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Data Analytics
Give yourself time to recharge…renew your thoughts…and get ready for stats.
Individual Factors
DemographicsPast Behavior
PsychographicsSituations
Personal Perceptions
What we think
Affective Response How we feel
BehaviorWhat we
(intend to) do
Social Perceptions
What we think about others and what they
think
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DataType
Examples of Measurement Items
Ratio How many home games will you attend this season? (0-20)
Interval
How passionate are you about the team?Not at all 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Passionate
Ordinal
Please rank your top three most favorite teams in order .(List of teams)
Nominal
What season ticket package do you own?__None ___Partial season ___Full season
Types of Data
What are some other kinds of data your university would want to collect about fans?
Make up questions that would fit each type of data.
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Types of Data
The types of data we collect dictate the kinds of analyses we can conduct.
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Are you an avid Lions’ fan? __No __Yes
Are you an avid Lions’ fan? Not at all----------------------------Extremely Avid
1 2 3 4 5
Nominal vs. Continuous Data
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Perceptions
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Perceptions
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Influences on Fan Consumption Behavior
Personal Perceptions Social Perceptions Affective ResponsePlayer image and skills Community pride ExcitementWholesome environment Socialization PleasureCause support Bonding ArousalDrama Perceived Crowding BoredomService quality Social dysfunction DispleasureSportscape environment Social aggression/violence SuspenseVariety Seeking Team social status StressTicket and promotion value Social well-being EnjoymentDestination image Social integration AdorationOutcome uncertainty Camaraderie Vicarious achievementLeisure alternatives Socially-connected (isolated) LikingEscape Celebrity/Player Worship SatisfactionFantasy & flow Familial participation Moods (romantic)Website quality & theme Gender identity Hope
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Constructs
A construct represents an unobservable psychological trait or state that can be measured indirectly with a collection of related behaviors or opinions that are associated in a meaningful way.
Constructs have clear boundaries that differentiate the concept from other constructs.
Excitement is a construct that represents an emotional response to a stimulus that can be described in affective terms such as exciting, sensational, stimulating, and thrilling.
Excitement is clearly different from boredom, but may be related to other positive emotions such as pleasure.
Passion
Passion is a construct.•Accuracy is improved with multiple items to measure the multiple facets of the construct.•If a construct is simplistic, a single-item measure may capture an acceptable measure of the construct.
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Behaviors
You can often measure behaviors with single-items, as long as you are very specific. For example:
How many of the 82 regular season NBA games did you: Watch the games on screen (TV, Internet, DVR) Listen to the games on the radio or Internet. Follow the results in the newspaper or the Internet. Visit the team website before, during, or after the
game.
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Single item scales
Attend
TV
Radio
News
Web
PASSION
Methods of Analysis
Independent variable (IV)Dependent variable (DV)
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Descriptives
NBA = 82 Games Min Max Mean
Std. Deviation
Fan Passion 0 100 42.84 31.90TV 0 82 29.13 27.61Radio 0 82 12.25 20.35News 0 82 32.93 30.63Internet 0 82 15.88 24.78
Fan Passion
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Meaningful Comparisons
Fan Passion in the DFW Market (Single-item passion score)1. Cowboys 64.032. Mavericks 50.393. Rangers 47.834. Stars 34.975. TCU 29.496. SMU 23.027. FC Dallas 17.85
whywehaterankdata
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Cross-tabulations
Mavs2 * Cowboys2 Cross-tabulationCowboys2
TotalLow HighMavs2 Low Count 279 340 619
% within Mavs2 45.1% 54.9% 100.0%% within Cowboys2 85.8% 38.9% 51.6%% of Total 23.3% 28.3% 51.6%
High Count 46 535 581% within Mavs2 7.9% 92.1% 100.0%% within Cowboys2 14.2% 61.1% 48.4%% of Total 3.8% 44.6% 48.4%
Total Count 325 875 1200% within Mavs2 27.1% 72.9% 100.0%% within Cowboys2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%% of Total 27.1% 72.9% 100.0%
Cowboys and Mavericks Fans
Mavs fans are Cowboys fans:• 92.1% of Mavs fans are also Cowboys fans.
But, not as many Cowboys fans love the Mavs:61.1% of Cowboys fans are also Mavs fans.
All Cowboys Fans
All Mavs Fans
Mavs
fan
s
Cow
boys
Fan
s
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Lovin me some SPSS
SPSS Methods
For all statistical analyses, first click on Analyze
Statistical Analysis
Then click Then click In box click
Crosstabs Descriptives Crosstabs Stats: Chi-SquareCells: Row, Column, Total
ANOVA Compare Means
One-way Anova Options: DescriptivesFactor: Categorical dataDependent: interval data
Correlation Correlate Bivariate None
Multiple Regression
Regression Linear NoneIndependent(s): X-varsDependent: Y-variable
Analysis of Variance
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) determines the effect of categorical variables on continuous variables
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Examples
Do season ticket holders have different perceptions of customer service than non-season ticket holders?
Do members of a specific groups of fans (e.g., students vs. non-students) attend more or less than others?
Do women think there are enough restroom facilities compared to men?
The key thing to remember is that the independent variable (IV) is nominal data. The DV is continuous.
Does gender influence fan passion?
CowboysMavericksRangersStars
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Does gender influence fan passion?
Average Fan Passion Scores
Significant Difference between groups?
Team Males Females F (Significance)Cowboys 66.4 61.6 5.49 (.019)Mavericks 51.9 48.9 2.32 (.128)Rangers 50.3 45.4 6.03 (.014)Stars 36.7 33.3 3.33 (.068)
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We never prove anything…
We don’t ever “prove” anything with statistics, we just provide evidence or support confirming or explaining relationships.
So, we “suggest,” “imply,” or “support” positions with statistics.
Why? Because there’s always a chance (probability) that the relationship doesn’t hold.
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Correlations
Correlations determine if a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable.
Each of the variables must be continuous data.
Correlation coefficients (denoted as “r”) range from -1 to +1. Values near zero suggest little correlation, while numbers closer to +/- 1 indicate stronger correlations.
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CorrelationsWhich variables have the strongest correlations with attendance?
** p< .01* p = .07
Attendance Passion (full scale)
Passion (1-item)
AAC Events
Income Household Size
Age
Attendance 1 .406** .366** .409** .08** .112** -.123**Passion 1 .956** .392** -.005 .141** -.200**Passion (1) 1 .350** .021 .132** -.214**AAC Events 1 .196** .110** -.220**Income 1 .116** .052*HH size -.318**
What does the negative correlation between age and passion for the Dallas Mavericks mean?
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Multiple Regression
We conduct multiple regression analyses when we have more than one continuous independent variable and one continuous dependent variable.
You can use dichotomous nominal data by using dummy variables as IVs. Gender (0,1) Married/Single (0,1) Caucasian/Other (0,1)
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What do we learn?What predicts attendance?
ModelR2 = 24.0%
DV = Attendance
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
t-value Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
IV’s(Constant) -1.419 .494 -2.874 .004Passion .036 .004 .289 10.370 .000AAC Attendance .764 .075 .290 10.171 .000Income .055 .075 .019 .734 .463HH Size .109 .074 .040 1.481 .139Age .003 .007 .010 .365 .715
What if we only used demographics, including marital status, ethnic background, and gender? How much variance is explained?
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MANOVA
What if we have multiple factors that we want to test? Age (old/young) X Gender (male/female)
▪ Do old females behave differently than young males, young females, and old men?
Season ticket holders (N/Y) X Type (corporate/personal)▪ Do corporate STHs behave differently than
personal STHs, non-STH (paid), and non-STH (other)?
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MANOVA
Does gender (M/F) and marital status (single, domestic partner, married, separated, divorced, widowed) interact to influence fan passion Does getting married infringe upon
being a passionate fan for guys?
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What happens to the love?
Dallas Cowboys Average Fan PassionMarital Status (F = 2.65, p = .02) Male FemaleSingle 70.97 64.73Domestic Partner 50.00 68.11Married 67.18 60.67Separated 81.67 41.43Divorced 61.79 58.70Widowed 59.00 57.22OVERALL 66.4 61.6
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MANOVA
Back to our model….
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MANOVA
Consumption: % of 82 games 42 games
Passion Fan Type TV Radio News Website Attendance
0 Non-fan 0 0 0 0 0
1-20 Inactive 7% 2% 13% 1% 0
20-39 TV Fan 32% 11% 39% 12% 0
40-59 Active 56% 20% 63% 24% 2
60-79 Game 73% 31% 75% 48% 4
80-100 Passionate 83% 51% 82% 69% 7
Use MANOVA when you have multiple DVs.Add covariates to control for individual differences such as age, income, gender, etc.
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Experimental Design
Experimental design manipulates the factors (IVs) and controls for other variables (covariates) that might influence the dependent variable (DV).
The goal is to control for all of the other possible explanatory variables so that we can determine the effect that is only due to the change in the manipulated factor.
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Experimental Design
DV: Socialness of the website
Arousal & Pleasure
Behavior
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Karl “Carl” Pearson