http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/redox-flow-batteries

National Alliance for Advanced Technology Batteries site, NAATBatt.orghttp://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/energy/renewables/vanadium-redox-gaining-ground-in-energy-storage . Note: 1 kW = 1.34 HP http://spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/energy/renewables/energy-storage-front-and-center-at-arpae-summit

Energy Storage Systems: an all-Iron Flow Battery (IFB) http://www.energystoragesystems.com/technology/

More flow batteries: Energy Storage Systems leaves behind traditional flow battery materials like Vanadium in favor of earth-abundant Iron. That is not a trivial change: it drops the per kilowatt-hour cost from around $400 to less than $200. Craig Evans, the company's president and CEO, told me they have a 1 kW prototype now, and will scale up as part of the requirements of their ARPA-E award by the end of the year. And interestingly, ESS isn't the only ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects AgencyEnergy Innovation Summit) awardee working on All-Iron Flow Battery (IFB) tech; Case Western Reserve University is also working toward a $ 200 / kWh battery.

Case Western Reserve University: http://engineering.case.edu/iron-based_flow_battery

In flow batteries, chemical reactants used to produce electrical energy are stored in two tanks and the Electrodes, which are not used as fuel, are housed in a separate chamber. The reactants are pumped one direction through the chamber to charge the battery and the other direction to discharge the system. Power and energy density can be increased by increasing the volume of reactants.

The most common flow batteries are based on Vanadium, a metal mined primarily in Russia, China and South Africa, and which has recently cost from $8 to $20 per pound in the PentaOxide form. Iron, which is plentiful in the U.S., has recently been selling for less than 25 cents per pound as anHydrous Ferrous Chloride, or on a Metal basis less than 1% of the cost of Vanadium. Vanadium batteries use Highly-Corrosive Sulphuric Acid for the Electrolyte. .for safety reasons, the researchers plan to use a benign Electrolyte with a pH of about 4.

A large-scale energy storage facility that could accommodate a wind farm by storing up to 20 MWh of electricity would require 2 Storage Tanks for the Iron Solutions of about 250,000 US-Gallons or 8 Railroad-Tank-Cars Each, . A system that size could supply the Power needs of 650 Homes @ 30 kWh per House for a day.

Estimate the Iron Flow Battery can reach 80 % efficiency. goal of creating new kinds of storage systems that would cost $100 per kWh but . Researchers estimate, because of the low cost of components, that the iron-based battery would cost $30 per kWh.

http://www.viznenergy.com/vizn-energy-systems-wins-intersolar-europes-2014-electrical-energy-storage-award/

It is understandable why the global smart grid market is expected to cumulatively surpass 400 billion dollars worldwide by 2020, according to a recent report byGTM Research.

Sun Catalytix: The artificial leaf growers go for megawatt-scale storage http://www.suncatalytix.com/news.html

This company has gotten plenty of press in the last few years, includingfrom us. But that was for work on the so-called "artificial leaf," a small solar device that mimics photosynthesis. Sun Catalytix has spun off some of that research into work on new chemistries for flow batteries, which they say will be able to scale up to grid-level storage. So far they've built kW-scale devices, and are aiming for MW.

The MIT spinoff, which hopes to differentiate itself with a novel chemistry and inexpensive mechanical systems, is testing a small-scale 5 kW prototype. It projects that a full-scale system, which it expects to make in 2015 or 2016, will cost under $300 / kWh, or less than half as much as the Sodium-Sulfur (NaS) High Temp. Batteries now used for multi-hour grid storage. .. Venkat Srinivasan, head of the EnergyStorage at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.

The Electro-Chemical Active Material in a typical flow battery is a Metal, such as Vanadium or Zinc-Bromide, dissolved in a Liquid Electrolyte (near-Neutral Aqueous solution). To create a Current, the liquids are pumped from large tanks into a device where an Electro-Chemical Reaction occurs across a Membrane. The electrolytes are Pumped in the Reverse direction to Charge the Battery. One big advantage of flow batteries is that the amount of energy they store can be increased by simply making the tanks larger.

Sun Catalytixs electrolytes are made from Metals combined with Ligands, or Molecules that Bind to Metal-Atoms. Using Synthetic Metal-Ligand Compounds as the Active battery materials gave engineers more design flexibility in pursuing an inexpensive, safe battery that can last 15 years with daily charging, according to the company.

In one version of the battery being developed at its lab, two square plates (size of a pizza box) made of Carbon-Plastic Composite, each about as thick as a piece of paper, are stacked with a thin Plastic Membrane between them to form a cell. During charging and discharging, the two liquid electrolytes travel through grooves carved within each plate to trigger the chemical reaction across the membrane. The prototype system, held in a glass enclosure, is made up of 50 cells in two horizontal rows, or stacks. The cells are not wired individually; instead, the current travels through the plates from one end of the stack to the other, which saves costs on wiring. Below the stacks are tanks of liquid electrolytes, Pumps, Valves, and Tubes made of PVC plasticall of which is off-the-shelf equipment. A full-scale system would use hundreds of cells.

Sun Catalytix intends to pilot-test a full-scale battery in 2015. 1 MW system would fit into 2 x 20-foot shipping Containers, and the tanks of Electrolytes would require more shipping Containers, depending on how many hours of power are needed.

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/519316/startup-shows-off-its-cheaper-grid-battery/

http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/iron-chromium-icb-flow-batteries

https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=jl8FVLOTBZCEvASg-4DYCA&gws_rd=ssl#q=all+iron+redox+flow+battery

Redox (Reduction) Flow : . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_potentialReduction potential (also known asRedox potential,Oxidation potential,) is a measure of the tendency of anElectro-Chemically-Active Speciesto acquireelectronsand thereby bereduced. Reduction potential is measured involts(V), or millivolts (mV). Each species has its own intrinsic reduction potential; the more positive the potential, the greater the species' affinity for electrons and tendency to be reduced.

Studies of Iron-Ligand Complexes for an All-Iron Flow Battery Application: http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/161/10/A1662.abstract

PEM (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane \\ Proton Exchange Membrane) : is a semi-Permeable Membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while being impermeable to gases such as oxygen or hydrogen.[1] This is their essential function when incorporated into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell or of a proton exchange membrane electrolyser: separation of reactants and transport of protons.

PEMs can be made from either pure polymer membranes or from composite membranes where other materials are embedded in a polymer matrix. One of the most common and commercially available PEM materials is the fluoropolymer (PFSA)[2] Nafion, a DuPont product. [3] While Nafion is an ionomer with a perfluorinated backbone like Teflon,[4] there are many other structural motifs used to make ionomers for proton exchange membranes. Many use polyaromatic polymers while others use partially fluorinated polymers.

Proton exchange membranes are primarily characterized by Proton Conductivity (), Methanol Permeability (P), and Thermal Stability.[5]

PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer membrane (a thin plastic film) as the electrolyte. This polymer is permeable to protons when it is saturated with water, but it does not conduct electrons. Sulfur, an industrial waste product ($1.00/kg) from petroleum processing

A typical lithium-sulfur battery consists of two electrodes a lithium metal anode and a sulfur-carbon cathode surrounded organic-Electrolyte. Several studies have attributed the battery's short cycle life to chemical reactions that deplete the cathode of sulfur. In lithium-sulfur batteries, an electric current is generated when lithium ions in the anode react with sulfur particles at the cathode during discharge. The byproducts of this chemical reaction are compounds known as lithium polysulfides. .. Problems can arise when the Li poly-Sulphides leak into the electrolyte and permanently bond with the lithium metal anode. "When that happens, all of the sulfur material in the polysulfides is lost," but sulfur cathodes have two major weaknesses. Sulfur easily combines with Lithium to form compounds that Crystallize and Gum up the batterys insides, and it tends to crack under the stress of repeated cycling. As a result, a typical Lithium-Sulfur battery becomes useless within a few dozen cycles Inverse Vulcanization (S-DiIsoPropoenylBenzene) http://www.nanowerk.com/news2/green/newsid=35881.php Jun, 14

Sulfur- coated Graphene Oxide Flake nano-Composite material (S-GO) for use as the battery's cathode. June 13 The large surface area of S-GO, along with its ubiquitous cavities, establishes more intimate electronic contact with sulfur and avoids particle aggregation and loss of electrical contact with the current collector .http://eetd.lbl.gov/news/article/56320/sulfur-graphene-oxide-material-for-lithium-sulfur-battery-cathodes

"The standard way to do high-resolution imaging is with electron microscopes after the battery has partially discharged," Nelson said. "But electrons don't penetrate metal and plastic very well. With SLAC's X-ray microscope, we can actually see changes that are happening while the battery is running."

Searching for a safer, less expensive alternative to today's lithium-ion batteries, scientists have turned to lithium-sulfur as a possible chemistry for next-generation batteries. Li/S batteries have several times the energy storage capacity of the best currently available rechargeable Li-ion battery, and sulfur is inexpensive and nontoxic.

To continue the progress toward electric vehicles, as well as toward higher-capacity batteries for mobile electronic applications, the marketplace needs a new generation of battery with a specific energy of at least 400 Watt-hours/kilogram (Wh/kg), low cost (under $ 200 / kWh), improved safety, and low environmental impact.

The Li/S cell offers a very high theoretical Specific Energy (2,680 Wh / kg), much higher than that of the best Li-ion cell (~580 Wh / kg). (See Figure 1.) Thanks to this high energy per weight, Li/S batteries could store more energy, and therefore, provide greater vehicle range as well as longer operating times in all applications.

Breathing battery to power next-gen tech? Li-AirBattery! Mar 16 14ByIPPO Argonne Ntnl Lab http://newsavalanche.com/2014/03/16/breathing-battery-to-power-next-gen-tech-meet-li-air-battery/

Lithium metal (not directly compatible with water) have high Gravimetric capacity 3800 mA/g, and its highly std. electrode Negative Potential, Eo= -3.045 V, make it extremely attractive when combined with Oxygen or Water (Electro-Chemical couple) http://www.polyplus.com/liwater.html

with PolyPlus invention of the Protected Lithium Electrode (PLE), enables the development of a new class of stable, high voltage (~ 3 V) aqueous batteries with exceptionally high energy density (> 1000 Wh/l & Wh/kg). . more Hope than Hype: PolyPlus pushes toward Lithium-Sulfur

http://www.hybridcars.com/more-hope-than-hype-polyplus-pushes-toward-lithium-sulfur-batteries/

However, Chemistry Professor Linda Nazar and her research team in the Faculty of Science at the University of Waterloo discovered that ultra-thin nano-sheets of Manganese di-Oxide (MnO2, better than TiO ) maintains the rechargeable sulphur cathode. It chemically recycles the sulphides in a two-step process involving a surface-bound intermediate, polythio-sulfate. The result is a high-performance cathode that can recharge more than 2000 cycles.

These function as a redox shuttle to catenate and bind higher polysulfides, and convert them on reduction to insoluble lithium sulfide via disproportionation. The sulfur/manganese dioxide nanosheet composite with 75wt% sulfur exhibits a reversible capacity of 1,300mAhg1 at moderate rates and a fade rate over 2,000 cycles of 0.036%/cycle, among the best reported to date. We furthermore show that this mechanism extends to Graphene oxide and suggest it can be employed more widely.

Postdoctoral research associate Xiao Liang, the lead author, and graduate students Connor Hart and Quan Pang also discovered that Graphene Oxide seems to work by a similar mechanism. They are currently investigating other oxides to find the best Sulphur retaining material.

http://www.design-engineering.com/materials/waterloo-researchers-step-closer-energy-dense-Li-S-rechargeable-battery-132814/

http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150106/ncomms6682/full/ncomms6682.html#affil-auth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery

Energy Storage System ( Nov. 14,, from ABB) : http://www.poweranswercenter.com/default.aspx?ID=1383

http://reneweconomy.com.au/2015/energy-storage-to-reach-cost-holy-grail-mass-adoption-in-5-years-18383

http://www.solarenergystorage.org/en/stromspeicher-natrium-batterien-bald-eine-kostengunstige-alternative/https://gigaom.com/2014/07/20/behind-the-scenes-of-aquion-energys-battery-factory-the-future-of-solar-storage/

https://www.google.co.in/search?newwindow=1&site=&source=hp&q=li-s+battery&oq=Li-S&gs_l=hp.1.4.0l6j0i10l4.2358.4698.0.13121.4.4.0.0.0.0.629.1149.0j3j5-1.4.0.msedr...0...1c.1.60.hp..0.4.1149.UrutpxwULf0

How the HydroStor System Works (2013) : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xT5420ENg7o

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Miura+Wind+Park,+Japan&biw=1188&bih=795&tbm=isch&imgil=iHsixIemrueC_M%253A%253BHRcm47QHxDxKzM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fen.wikigogo.org%25252Fen%25252F122444&source=iu&fir=iHsixIemrueC_M%253A%252CHRcm47QHxDxKzM%252C_&usg=__j9UWNOmRsTChjgE3dbEjdq7VJ7M%3D&sa=X&ei=67UKVL3KGIHJuATeuYHgAw&ved=0CCkQ9QEwAw#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=KKY1EP4xA_LhdM%253A%3BSxTrSSqzmRoS9M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.aweo.org%252Fwindstorage%252Fxtreme-inverter.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.aweo.org%252Fwindstorage.html%3B440%3B239

http://www.computescotland.com/livingstone-flow-storage-for-gigha-7207.php

http://www.kemet.com/Lists/TechnicalArticles/Attachments/121/2013-11%20Sodium-Sulfur%20Batteries%20and%20Supercapacitors.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices

Benign solution = Caring = Gentle =

Aggregate = Summative = Comprehensive = Combined = Binge = Bender = Blast Apocalypse = End of the world = Destruction = Disaster =

Benefit Aficionado