Glazed Pottery of Keszthely‐Fenékpuszta in the spectrum of the ceramic of the late Roman fortress

FriderikaHorvth(ArchaeologicalInstituteofHAS)

GlazedPotteryofKeszthelyFenkpusztainthespectrumoftheceramicofthelateRomanfortress

LateRomanGlazedPottery,Carlino2009

ThecooperationprogrambetweenGWZOLeipzigandtheArchaeologicalInstituteofHASissupportedbyDFG.TheaimoftheprojectisachievinganinterdisciplinaryresearchonthelateromanfortificationinKeszthelyFenkpusztalocatedsouthwestofLakeBalaton.

ThefortificationofFenkpusztabelongedtotheterritoryofPannoniaPrima.Sincetheassemblageofthesitecoverstheperiodfromtheromanageuptothe9thcentury,itgivestheopportunity interalia tostudytheproblemofromancontinuationintheregion.

Krnye

Alshetnypuszta

SgvrKrnye

KeszthelyFenkpuszta

TheTransdanubianLateRomaninnerfortresses

Gorsium,Tc

Thefunction:supplybasisandlogisticcentrestoprovidethelimitanei

Archologisches Institut der UAdW Gruppe Fabrikat d

Horreum

ReconstructedplanofthelateRomanfortressofKeszthelyFenkpuszta.Theblackfilledareasaretheareasofarchaeologicalexcavations

ExcavationofIstvnErdlyiin1983,Workplaceno.10.

Well

Atthebeginningofourresearch,materialfromtheexcavationcarriedoutbyI.Erdlyi(1983)hasbeenanalysedinventoriedfindsfromthechronologicallyimportantobjects.

Currently,theworkcontinueswiththeassemblageofthewelllocatedbetweenthehorreumandthebasilica.

Thewellisdatedto455(ageofAvitus)bySgiandupto390by14Cmethod.

Besidethewell,theexaminationdealswithfindsfromthehorreumexcavatedbyL.Barkczi.Fromthelowestfloorlevelofthehorreum thatisthedestructionlayerofSgisClevel(AD380455) agreatnumberoffindswereuncovered

Dateofperiod

Earlyphase(Sgi1989)

Latephase(Sgi1989)

Earlyphase(Soproni1978)

Latephase(Soproni1978;Mller1987)

Earlyphase(Tth1985)

Latephase(Tth1985)

285305A.D.

DiocletianI.

ConstantinI.

ConstantiusII

ValentinianI

324337A.D.

350361A.D.

364 375 A.D.

Dateoftheeralyandlatephaseofthetransdanubianinnerfortresses

well

massgraveinthebreadoven

cellarpit

roadlayerno.2betweenthesoutherngatetowers

1.PhaseNo.1: buildingofhorreum withthegroupofovens Well

2.PhaseNo.2:levelling,rebuildingofhorreum(PhaseNo.2)togetherwiththegroupofovens(PhaseNo.2)

Sgi1989:horreum,well,roadlayerno.2=FortressPeriodCendingin455A.D.

Absolutechronology:radiocarbondating middleorsecondthirdofthe4thcentury

1.charredremainsofcerealinthelevellingoftheroadlayerno.2.

2.humanbonesfromthemassgraveintheoven

3.charredremainsofcerealintheWellneartothehorreum

=theendofthefirstPeriod(?)ofthefortress(coinsfromthedestructionlayer)

Mass grave intheoven

HorreumPhase 1 Oven Phase 1 Well

Well

well

massgraveinthebreadoven

cellarpit

roadlayerno.2betweenthesoutherngatetowers

1.PhaseNo.1: buildingofhorreum withthegroupofovens Well

2.PhaseNo.2:levelling,rebuildingofhorreum(PhaseNo.2)togetherwiththegroupofovens(PhaseNo.2)

Sgi1989:horreum,well,roadlayerno.2=FortressPeriodCendingin455A.D.

Absolutechronology:radiocarbondating middleorsecondthirdofthe4thcentury

1.charredremainsofcerealinthelevellingoftheroadlayerno.2.

2.humanbonesfromthemassgraveintheoven

3.charredremainsofcerealintheWellneartothehorreum

=theendofthefirstPeriod(?)ofthefortress(coinsfromthedestructionlayer)

Factssupportingthedating:

Intercisa:4thcentury(K.Pczy1957)

Carnuntum:middleofthe4thcentury(M.Grnewald1979)

Tokodfortress:from369373A.D.(A.Mcsy),II.Constantius(S.Soproni)tothebeginningofthe5thcentury

Sgvrcemetery:345375/380A.D.(A.Burger1966)

Lenyfalu:from370A.D.tothefirstthirdofthe5thcentury(Ottomnyi1996)

SavariaFtr:secondthirdofthe4thcenturytothemiddleofthe5thcentury

Quantity oftheglazedpottery:

Tokodcastrum:3,98%

csVaspusztacastrum:10%

PilismartMalompatak/Kleinkastell:6%

Lenyfaluwatchtower:19%

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:4,58%

PlacesofglazedwareproductioninPannonia

DistributionofLateRomanglazedpottery


Uptothepresent,1504 potteryfindshavebeendescripted,69 pieces(4,58%)ofthemareglazed

65pieces:redfired4pieces:greyfired(1mortarium,3jugs)

32pieces:secondaryfired


Cvjetianin2006,LRG1

LRG1:Mortariaofconicalformwithhorizontallystretchedbendedrim,withflatbase

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:well,workplaceNo.10

firedofred

inolivegreen,orange,rarelyreddishbrownglazed

witholivegreensurface:allperiodsoftheLateRomanproduction

dateoftype:fromthebeginningofthe4th centurythehighestpeak:inthemiddleandsecondthird

ofthe4th centurytothebeginningofthe5th century

Mortariawithglazedsurfaceandredpainted rim

theearliesttime:attheendofthe3rd centurywithintheproductionwithRomanprovincialpottery

(SouthofPannonia,Gorsium,Vindobona)

Archologisches Institut der UAdW


Cvjetianin2006,LRG8

LRG8:Mortariaofconicalformwiththickerwalls,angularlyprofiledrimandwithflatbase

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:workplaceNo.10

redfired

inolivegreen,yellowishbrown,reddishbrownglazed

dateoftype:4thcentury

thehighestpeak:secondhalfofthe4thcentury


Cvjetianin2006,LRG39

LRG39:Calotteshapedbowlwithhorizontalrimwithwavyedgeandwithflatfootrim

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:well 2exemplars

firedofred

inolivegreenandyellowglazedontheinternalsurface,partiallyontheedgeoftherim

Dateofthistype:4th centuryandthebeginningofthe5thcentury

Parallelsarerareintheglazedpottery(SouthofPannonia,Brukner1981,T.93.157)

localpottery:Thracia,LowerMoesiaredcolouredwithstampdecoration

Prototype:Macedoniangreyterrasigillata(Hayesfig.91a)

Singidunumunglazed(Brukner1981)

Ulpiana(Moesia)greyslippotteryMacedonianterrasigillata

Endofthe4thcenturytothefirstdecadesofthe5thcentury(Fidanovski1990)


LRG25,27:Hemispericalandcalotteshapedbowlwithhorizontallyevertedrimandwithflatfootrim(volume0.250.35litres)

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:well,horreum,workplaceNo.10

firedofred

inolivegreenandreddishbrownglazedontheinnersurface,partiallyontheedgeoftherim

dateoftype:fromthefirstdecadesofthe4th centurytothe6th centurywiththehighestpeakinthesecondthirdofthe4th centuryandthebeginningofthe5th century

withslightlyribbedrim

reddishbrownglazedsurface:moretypicalforthesecondthirdofthe4th centuryandfirsthalfofthe5th century

Prototypeoftheform:Romanprovincialbowlsofthe2nd3rd centuries

Prototypeofthedecoration:Silverbowlswithpseudopearlsontherim

1

2

rimwithpseudogranulation


BowlswithdifferentvariantsofriminTokod/Valeriafrom369373tothebeginningofthe5thcentury

BowlswithdifferentvariantsofriminGorsium/Valeria

BowlswithslightlyribbedrimfromSomodorpuszta/PannoniaIingraveswithcoins364/375A.D.

GlazedandunglazedbowlsinSouthofPannonia(Brukner1981)


Platesofconicalformwithhorizontallyevertedrimandflatbase

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:workplaceNo.10 2 exemplars

redfired

inolivegreenglazedoninternalsurface


Gorsium/Herculia(Bnki1992)

Pilissznt watchtowerfrom370A.D.(Marti1985)

Gorsium/Herculia(Bnki1992)

Cvjetianin2006,LRG69b

PlateofcompositeformwithconicalupperpartKeszthelyFenkpuszta:1exemplar redfiredLargenumber:MoesiaIandDaciaRipensisDateoftypes:secondthirdofthe4thcenturythefirsthalfofthe5thcentury

LRG143/145/146:jagofovalformwithcylindricalneckandwithone,twoorthreeribbonlikehandles startingbelowtherim,ringlikeemphasizedbase

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:well,workplaceNo.10

firedofred

inolivegreenglazedontheexternalsurface

dateoftype:secondhalfofthe4th century

redorgreyfiredaswithpolishedsurfacefromtheendofthe3rdcenturyandthe4thcentury

Cvjetianin2006,LRG143.

KrefeldGellep

Intercisa

Zengvrkony,cemeteryno.2.,grave17withcoins363A.D.(Dombay1957)

Somogyszil,cemetery,grave11withcoins346(Burger1979)

TheearliestoccurrenceofglazedjagsinthegravesinPannonia(Ndorfy1992)

Sgvr,cemetery,grave331(Burger1966)

Gerulata,cemeteryGrave1(Krekovi 1998)


Cskvrcemetery(LateRoman380 430A.D.)

Carnuntumlegionsfort,4thcentury

Glazedflagons

Unglazedwareswiththesametypeofrim

morphologicallyidenticalexemplarsappearasgreyfiredorpolished

thistypeofrimbelongstothejarsastojugs(glazedorunglazed)

KeszthelyFenkpuszta,

GraveNr.89.

Coins:333A.D.

SzentendreGraveNo.26

Coins:312A.D.

KeszthelyFenkpuszta,workplaceNo.10

TheearliestoccurrenceofglazedflagonsinthegravesinPannonia(Ndorfy1992)

Greysandycoarsewares



Brigetio,GlasierteKeramik1992,Kat.138

withringliketumbrestarerarelier

LRG80:Flagonofovalform,withcylindricalneckandwithribbonlikehandle thumbrestintherootofthehandleattherim

redfired

inolivegreen,reddishbrownglazed

dateoftype:

a) olivegreenglazed: theendof3rdandthebeginningofthe4thcentury endofthe4thandfirsthalfofthe5thcentury

a) reddishbrownglazed:fromtheecondthirdofthe4thcenturytothebeginningofthe5thcentury(withproductiontothe6thcentury


Choice of ceramics in 45th century: the glazed pottery making went out of fashion earlier than the impresseddecorated pottery production (Scarbantia, ArrabonaPhase 2: very few glazed ceramic in it, ArrabonaPhase 3:polished pottery without glazed wares).

Oral communication by K. Pczy (cited by . Bnis): In Scarabantia the glazed ware appears simultaneously with impressed pottery in layers dated after 380. In the younger layers the impressed decoration appears without glazed ware. In the youngest phase the impressed decorated pottery appears in association with Germanstyle ceramics.

Additional data: Assemblages of Zamrdi and Ordacsehi located near Lake Balaton (40 and 75 km from Keszthely)Analysis of Zs. Bocsi: The foundation of the settlements can be dated to the middle of the 5th century.

Regarding forms of ceramics the roman features combine with German ones, but the decoration is characteristicallyGerman.Bocsi dates the Zamrdi settlement up to the mid6th century. In both of the settlements the impressed decoratedpottery was widely used while glazed ware was not noted at all.

Ordacsehi-Kistlts Bocsi 2007 Zamrdi-Ktvlgyi dl Bocsi 2007 alapjn

[email protected]

WorplaceNo.10.

Horreum,well


Keszthely-Dobog, Temet10. sr, Valens rem - 364/367

Sgvr, III. temet

Karp ednyek (3. sz.) Bichir alapjnBalca (zrrem 257/259) s Aquincum (3. sz. ?)

A besimtott kermia lommzas ednyeket tartalmaz leletegyttesekben II. csoport (5. sz. 2. harmadtl)I. csoport (a 4. sz. 2. harmadtl 5. sz. els harmada)

Lenyfalu-rtorony (Valentinianus utni)

Pilismart-Malompatak (Valentinianus utni)

FRKR III, Szombathely 2008

Lussonium-castellum, 4. sz. msodik fele

Arrabona,1A-B fzis

Tomka 2004 alapjn

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Glazed Pottery of Keszthely‐Fenékpuszta in the spectrum of the ceramic of the late Roman fortress