Glassware, Glassware, Storage, Serving Storage, Serving

TempsTempsWine Focus:Wine Focus:

Aromatic Whites, Aromatic Whites, ZinfandelZinfandel

Presented by Alphonse Presented by Alphonse DiMinoDiMino

Wine DirectorWine DirectorPassport Wine & SpiritsPassport Wine & Spirits

GlasswareGlassware What's Important?What's Important?

Vessel MaterialVessel Material Glass vs CrystalGlass vs Crystal

Crystal is more brilliant, enhances the wines colorCrystal is more brilliant, enhances the wines color Softer (breakage issues)Softer (breakage issues)

SizeSize Effects temperature (surface area), aromas (surface area) Effects temperature (surface area), aromas (surface area)

ShapeShape Effects how wine is delivered to different areas on tongue Effects how wine is delivered to different areas on tongue Effect Temperature Effect Temperature

Narrow glasses retain temperature longerNarrow glasses retain temperature longer Effect aromasEffect aromas

Narrow openings concentrate the aroma or bouquet Narrow openings concentrate the aroma or bouquet RimRim

Rims should have a "cut" edge that is actually smooth to the feel. Inexpensive Rims should have a "cut" edge that is actually smooth to the feel. Inexpensive glasses often feature a bumped or rolled edge that directly affects how the wine rolls glasses often feature a bumped or rolled edge that directly affects how the wine rolls across the lips and tongue. Consequently, bumpy rims can inhibit some of the more across the lips and tongue. Consequently, bumpy rims can inhibit some of the more delicate flavors of a wine. delicate flavors of a wine.

StemStem Effects temperature, comfort, aesthetics Effects temperature, comfort, aesthetics

ThicknessThickness Breakage, color, comfort, aesthetics Breakage, color, comfort, aesthetics

This glass shape allows the This glass shape allows the bubbles to flow up a longer bubbles to flow up a longer length of the liquid, a pleasing length of the liquid, a pleasing sight to the eye. Similarly, sight to the eye. Similarly, because the glass is narrower, because the glass is narrower, the gas of the bubbles can't the gas of the bubbles can't escape the liquid as fast as it escape the liquid as fast as it would with a more open bowl. would with a more open bowl. This preserves the carbonation. This preserves the carbonation.

Champagne and Champagne and Sparkling Wine Sparkling Wine

GlassesGlasses

White Wine GlassesWhite Wine Glasses White wine glasses are generally White wine glasses are generally

narrower, although not as narrow as narrower, although not as narrow as champagne flutes, with somewhat champagne flutes, with somewhat straight or tulip-shaped sides. The straight or tulip-shaped sides. The narrowness of the white wine glass narrowness of the white wine glass allows the chilled wine to retain its allows the chilled wine to retain its temperature for two reasons:temperature for two reasons: The reduced surface area of the glass (in The reduced surface area of the glass (in

comparison to red wine glasses) means less comparison to red wine glasses) means less air circulating around the glass and warming air circulating around the glass and warming the wine. the wine.

The smaller bowl of the glass means less The smaller bowl of the glass means less contact between the hand and the glass, contact between the hand and the glass, and so body heat does not transfer as easily and so body heat does not transfer as easily to the wine. to the wine.

Bordeaux glassBordeaux glass: tall with : tall with a broad bowl, and is a broad bowl, and is designed for full bodied designed for full bodied red wines like Cabernet red wines like Cabernet and Merlot as it directs and Merlot as it directs wine to the back of the wine to the back of the mouth. mouth.

Burgundy glassBurgundy glass: broader : broader than the Bordeaux glass, than the Bordeaux glass, it has a bigger bowl to it has a bigger bowl to accumulate aromas of more accumulate aromas of more delicate red wines such as delicate red wines such as Pinot Noir. This style of Pinot Noir. This style of glass directs wine to the glass directs wine to the tip of the tongue. tip of the tongue.

Red Wine Red Wine GlassesGlasses

Port, Sherry, Port, Sherry, Dessert Wine Dessert Wine

GlassesGlasses

Small narrow glassSmall narrow glass Should be big enough Should be big enough to still swirl wineto still swirl wine

DecantersDecanters

Helps release Helps release aromasaromas

Helps soften Helps soften tanninstannins

Helps Helps removing removing sediment from sediment from bottlebottle

Storing Wine and Proper Storing Wine and Proper Serving TemperaturesServing Temperatures

Short Term (less than a week)Short Term (less than a week) Out of light and high temperaturesOut of light and high temperatures

DO NOT PLACE ON TOP OF REFRIGERATOR!!DO NOT PLACE ON TOP OF REFRIGERATOR!! Decorative Wine RackDecorative Wine Rack

Do not display near window!Do not display near window! Do not display near stove or cooking appliancesDo not display near stove or cooking appliances

Only put wine in refrigerator when you are Only put wine in refrigerator when you are going to drink it within a day or twogoing to drink it within a day or two

If you open it, drink it within two days!!If you open it, drink it within two days!! To keep it longer place it in the refrigerator and put To keep it longer place it in the refrigerator and put

it in a half bottle if you have one! Remember, it in a half bottle if you have one! Remember, oxygen is the enemy!!oxygen is the enemy!!

Long Term StorageLong Term Storage Temperature (Most Important)Temperature (Most Important)

High temperature (>65ºF) causes the wine to age High temperature (>65ºF) causes the wine to age prematurely, thus losing its flavor and balance prematurely, thus losing its flavor and balance

Wide fluctuation in temperature will damage the Wide fluctuation in temperature will damage the wine and the cork. wine and the cork.

Ideal range of temperature for storing red wine is Ideal range of temperature for storing red wine is 50-55ºF or 10-16ºC. 50-55ºF or 10-16ºC.

HumidityHumidity If the humidity is too high, mold can grow and If the humidity is too high, mold can grow and

cellar woods and wine labels can be damaged. If cellar woods and wine labels can be damaged. If the environment is too dry, the cork will crack and the environment is too dry, the cork will crack and air will leak into the bottle, again ruining the wine. air will leak into the bottle, again ruining the wine.

Ideal humidity for wine storage ranges from 60-Ideal humidity for wine storage ranges from 60-75% RH. 75% RH.

Best Places to Store Best Places to Store WineWine

BasementBasement Recommend converting a closet or construction of Recommend converting a closet or construction of

separate room.separate room. Monitor temperature (No more than a 3-4 degree Monitor temperature (No more than a 3-4 degree

fluctuation), and humidity. fluctuation), and humidity. Keep away from laundry Keep away from laundry

Wine Storage UnitWine Storage Unit Subzero, Wine CaveSubzero, Wine Cave

Wine CellarWine Cellar Regulated temp, humidity, and lightRegulated temp, humidity, and light

Aromatic WinesAromatic Wines

What exactly is an aromatic white? It's a What exactly is an aromatic white? It's a white wine made from an aromatic white-white wine made from an aromatic white-grape variety -- that is, a grape that has grape variety -- that is, a grape that has pronounced aromas and flavorspronounced aromas and flavors. It is also . It is also usually an unoaked white wine; that's usually an unoaked white wine; that's because the whole point of making wine because the whole point of making wine from an aromatic variety is to express the from an aromatic variety is to express the grape's aromas and flavors, and barrel grape's aromas and flavors, and barrel fermentation or barrel aging mask them. fermentation or barrel aging mask them.

Popular Aromatic WhitesPopular Aromatic Whites Gewürztraminer Gewürztraminer

Known for their floral and lychee Known for their floral and lychee characteristics characteristics

The name literally means "Spice The name literally means "Spice Traminer", or "Perfumed Traminer", or "Perfumed Traminer". Traminer".

Best examples come from the Best examples come from the Alsace region of France. Also Alsace region of France. Also grown in Germany, Italy, cool grown in Germany, Italy, cool areas of California, Washington areas of California, Washington State, Oregon, Canada, and the State, Oregon, Canada, and the Finger lakes. Finger lakes.

Its aromatic flavors make Its aromatic flavors make Gewürztraminer one of the few Gewürztraminer one of the few wines that are suitable for drinking wines that are suitable for drinking with Asian cuisine. It goes well with Asian cuisine. It goes well with Munster cheese, and fleshy, with Munster cheese, and fleshy, fatty (oily) wild game. Smoked fatty (oily) wild game. Smoked salmon is a particularly good salmon is a particularly good match. match.

Kerner A cross between Trollinger (a red

variety also known as Schiava grossa) and Riesling

Kerner has been named in honour of a poet and physician from Swabia, Justinus Kerner, whose works included songs and poetry on wine

Kerner is most commonly planted in the German regions of Palatinate, Rheinhessen, Mosel, and Württemberg, but it is also grown in Austria, Switzerland and Italy’s Alto Adige/Südtirol region. It was introduced into Alto Adige/Südtirol in the early 1970s and awarded Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) status in 1993.

Pronounced varietal bouquet, often with a Muscat tone; fresh aromas offer a tasty blend of mixed white fruits, with hints of apple, grapefruit and a tropical whiff of mango.

MuscatMuscat The The muscatmuscat family of grapes of the family of grapes of the

species species Vitis viniferaVitis vinifera is widely grown for is widely grown for wine, raisins and table grapes. wine, raisins and table grapes.

Muscat grapes are grown around the Muscat grapes are grown around the world in Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria, world in Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria, Serbia, Israel, France, Germany, Portugal, Serbia, Israel, France, Germany, Portugal, Greece, Spain, Australia, California, Greece, Spain, Australia, California, Oregon, Hungary, Canada, Italy, Albania, Oregon, Hungary, Canada, Italy, Albania, Turkey, Slovenia, and other places. Turkey, Slovenia, and other places.

Perhaps the oldest domesticated grape Perhaps the oldest domesticated grape variety, and there are theories that most variety, and there are theories that most families within the families within the Vitis viniferaVitis vinifera grape grape family are descended from the Muscat family are descended from the Muscat family family

Scientists from the University of Scientists from the University of Pennsylvania have analyzed pots from Pennsylvania have analyzed pots from King Midas's burial mound and determined King Midas's burial mound and determined that Muscat grapes were a key component that Muscat grapes were a key component of the alcoholic beverage served at his of the alcoholic beverage served at his funeral feast funeral feast

Many varieties of the grape, Muscat Blanc Many varieties of the grape, Muscat Blanc (used in Moscato d’Asti), Muscat Ottonel, (used in Moscato d’Asti), Muscat Ottonel, Black Muscat , Orange Muscat Black Muscat , Orange Muscat

Made in dry and dessert wine versions. Made in dry and dessert wine versions.

Rhone VarietiesRhone Varieties Viognier Viognier

It is the only permitted grape for It is the only permitted grape for the French wine Condrieu in the the French wine Condrieu in the Rhone valley.Rhone valley.

(Also found in Australia, and (Also found in Australia, and California)California)

Richer, Fatty StyleRicher, Fatty Style Well-known for their floral Well-known for their floral

aromas and spiciness aromas and spiciness RoussanneRoussanne

The aromas are often The aromas are often reminiscent of a flowery herbal reminiscent of a flowery herbal tea. In warm climates, it tea. In warm climates, it produces wines of richness, with produces wines of richness, with flavors of honey and pear, and flavors of honey and pear, and full body. In cooler climates it is full body. In cooler climates it is more floral and more delicate, more floral and more delicate, with higher acidity. It is a difficult with higher acidity. It is a difficult variety to grow, with vulnerability variety to grow, with vulnerability to mildew, poor resistance to to mildew, poor resistance to drought and wind, late and/or drought and wind, late and/or uneven ripening, and irregular uneven ripening, and irregular yields. yields.

ZinfandelZinfandel DNA fingerprinting revealed that it DNA fingerprinting revealed that it

is genetically equivalent to the is genetically equivalent to the Croatian grape Croatian grape Crljenak Crljenak KaštelanskiKaštelanski, and also the , and also the PrimitivoPrimitivo variety traditionally variety traditionally grown in southern Italy, where it grown in southern Italy, where it was introduced in the 1700s. was introduced in the 1700s.

The grape found its way to the The grape found its way to the United States in the mid-19th United States in the mid-19th century, and became known by century, and became known by variations of the name "Zinfandel", variations of the name "Zinfandel", a name of uncertain origin. a name of uncertain origin.

It is planted in over 10 percent of It is planted in over 10 percent of California wine vineyards.California wine vineyards.

A little HistoryA little History

Believed to have Croatian origins Believed to have Croatian origins The first documented use of the term The first documented use of the term Primitivo Primitivo

appears in Italian governmental publications of appears in Italian governmental publications of the 1870s The name derives from the terms the 1870s The name derives from the terms primativus or primaticcio, which refer to the primativus or primaticcio, which refer to the grape's tendency to ripen earlier than other grape's tendency to ripen earlier than other varieties varieties

Primitivo is now thought to have been introduced Primitivo is now thought to have been introduced as a distinct clone into the Apulia region of Italy as a distinct clone into the Apulia region of Italy in the 1700s. in the 1700s.

George Gibbs, a horticulturist on Long Island, received shipments of George Gibbs, a horticulturist on Long Island, received shipments of grapes from Schönbrunn and elsewhere in Europe between 1820 grapes from Schönbrunn and elsewhere in Europe between 1820 and 1829. Zinfandel was one of those.and 1829. Zinfandel was one of those.

"Black Zinfardel of Hungary" mentioned by William Robert Prince in "Black Zinfardel of Hungary" mentioned by William Robert Prince in A Treatise on the VineA Treatise on the Vine (1830) may have referred to one of Gibbs' (1830) may have referred to one of Gibbs' 1829 acquisitions. 1829 acquisitions.

Gibbs visited Boston in 1830, and Samuel Perkins of that city began Gibbs visited Boston in 1830, and Samuel Perkins of that city began selling "Zenfendal" soon afterward. selling "Zenfendal" soon afterward.

The first reference to making wine from "Zinfindal" appears in John The first reference to making wine from "Zinfindal" appears in John Fisk Allen's Fisk Allen's Practical Treatise in the Culture and Treatment of the Practical Treatise in the Culture and Treatment of the Grape VineGrape Vine (1847) (1847)

Prince and other nurserymen such as Frederick W. Macondray Prince and other nurserymen such as Frederick W. Macondray joined the California Gold Rush in the 1850s, and took Zinfandel joined the California Gold Rush in the 1850s, and took Zinfandel with them. When the vine known as "Black St. Peters" arrived in with them. When the vine known as "Black St. Peters" arrived in California, it was initially regarded as a distinct variety, but by the California, it was initially regarded as a distinct variety, but by the 1870s it was recognized as the same grape as Zinfandel. 1870s it was recognized as the same grape as Zinfandel.

Joseph W. Osborne may have made the first wine from Zinfandel in Joseph W. Osborne may have made the first wine from Zinfandel in California. He planted Zinfandel from Macondray at his Oak Knoll California. He planted Zinfandel from Macondray at his Oak Knoll vineyard just north of Napa, and his wine was much praised in 1857. vineyard just north of Napa, and his wine was much praised in 1857.

US HistoryUS History

By 1930, the wine industry had weakened due to By 1930, the wine industry had weakened due to the Great Depression and Prohibition the Great Depression and Prohibition

Thus, the end of Prohibition left a shortage of Thus, the end of Prohibition left a shortage of quality wine grapes, and Zinfandel sank into quality wine grapes, and Zinfandel sank into obscurity as most was blended into obscurity as most was blended into undistinguished fortified wines. undistinguished fortified wines.

By the middle of the 20th century the origins of By the middle of the 20th century the origins of California Zinfandel had been forgotten. California Zinfandel had been forgotten.

In 1974 and 1981, American wine writers In 1974 and 1981, American wine writers described it as "a California original, grown described it as "a California original, grown nowhere else" and "California's own red grape".nowhere else" and "California's own red grape".

In 1972, Bob Trinchero of the Sutter Home In 1972, Bob Trinchero of the Sutter Home Winery makes “white” zinfandel by accident. In Winery makes “white” zinfandel by accident. In 1975 he makes the style of white zin we know 1975 he makes the style of white zin we know today today

Cali HistoryCali History

Major Zin Wine RegionsMajor Zin Wine Regions CaliforniaCalifornia

Zinfandel is grown on approximately 11% of California's vineyard land area. Zinfandel is grown on approximately 11% of California's vineyard land area. Certain California regions are regarded as "exceptional" for Zinfandel, each Certain California regions are regarded as "exceptional" for Zinfandel, each

with identifiable flavor characteristics.with identifiable flavor characteristics. AmadorAmador has a reputation for big, full-bodied Zinfandel. These extra-ripe has a reputation for big, full-bodied Zinfandel. These extra-ripe

Zinfandels have been called jammy, briary, and brambly, having aromas of Zinfandels have been called jammy, briary, and brambly, having aromas of sweet berries. sweet berries.

Although the Although the Santa Cruz Mountains AVASanta Cruz Mountains AVA in Santa Clara Valley produces in Santa Clara Valley produces Zinfandel from just 9 acres (3.64 hectares), the Zinfandel from that region is Zinfandel from just 9 acres (3.64 hectares), the Zinfandel from that region is known for its complexity and depth.known for its complexity and depth.

Sonoma countySonoma county has a Zinfandel-producing land area second only to that of has a Zinfandel-producing land area second only to that of San Joaquin County. The county contains the warm San Joaquin County. The county contains the warm Dry Creek Valley AVADry Creek Valley AVA, , known for its juicy Zinfandel with bright fruit, balanced acidity and notes of known for its juicy Zinfandel with bright fruit, balanced acidity and notes of blackberry, anise and pepper. Dry Creek Valley produces Zinfandels in a blackberry, anise and pepper. Dry Creek Valley produces Zinfandels in a variety of styles ranging from the high-alcohol Amador style to balanced, variety of styles ranging from the high-alcohol Amador style to balanced, spicy wines.spicy wines.

San Luis Obispo, particularly the San Luis Obispo, particularly the Paso Robles AVAPaso Robles AVA with its hot days and with its hot days and cool maritime evenings, produces Zinfandel known for being soft and round.cool maritime evenings, produces Zinfandel known for being soft and round.

NapaNapa produces Zinfandels described as plummy and intense, tasting of red produces Zinfandels described as plummy and intense, tasting of red berry fruits with cedar and vanilla. Zinfandels in Napa tend to be made in a berry fruits with cedar and vanilla. Zinfandels in Napa tend to be made in a claret style like red Bordeaux.claret style like red Bordeaux.

Mendocino CountyMendocino County Zinfandels have been considered high quality, but they Zinfandels have been considered high quality, but they are less known because they are not heavily marketed.are less known because they are not heavily marketed.

LodiLodi has some of the oldest Zinfandel vines in California. While often used has some of the oldest Zinfandel vines in California. While often used for White Zinfandel production, in the red style, Lodi Zinfandels have a for White Zinfandel production, in the red style, Lodi Zinfandels have a reputation for being juicy and approachable.reputation for being juicy and approachable.

ItalyItaly Most Primitivo is grown in Puglia Most Primitivo is grown in Puglia (Apulia) (Apulia)

Zin Viticulture and Zin Viticulture and WinemakingWinemaking

Early ripening with high sugar levels Early ripening with high sugar levels Zinfandel vines are quite vigorous and grow best Zinfandel vines are quite vigorous and grow best

in climates that are warm but not too hot, in climates that are warm but not too hot, because grapes may shrivel in hot weather. because grapes may shrivel in hot weather.

Thin-skinned, grow in large, tight bunches that Thin-skinned, grow in large, tight bunches that are sometimes prone to bunch rot.are sometimes prone to bunch rot.

Tendency for uneven pattern of ripening.Tendency for uneven pattern of ripening. Has a predilection for American oak barrels. Has a predilection for American oak barrels.

American oak is tannic and imparts spicy flavors American oak is tannic and imparts spicy flavors laced with coconut overtones. These powerful, laced with coconut overtones. These powerful, upfront flavors need a bold, brawny wine like upfront flavors need a bold, brawny wine like Zinfandel as a foil. Zinfandel as a foil.

Common FlavorsCommon Flavors

RaspberryRaspberry Black RaspberryBlack Raspberry BlackberryBlackberry RaisinsRaisins Candied FruitCandied Fruit AniseAnise Black PepperBlack Pepper Bay LeafBay Leaf CinnamonCinnamon CloveClove SandalwoodSandalwood NutmegNutmeg OakOak VanillaVanilla

FlavorsFlavors

Red berry fruits like raspberry predominate in Red berry fruits like raspberry predominate in wines from cooler areas, whereas blackberry, wines from cooler areas, whereas blackberry, anise and pepper notes are more common in anise and pepper notes are more common in wines made in warmer areas and in wines made wines made in warmer areas and in wines made from the earlier-ripening Primitivo clone. from the earlier-ripening Primitivo clone.