cultural factors with
individual characteristics
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Approaches to Reducing Infant Mortality Sustain efforts to
prevent infant mortality after the first month of life Sustain
efforts to promote breastfeeding, especially among African American
mothers Ensure access to well-baby and sick-baby care Sustain SIDS
public education campaigns and intensify information campaigns for
child care providers Expand programs for the prevention of child
abuse and neglect
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Peoples Republic of China
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Life Expectancy in China
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Measure and sexChinaUSGlobal Life expectancy Male Female 73.3
71.7 75.1 78.2 75.7 80.6 66.6 64.5 68.8 Table Comparison of life
expectancy in China, US and world, 2009
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Increasing Elderly Population in China Figure Percentage of 65+
years old population in China
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Death Rates in China Figure Death rate (deaths/1,000
population)
Strategies to reduce mortality in China Reduce pollution Water
pollution Air pollution Reduce smoking
Slide 30
Water Pollution Facts About one third of the industrial waste
water and more than 90 percent of household sewage in China is
released into rivers and lakes without being treated One sixth of
Chinas population is threatened by seriously polluted water A study
by Chinas Environmental Protection Agency in February 2010 said
that water pollution levels were double what the government
predicted them to be mainly because agricultural waste was ignored
An estimated 980 million people drink water every day that is
partly polluted, containing dangerous levels of arsenic, fluorine
and sulfates 68 percent of the Chinese interviewed said they were
concerned about water pollution
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Water Pollution
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Air Pollution Facts and Details One third of 113 cities
surveyed failed to meet national air standards in 2009 According to
the World Bank 16 of the worlds 20 cities with the worst air are in
China Only 1 percent of the Chinas 560 million city dwellers breath
air considered safe by European Union standards according to a
World Bank study Coal is the number one source of air pollution in
China 74 percent of the Chinese interviewed said they were
concerned about air pollution based on a survey by the Pew Research
Center
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Air Pollution in China
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Smoking Problems 320 million people in China are current
smokers Estimated 28.1% of adults in China (52.9% of men and 2.4%
of women) were current smokers 23% physicians are current smokers
(41% males and 1% females) Estimated 20.6 % of US adults aged
>18 years are current smokers (23.5% men and 17.9% women) 3.3%
physicians in the US are current smokers
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Slide 36
Regulations on No-Smoking in Public Places in Beijing Smoking
is forbidden in the following public places: Indoor areas of
medical organizations Infant institutions and kindergartens Middle
schools, primary schools, mid-level vocational schools Universities
and other teaching areas of educational and training organizations
Theatres, music halls, exhibition halls, museums, art galleries,
libraries, science and technology museums, archives, children s
palaces, memorial halls and other places for science &
teaching, culture and art Business center of commerce, finance,
post and tele- communications Inside buses, taxis, rail transits
and other public transportation tools, related ticket offices and
indoor platforms Cultural relics protection units open to the
public Gymnasiums Contest area and seating area of stadium These
regulations are enacted from May 1st, 2008
Slide 37
Tobacco Control Organizations in China Ministry of Health China
CDC- National Tobacco Control Office WHO Collaborating Center for
Tobacco or Health China Association On Tobacco Control National
Health Education Institute
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Infant Mortality
Slide 39
Trends in Child Mortality Figure Trends in mortality rates (per
1000 livebirths) in China during 1990-2008 in neonates (
