Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants 1 Chapter Physical Development of Infants

Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants

Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants

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Chapter Physical Development of Infants7

Section 7.1 Infant Growth and Development

Section 7.2 Caring for an Infant

Section 7.3 Infant Health and Wellness

Contents



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Section 7.1 Infant Growth and Development

• There are four main influences on a baby’s growth and development.

• An infant’s growth and development follow many patterns.



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Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary

developmental milestone

stimulating environment

growth chart

proportion

depth perception

reflex

gross motor skill

fine motor skill

hand-eye coordination

makeup

accommodate



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Developmental Milestone

• A key skill used to check a child’s progress• Not all children meet them at the same time• An overall guideline• Sickness, lack of stimulating environment,

malnutrition• Examples: Learning to walk, rolling over, saying

their first words



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Influences on Growth and Development• Babies experience a tremendous amount of

growth and development in their first year.• Growth refers to physical size.• Development refers to physical, emotional, social,

or intellectual skills.



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Influences on Growth and Development• The four major influences include:

• heredity• nutrition• health• environment

How do you think the environment can influence growth and development?

Stimulating Environment! Makes brain connections!



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• During the first year, babies typically triple their birth weight.

• Weight gain is a strong sign of good health.

• Proportion: The size

relationship between

different parts of the

body

Growth and Development During the First Year



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• Physical development follows three patterns:• head to foot• near to far• simple to complex

• Babies’ perception of the world increases using vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.




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Head to Toe Development

• What does this mean?• The head takes the lead in development.• Babies first gain control of their head movement• Their sight, hearing, taste, and smell develop

more quickly than arms, legs, feet, etc



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• Speech develops with growth of the throat muscles, tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords.

• Babies are born with some automatic reflexes.




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Babies Learn Through Their Senses -Vision• Newborns have very blurry vision• At one week they can focus on object 7 – 10

inches away and can follow object moved across their face

• By one month babies can focus on objects 3 feet away

• At two months, they demonstrate depth perception– Depth Perception: Perceive objects as 3-D

• By six months their eyesight is at an adult level



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Hearing

• Babies can hear, even before birth• A full-term baby can already tell the general

direction that a sound comes from• Newborns respond to the tone of a voice• Soothing, loving voices are calming to newborns• At seven months, babies can recognize their

caregivers voices• This is how they learn to talk



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Touch

• Newborns last brain development and movement skills in order to explore their world through touch

• They rely on the touch of others to teach them about their environment

• Touch builds trust



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Smell and Taste

• Smell does not develop until after birth• Within 10 days, they can distinguish their mother’s

smell from others• Taste develops rapidly• They can distinguish the difference between

water, sour liquids, sugar solutions, salt, and milk.• Babies put everything in their mouth to explore the

world.• Make sure objects are safe and clean!



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Reflexes• An instinctive, automatic response, such as grasping or sucking• The Sucking Reflex: stimulated when something is put in a baby’s

mouth and allows a newborn to feed from the mother’s breast or bottle• The Rooting Reflex: This happens when the baby’s cheek is stroked

and they turn to that side• Moro Reflex: Causes baby to throw the arms back when suddenly

released• Other Automatic Reflexes: Shutting the eyes under bright lights,

grabbing a finger when placed in hand, stepping motions.



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Fine and Gross Motor Skills• Gross Motor Skills: A skill that involves the large

muscles of the body• Examples: Hula hooping, playing soccer,

swimming• Fine Motor Skills: Involves smaller muscles of the

body such as those in the fingers• Examples: Picking up pieces of cereal, using

scissors, cutting paper• Hand-eye coordination: Eat and catching a ball



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Developmental Milestones – 1 Month

• Lifts head and turns it from one side to the other when placed on stomach

• Focuses on objects from about 10 inches to up to 3 feet away

• Reacts to a parent’s voice (Sometimes)



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2 Months

• Makes sounds such as “ooh” and “aah”• Watches objects moved about 6 inches away from

their face• Responds to more sounds and different pitches of

voice



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3 Months

• Opens and closes hands• Holds head steadily when held up• Lifts head and chest when on stomach• Swipes at objects• Brings hands together



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4 Months

• Supports upper body on hands when lying on stomach

• Shows preference for red and blue over yellow• May begin to use vowels and consonants in

babbling, such as “ah ga”• Grasps rattle• Puts hands in mouth• Rolls from tummy to back



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5 Months

• Rocks on stomach while kicking legs and making swimming motions with arms

• Reaches out and grabs toys• Turns head in direction of sound• Knows positive speech from unhappy speech



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6 Months

• Passes a block from one hand to another• Puts objects to mouth with hand• May begin creeping• Recognizes basic sounds of native language• Begin teething



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7 Months

• Rolls over both ways• Sits up steadily• Stands with assistance• Knows parents and caregivers by their voices and by sighs• Can follow a path of moving objects with eyes• Babbles with strings of vowels and consonants, such as

“ba, ba,ba”• Grabs for objects with raking motion



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8 Months

• Pulls self up to standing• Bangs blocks together• Propels self by arms, knees, or squirming motion• Looks at objects with sustained attention



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9 Months

• Uses index finger to poke• Puts objects in containers• Leans forward to pick up toy• Notices small objects• May start associating sounds with objects



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10 Months

• Crawls well• Can put objects into containers• Uses index finger to start pointing• Imitates new word sounds more frequently



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11 Months

• Walks while holding onto furniture or crib rails for support

• Uses gestures like shaking head for no• Releases objects intentionally• Grasps with thumb and forefinger



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12 Months

• May walk a few steps alone• Stands alone for short time• Picks up small objects using thumb and forefinger• Puts objects into and takes them out of containers• Holds and drinks from cup



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Section 7.2 Caring for an Infant

• Caregivers need to know the proper ways of handling, feeding, and dressing a baby.

• This knowledge will help keep a baby healthy.



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Content Vocabulary

shaken baby syndrome

antibody

weaning

malnutrition

Academic Vocabulary

aggravate

curb



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Handling a Baby• Babies need to be handled

to be changed, fed, bathed, dressed, cuddled, and hugged.

• Remove pillows, fluffy blankets, puffy bumper pads, and stuffed toys from bed.



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Handling a Baby• Always place a baby

face up in the bed to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

• Check a crying baby for wetness, hunger, cold, or pain.

• Never shake or jiggle a baby.



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Sleep Patterns

• The amount a time a baby spends sleeping decreases greatly during the first year• Newborn sleeps 16 hours a day (4 naps all about 3 to 4

hours)• 3 Months sleep 14 to 15 hours a day • 4 Months sleep 12 to 14 hours a day (taking naps

midmorning and late afternoon)• 6 Months sleep 12 to 14 (sleep about six naps at night)• 1 year olds sleep 12 hours a day (9-10 hours at night)



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Shaken Baby Syndrome

• 100% Preventable• Usually happens because of frustration• It is OKAY to put your baby down in a safe place

and walk away



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Feeding an Infant

• During the first six months, nutrient needs can be met with formula or breast milk.

• Feed newborns as often as they want to eat. Overfeeding is not a problem.

• Babies must be burped after feeding.

• Some babies have food allergies.



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Burping an Infant

• Infants usually need to be burped twice during a feeding

• Babies can be burped in many positions• Protect your clothing• Babies do not always burp each time



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Breast Milk vs. Formula

• Breast Milk• Contains all the nutrients a baby needs• Contains antibodies to fight off germs

– Antibodies are a substance produced by the body that boost’s a baby’s defenses against infection

• Has colostrum– The first breast milk, rich in antibodies and nutrients

• Germ-free and easy to digest• Breast-fed babies get fewer ear infections• Not all mother’s are able to do this• Takes practice and patience



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Breast Milk vs. Formula

• Formula• Most often milk-based• Can cause digestive problems• Everyone is able to use this method• Comes in three forms: a concentrated liquid that is

mixed with water, powder that is mixed with water, and ready to use

• Does not contain antibodies



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Weaning

• Changing from drinking from the bottle tor breast to a cup

• By the age of four to six months babies have usually had solid food for the first time

• Weaning needs to happen gradually



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Nutrition for Babies

• Babies need:• Enough calories to provide activity and rapid

growth• Foods that provide key nutrients, such as

vitamins and minerals• Adequate amounts of liquid

• Malnutrition: Inadequate nutrition that can cause poor brain development



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Dressing a Baby

• Babies are sensitive to overheating.• Comfort and ease in dressing are important when

choosing baby’s clothing.• Dressing and undressing a baby quickly and easily

takes practice.

Why is it important to be able to dress a baby quickly?



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• Keeping a baby healthy involves bathing, diapering, and taking care of baby’s teeth.

• A baby needs regular checkups and scheduled immunizations.

Section 7.3 Infant Health and Wellness



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Content Vocabulary

cradle cap

diaper rash

teething

immunization

vaccine

Academic Vocabulary

designate

emerge



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Keeping Baby Clean

• Keeping a baby clean helps maintain overall wellness.

• Guidelines should be followed to safely bathe a baby.

• Babies can be bathed

in a bath or have sponge

baths



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How to Bathe a Baby• 1. Prepare for the baby’s bath.

– Gather everything you need, put two inches of warm water into the bathtub, use your arm to test the water, and undress the baby

• 2. Put the baby in the tub

– Support head and neck

• 3. Wash the baby’s face

• 4. Wash and rinse the baby’s hair

– Use baby shampoo and avoid getting soap in the baby’s face

• 5. Wash the baby’s body

• 6. Dry the babies body

– Wrap baby in a clean, dry towel immediately



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Diapering

• A baby’s diaper must be changed several times a day.

• Caregivers can choose between cloth diapers and disposable diapers.

• A home with a baby should have a designated diaper-changing area.

• Disposable diapers are more effective at keeping a baby dry, but cloth diapers are more environmentally friendly.



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Diapering

• Diaper Rash: A condition that includes patches of rough, red, irritated skin in the diaper area.

• Controlling bacteria in diapers helps this condition.



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Health Care

• Teething begins at about six months of age.• Caregivers must learn how to keep children

protected from a variety of safety hazards.

teethingThe process of the teeth pushing their way through the gums.



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Health Care• Babies and infants should have regular medical

checkups.• Immunizations are an important way to protect

children against certain diseases.• Vaccines can be given to protect from disease.

immunizationA shot of a small amount of a dead or weak disease-carrying germ given so that the body can build up resistance to the disease.



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Infant Safety Hazards

• Choking• Suffocation• Water• Falls• Poison• Burns• Sun• Animals• Clothing

Documents

Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants 1 Chapter Physical Development of Infants