Git the basics - Excessedgyu.excess.org/git-tutorial/2008-07-09/intro-to-git.pdf · Git the basics Ba rt T rojano wski, ba [email protected] Concepts SCM comp onents SCM op erations Decentralization

Git the basi sBartTrojanowski,bart�jukie.netCon eptsSCM omponentsSCM operationsDe entralizationGIT HistoryRepositoryStru tureObje tsUsing GITCommandsCommitInspe tionBran hingMergingRebasingRemotesGUI toolsLoose ends-Git the basi sBart Trojanowski, bart�jukie.netJukie Networks In .July 9th, 2008

mailto:[email protected]


Git the basi sBartTrojanowski,bart�jukie.netCon eptsSCM omponentsSCM operationsDe entralizationGIT HistoryRepositoryStru tureObje tsUsing GITCommandsCommitInspe tionBran hingMergingRebasingRemotesGUI toolsLoose ends-

Con eptsSCM omponentsSCM operationsDe entralizationGIT HistoryRepositoryStru tureObje tsUsing GITCommandsCommitInspe tionBran hingMergingRebasingRemotesGUI toolsLoose ends-



Next...Con eptsSCM omponentsSCM operationsDe entralizationGIT HistoryRepositoryStru tureObje tsUsing GITCommandsCommitInspe tionBran hingMergingRebasingRemotesGUI toolsLoose ends-



Con epts◮ Sour e Control Management

◮ tra k hanges to �les◮ repository / database of hanges◮ working dire tory / urrent state

◮ Centralized SCM◮ server: single database◮ lient: working dire tory & state

◮ De entralized SCM◮ anyone an be a server◮ repository oupled with working dire tory◮ omplete history◮ dis onne ted operation

















SCM omponentsWorking tree◮ dire tories◮ �les



SCM omponentsRepository ontents◮ �les

a.cv1



SCM omponentsRepository ontents◮ �les◮ ommits

a.cv1

b.cv9

metadata



SCM omponentsRepository ontents◮ �les◮ ommits◮ an estry

A

B C

E

tim

e

D



SCM omponentsdire ted a y li graph�DAG�

A

B C

D

EG

F

H



SCM omponentsReferen es◮ tags

A v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

H



SCM omponentsReferen es◮ tags◮ bran hes

A v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H



SCM omponentsHEAD◮ urrent he kout◮ points to bran h

A v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD



SCM omponentsHEAD◮ urrent he kout◮ points to bran h◮ sometimes deta hed

A v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD



SCM omponentsIndex◮ �staging area�◮ what is to be ommitted

A v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

index

HEAD





SCM operationsBootstrap◮ init◮ he kout◮ swit h bran hModify◮ add, delete, rename◮ ommitInformation◮ status◮ di�◮ logReferen e◮ tag◮ bran h












Centralized SCM

A v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

diff

log

update

checkout

commit

◮ operations require server◮ single point of failure◮ bottlene k



more SCM operationsDe entralized

◮ lone◮ pull, fet h◮ push



De entralized SCMpull

pushA v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

clone

A v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

A v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

pull

push

clo

ne

pull

pushclo

ne

◮ anyone an be a server





De entralizationupstream

◮ publi repository




local

◮ make a lo al lone




pristine

topic Atopic B

◮ lo al loning is lighweight




pristine

topic Atopic B

◮ push hanges between any repositories



De entralizationupstream web server

pristine

topic Atopic B

◮ publish hanges to publi server



De entralizationupstream web server

pristine

topic Atopic B

another

◮ share hanges with trusted peers



Is De entralization any good?◮ non-intrusive mi ro- ommits◮ deta hed operation◮ no single point of failure◮ ba kups are trivial






Birth of GIT◮ 2002

◮ Linus uses BitKeeper for tra king Linux◮ BK gets better◮ Linux development s ales better

◮ April 6, 2005◮ BitMover drops free li ense◮ Linus writes his own SCM, GIT

◮ April 18, 2005◮ GIT an merge

◮ June 16, 2005◮ GIT is o� ially used to tra k Linux

◮ Feb 14, 2007◮ GIT 1.5.0 is released◮ major usability e�ort



































GIT gets betterAnd then realize that nothing is perfe t. Git is just* loser* to perfe t than any other SCM out there.-Linus








Stru tureA v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD

repository

the history



Stru tureA v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD

repository index100644 20b024 0 bar100644 1d52a6 0 baz100644 20b024 0 sub/fi100644 43dbe0 0 sub/foo

staging area



Stru tureA v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD

repository index work tree100644 20b024 0 bar100644 1d52a6 0 baz100644 20b024 0 sub/fi100644 43dbe0 0 sub/foo

.|−− bar|−− baz‘−− sub |−− fi ‘−− foo

�les you edit



Stru tureA v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD


.|−− bar|−− baz‘−− sub |−− fi ‘−− foo

�staging�addremoverename



Stru tureA v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD


.|−− bar|−− baz‘−− sub |−− fi ‘−− foo

� ommitting� ommit



Stru tureA v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD


.|−− bar|−− baz‘−− sub |−− fi ‘−− foo

�reading tree� he koutread-treereset



Stru tureA v1.4.4

B C

D

E

v1.5.0

G

F

testing

release

topicA

H

HEAD


.|−− bar|−− baz‘−− sub |−− fi ‘−− foo

� he king out� he kout he kout-indexreset



The repository.git|-- HEAD urrent he kout referen e|-- onfig repo private on�g|-- des ription repo des ription|-- hooks| `-- ... hooking s ripts|-- index hanges to ommit|-- info| |-- ex lude repo private| `-- refs refs?|-- logs| `-- ... �re�og� data|-- obje ts| |-- XX| | `-- ... loose obje ts| |-- info| | `-- pa ks info about pa ks| `-- pa k| `-- ... pa ks and indexes`-- refs|-- heads| `-- master master bran h`-- tags`-- ... tags



The repository.git/ onfig◮ repository on�g.git/des ription◮ des ribes the repositoryuseful for gitweb.git/info/ex lude◮ patterns to ignore











Obje ts.git/obje ts|-- 23| `-- d4bd826aba9e29aaa e9411 175b784ed 399|-- 76| `-- 49f82d40a98b1ba59057798e47aab2a99a11d3|-- 4| `-- aaefaa8a48ad4ad379d 1002b78f1a3e4 eab |-- e7| `-- 4be61128eef713459 a4e32398d689fe80864e|-- info| `-- pa ks`-- pa k|-- pa k-b7b026b1a0b0f193db9dea0b0d7367d25d3a68 .idx`-- pa k-b7b026b1a0b0f193db9dea0b0d7367d25d3a68 .pa k



Obje ts.git/obje ts|-- 23| `-- d4bd826aba9e29aaa e9411 175b784ed 399|-- 76| `-- 49f82d40a98b1ba59057798e47aab2a99a11d3|-- 4| `-- aaefaa8a48ad4ad379d 1002b78f1a3e4 eab |-- e7| `-- 4be61128eef713459 a4e32398d689fe80864e|-- info| `-- pa ks`-- pa k|-- pa k-b7b026b1a0b0f193db9dea0b0d7367d25d3a68 .idx`-- pa k-b7b026b1a0b0f193db9dea0b0d7367d25d3a68 .pa k�loose obje ts�



Obje ts.git/obje ts|-- 23| `-- d4bd826aba9e29aaa e9411 175b784ed 399|-- 76| `-- 49f82d40a98b1ba59057798e47aab2a99a11d3|-- 4| `-- aaefaa8a48ad4ad379d 1002b78f1a3e4 eab |-- e7| `-- 4be61128eef713459 a4e32398d689fe80864e|-- info| `-- pa ks`-- pa k|-- pa k-b7b026b1a0b0f193db9dea0b0d7367d25d3a68 .idx`-- pa k-b7b026b1a0b0f193db9dea0b0d7367d25d3a68 .pa k�pa k �le�



Obje ts ontent addressabletype size

data




data

SHA1

52a0ff44aba8599f43a5d821c421af316cb7305




data

52a0ff44aba8599f43a5d821c421af316cb7305




data

52a0ff44aba8599f43a5d821c421af316cb7305



Obje ts4 types◮ blobs

"blob" size

file data



Obje ts4 types◮ blobs◮ trees "tree" size

040000 tree 205f6b... somedir

100644 blob 9daeaf... somefil

"tree" size

040000 blob 257cc5... other






"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat






"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat



Obje ts4 types◮ blobs◮ trees◮ ommits "commit" size

tree cad6ae...

parent 6f0104...

author Someone <address>

comitter Another <address>

commit message

"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat

"tree" size






tree cad6ae...

parent 6f0104...



commit message

"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat

"tree" size



"commit" size

tree cad6ae...

parent 6f0104...



commit message

"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat

"tree" size






tree cad6ae...

parent 6f0104...



commit message

"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat

"tree" size



"commit" size

tree cad6ae...

parent 6f0104...



commit message

"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat

"tree" size



"commit" size

tree cad6ae...

parent 6f0104...



commit message

"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat

"tree" size





Obje ts4 types◮ blobs◮ trees◮ ommits◮ tags "tag" size

object cad6ae...

type commit

tag tag−name

tagger Who <address> + date

tag message

"commit" size

tree cad6ae...

parent 6f0104...



commit message

"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat

"tree" size



"commit" size

tree cad6ae...

parent 6f0104...



commit message

"tree" size


"blob" size

file dat

"blob" size

file dat

"tree" size





Obje tsimmutabletype size

data




data

type size

data’




data

type size

data’

SHA1

8a9fd66b8bb939638564ebfdecc23b5d58070fc8








Git ommands$ git <options> < ommand> <options>



Git ommands (137)add fast-export merge-one-file revertam fast-import merge-resolve rmannotate fet h merge-subtree send-emailapply fet h-pa k merge-tree send-pa kar himport filter-bran h mergetool sh-setupar hive fmt-merge-msg mktag shellbise t for-ea h-ref mktree shortlogblame format-pat h mv showbran h fs k name-rev show-bran hbundle fs k-obje ts pa k-obje ts show-index at-file g pa k-redundant show-ref he k-attr get-tar- ommit-id pa k-refs stash he k-ref-format grep parse-remote status he kout gui pat h-id stripspa e he kout-index hash-obje t peek-remote submodule herry http-fet h prune svn herry-pi k http-push prune-pa ked symboli -ref itool imap-send pull tag lean index-pa k push tar-tree lone init quiltimport unpa k-file ommit init-db read-tree unpa k-obje ts ommit-tree instaweb rebase update-index onfig log re eive-pa k update-ref ount-obje ts lost-found reflog update-server-info vsexport ommit ls-files relink upload-ar hive vsimport ls-remote remote upload-pa k vsserver ls-tree repa k vardaemon mailinfo repo- onfig verify-pa kdes ribe mailsplit request-pull verify-tagdiff merge rerere what hangeddiff-files merge-base reset write-treediff-index merge-file rev-listdiff-tree merge-index rev-parse gitk



Every day use. . .add fast-export merge-one-file revertam fast-import merge-resolve rmannotate fet h merge-subtree send-emailapply fet h-pa k merge-tree send-pa kar himport filter-bran h mergetool sh-setupar hive fmt-merge-msg mktag shellbise t for-ea h-ref mktree shortlogblame format-pat h mv showbran h fs k name-rev show-bran hbundle fs k-obje ts pa k-obje ts show-index at-file g pa k-redundant show-ref he k-attr get-tar- ommit-id pa k-refs stash he k-ref-format grep parse-remote status he kout gui pat h-id stripspa e he kout-index hash-obje t peek-remote submodule herry http-fet h prune svn herry-pi k http-push prune-pa ked symboli -ref itool imap-send pull tag lean index-pa k push tar-tree lone init quiltimport unpa k-file ommit init-db read-tree unpa k-obje ts ommit-tree instaweb rebase update-index onfig log re eive-pa k update-ref ount-obje ts lost-found reflog update-server-info vsexport ommit ls-files relink upload-ar hive vsimport ls-remote remote upload-pa k vsserver ls-tree repa k vardaemon mailinfo repo- onfig verify-pa kdes ribe mailsplit request-pull verify-tagdiff merge rerere what hangeddiff-files merge-base reset write-treediff-index merge-file rev-listdiff-tree merge-index rev-parse gitk



Some GUI tools. . .add fast-export merge-one-file revertam fast-import merge-resolve rmannotate fet h merge-subtree send-emailapply fet h-pa k merge-tree send-pa kar himport filter-bran h mergetool sh-setupar hive fmt-merge-msg mktag shellbise t for-ea h-ref mktree shortlogblame format-pat h mv showbran h fs k name-rev show-bran hbundle fs k-obje ts pa k-obje ts show-index at-file g pa k-redundant show-ref he k-attr get-tar- ommit-id pa k-refs stash he k-ref-format grep parse-remote status he kout gui pat h-id stripspa e he kout-index hash-obje t peek-remote submodule herry http-fet h prune svn herry-pi k http-push prune-pa ked symboli -ref itool imap-send pull tag lean index-pa k push tar-tree lone init quiltimport unpa k-file ommit init-db read-tree unpa k-obje ts ommit-tree instaweb rebase update-index onfig log re eive-pa k update-ref ount-obje ts lost-found reflog update-server-info vsexport ommit ls-files relink upload-ar hive vsimport ls-remote remote upload-pa k vsserver ls-tree repa k vardaemon mailinfo repo- onfig verify-pa kdes ribe mailsplit request-pull verify-tagdiff merge rerere what hangeddiff-files merge-base reset write-treediff-index merge-file rev-listdiff-tree merge-index rev-parse gitk



O asional use. . .add fast-export merge-one-file revertam fast-import merge-resolve rmannotate fet h merge-subtree send-emailapply fet h-pa k merge-tree send-pa kar himport filter-bran h mergetool sh-setupar hive fmt-merge-msg mktag shellbise t for-ea h-ref mktree shortlogblame format-pat h mv showbran h fs k name-rev show-bran hbundle fs k-obje ts pa k-obje ts show-index at-file g pa k-redundant show-ref he k-attr get-tar- ommit-id pa k-refs stash he k-ref-format grep parse-remote status he kout gui pat h-id stripspa e he kout-index hash-obje t peek-remote submodule herry http-fet h prune svn herry-pi k http-push prune-pa ked symboli -ref itool imap-send pull tag lean index-pa k push tar-tree lone init quiltimport unpa k-file ommit init-db read-tree unpa k-obje ts ommit-tree instaweb rebase update-index onfig log re eive-pa k update-ref ount-obje ts lost-found reflog update-server-info vsexport ommit ls-files relink upload-ar hive vsimport ls-remote remote upload-pa k vsserver ls-tree repa k vardaemon mailinfo repo- onfig verify-pa kdes ribe mailsplit request-pull verify-tagdiff merge rerere what hangeddiff-files merge-base reset write-treediff-index merge-file rev-listdiff-tree merge-index rev-parse gitk



And the plumbing. . .add fast-export merge-one-file revertam fast-import merge-resolve rmannotate fet h merge-subtree send-emailapply fet h-pa k merge-tree send-pa kar himport filter-bran h mergetool sh-setupar hive fmt-merge-msg mktag shellbise t for-ea h-ref mktree shortlogblame format-pat h mv showbran h fs k name-rev show-bran hbundle fs k-obje ts pa k-obje ts show-index at-file g pa k-redundant show-ref he k-attr get-tar- ommit-id pa k-refs stash he k-ref-format grep parse-remote status he kout gui pat h-id stripspa e he kout-index hash-obje t peek-remote submodule herry http-fet h prune svn herry-pi k http-push prune-pa ked symboli -ref itool imap-send pull tag lean index-pa k push tar-tree lone init quiltimport unpa k-file ommit init-db read-tree unpa k-obje ts ommit-tree instaweb rebase update-index onfig log re eive-pa k update-ref ount-obje ts lost-found reflog update-server-info vsexport ommit ls-files relink upload-ar hive vsimport ls-remote remote upload-pa k vsserver ls-tree repa k vardaemon mailinfo repo- onfig verify-pa kdes ribe mailsplit request-pull verify-tagdiff merge rerere what hangeddiff-files merge-base reset write-treediff-index merge-file rev-listdiff-tree merge-index rev-parse gitk



Helpgit help◮ list of ommon ommandsgit < ommand> -h◮ brief help outputman git-< ommand>git help < ommand>git < ommand> --help◮ manual page









Con�guration$HOME/.git onfig$ git onfig --global user.name "Your Name"$ git onfig --global user.email you�domain.tld$ git onfig --global olor.pager true$ git onfig --global olor.ui auto









Con�guration$ at .git onfig[user℄ name = "Bart Trojanowski"email = "bart�jukie.net"signingkey = 2289688F[ ore℄ pager = less -FRSXeditor = vim[ olor℄ ui = auto[merge℄ tool = vimdiff





Bootstrapping$ git init

◮ ran in proje t workspa e◮ reates .git dire tory



StagingWhat to ommit?◮ additions$ git add file$ git add .◮ removal$ git rm file◮ renames$ git mv old new












Staging$ at .gitignore*.o*~



Committing$ git ommit -a -m�some omment�

◮ will reate a ommit of all or only staged items



Bootstrapping$ mkdir proje t$ d proje t$ git initworking tree

repository

.git

master

HEAD

index



First ommit$ e ho test > test

working tree

repository

.git

master

HEAD

index

test



Stage$ e ho test > test$ git add testworking tree

repository

.git

master

HEAD

index

test

tree

52a266...

blob

9daefb... "test"



Commit$ e ho test > test$ git add test$ git ommit -m�test�Created initial ommit 6f01040: test1 files hanged, 1 insertions(+),0 deletions(-) reate mode 100644 testworking tree

repository

.git

master

HEAD

commit

6f0104...

index

test

tree

52a266...

blob

9daefb... "test"



Stage another$ e ho test > test$ git add test$ git ommit -m�test�$ mkdir dir$ e ho foo > dir/foo$ git add dir/fooworking tree

repository

.git

master

HEAD

commit

6f0104...

index

test

tree

52a266...

blob

9daefb...

tree

cad6ae...

blob

257cc5...

tree

205f6b...

dir/foo

"test"

"dir"

"foo"



Commit another$ e ho test > test$ git add test$ git ommit -m�test�$ mkdir dir$ e ho foo > dir/foo$ git add dir/foo$ git ommit -m�foo�Created ommit 52a0ff4: foo1 files hanged, 1 insertions(+),0 deletions(-) reate mode 100644 dir/foo working tree

repository

.git

master

HEAD

commit

6f0104...

index

test

tree

52a266...

blob

9daefb...

tree

cad6ae...

blob

257cc5...

tree

205f6b...

commit

52a0ff..

dir/foo

"test"

"dir"

"foo"





Repository status$ git statusshows. . .

◮ staged◮ unstaged◮ untra ked



Di�s$ git diff◮ hanges between index and working �les$ git diff --staged◮ hanges between HEAD and index$ git diff HEAD◮ hanges between HEAD and working �les$ git diff $ ommit $ ommit◮ hanges between two ommits












Obje t referen esspe i� ommit ID. . .full hash 6bb1270ffb60 bfef87266d2d4b4abe4218d9 68short hash 6bb127tag v1.5.6.1lo al bran h masterremote bran h origin/masterby message �:/some text� he kout HEADlast fet h FETCH_HEADprevious head ORIG_HEAD. . .



Obje t referen esa ommit before HEADHEAD^ == HEAD~1



Obje t referen esfew ommits before HEADHEAD^^^ == HEAD~3



Obje t referen esfew ommits before mastermaster^^^ == master~3



Obje t referen eswhat was it yesterday?�{yesterday} == HEAD�{yesterday}



Obje t referen eshow about my-other-bran h on June 1st?my-other-bran h�{June.1}



Obje t referen esmaster a few hanges ago?master�{3}



Show me!review last ommit. . .$ git show ommit 83b2d051814e884a8e264127ed47552a5d f6 1dAuthor: Bart Trojanowski <bart�jukie.net>Date: Thu Jul 3 21:44:39 2008 -0400 hanged one linediff --git a/test b/testindex 808a2 4..99810fa 100644--- a/test+++ b/test�� -1,3 +1,3 ��Some old text before the hange.-Some text for removal.+Repla ement line.Some old text after the hange.



Show me!just the stats. . .$ git show --stat ommit 83b2d051814e884a8e264127ed47552a5d f6 1dAuthor: Bart Trojanowski <bart�jukie.net>Date: Thu Jul 3 21:44:39 2008 -0400 hanged one linetest | 2 +-1 files hanged, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)



Show me!SVN'esq status information. . .$ git show --name-status ommit 3d3d2989b817af3fd4fa6d63f200113bd6 94bdbAuthor: Bart Trojanowski <bart�jukie.net>Date: Thu Jul 3 22:59:13 2008 -0400something more interestingA sub/barD sub/fooM test



Show me!review any other ommit. . .$ git show HEAD$ git show HEAD^^^$ git show master~10$ git show master�{May.16}. . .



Show me!show a �le (or tree) in history. . .$ git show HEAD:file ontents...



LogsSee ommit history. . .$ git log ommit 3d3d2989b817af3fd4fa6d63f200113bd6 94bdbAuthor: Bart Trojanowski <bart�jukie.net>Date: Thu Jul 3 22:59:13 2008 -0400most re ent ommit ommit 83b2d051814e884a8e264127ed47552a5d f6 1dAuthor: Bart Trojanowski <bart�jukie.net>Date: Thu Jul 3 21:44:39 2008 -0400se ond most re ent ommit 1 1b35a611 39f49842e2 a28d40886 1ae9b7 Author: Bart Trojanowski <bart�jukie.net>Date: Thu Jul 3 21:44:05 2008 -0400middle ommit ommit 411515f51a78d66a27a7d56ebe9f70dbd2bff008Author: Bart Trojanowski <bart�jukie.net>Date: Thu Jul 3 21:43:36 2008 -0400se ond oldest ommit 52a0ff44aba8599f43a5d821 421af316 b73051Author: Bart Trojanowski <bart�jukie.net>Date: Mon Jun 30 21:44:55 2008 -0400oldest ommit. . .



Logsgit log is awesome!



Logslimit by range. . .$ git log tag..bran h$ git log HEAD~10..$ git log bran h1 bran h2 ^ ommon$ git log -10$ git log -10 master�{yesterday}$ git log --sin e="May 1" --until="June 1"



Logslimit by ommit attributes. . .$ git log --author=fred$ git log -- ommitter=joe$ git log --grep=" ommit.*message.*text"



Logssear h for a hange. . .$ git log -S"some ode hange"$ git log --pi kaxe-regex -S"some.* ode.* hange"



Logslimit by hanges to spe i� path. . .$ git log -- some/file



Faster grepanother way to sear h. . .$ git grep -e "pattern" -- some/file$ git grep -e "pattern" bran h -- some/file



Faster grepanother way to sear h. . .$ git grep -e "pattern" -- some/file$ git grep -e "pattern" bran h -- some/file





Referen esthings that point to ommitslightweightmutabledisposable3 basi types















Referen eslo al bran hes

◮ $ git bran h -lbran h1bran h2* master◮ .git/refs/heads/<bran h>



Referen estags

◮ $ git tag -ltag1tag2tag3◮ .git/refs/tags/<tag>



Referen esremote bran hes

◮ $ git bran h -rfred/masterjoe/masterjoe/another-bran h◮ .git/refs/remotes/<remote>/<bran h>



Creating bran hes$ git bran h name ommit

◮ new bran h �name� on HEAD or spe i�ed ommit



Swit hing bran hes$ git he kout -f name

◮ he kout �les from �name� bran h◮ optionally for e overwriting hanged �les



Create and swit h$ git he kout -b name ommit

◮ he kout �les from �name� bran h



Swit hing with hanges$ git he kout nameerror: You have lo al hanges to 'filename'; annot swit h bran hes.$ git he kout -m name

◮ merge outstanding di� onto bran h �name�◮ an result in on�i t



Swit hing with hanges$ git he kout nameerror: You have lo al hanges to 'filename'; annot swit h bran hes.$ git he kout -m name

◮ merge outstanding di� onto bran h �name�◮ an result in on�i t



Working on bran hesstart at some treemasterA



Working on bran hes$ git he kout -b bug-fixmaster

HEAD

bug−fi A



Working on bran hes$ git ommit -a -m�B�master

HEAD

Bbug−fi

A



Working on bran hes$ git ommit -a -m�C�master

HEAD

C

B

bug−fi

A



Working on bran hesyou have a wi ked ideamaster

HEAD

C

B

bug−fi

A



Working on bran hesyou have a wi ked idea$ git he kout -b wi ked mastermaster

HEADC

B

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hes$ git ommit -a -m�D�master

HEAD

C

B

D

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hes$ git ommit -a -m�E�master

HEAD

C

B

E

D

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hesyou're getting somewheremaster

HEAD

C

B

E

D

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hesyou're getting somewhere$ git tag -a -m``got somewhere'' goodmaster

HEAD

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hesmanager asks about the bugmaster

HEAD

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hesmanager asks about the bug$ git he kout bug-fixmaster

HEAD

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hes$ git ommit -a -m�F�master

HEAD

F

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi wicked

A



Working on bran hesyour mind is elsewhere. . .master

HEAD

F

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi wicked

A



Working on bran hesyour mind is elsewhere. . .$ git he kout wi kedHEAD

F

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi wicked

A master



Working on bran hes. . . so you �nish o� the wi kedfeature$ git ommit -a -m�G�HEAD

F

G

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A master



Working on bran hesfeature's donebug is �xed. . . time to merge HEAD

F

G

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A master




F

G

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A master




F

G

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A master



Working on bran hes$ git he kout mastermaster

HEAD

F

G

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hes$ git reset --hard bug-fixmaster

HEAD

F

G

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A



Working on bran hes$ git merge wi kedmaster

HEAD

H

F

G

C

B

goodE

D

bug−fi

wicked

A





Merging$ git merge <bran h> ...

◮ merge multiple bran hes◮ reates ommit with 2+ parents◮ an ause on�i tsie: require user intervention



Mergingone more exampleA

one



Mergingtwo topi bran hesA

B C

one two



Merging$ git he kout -b three twoA

B C

one twothree



Merging$ git he kout -b three two$ git merge oneA

B C

one two

three

D



Merging

A

B C

D

E F

Gone two

three



Merging$ git he kout threeA

B C

D

E F

Gone two

three



Merging$ git he kout three$ git merge one twoA

B C

D

E F

Gone two

three

H



Merging$ git he kout three$ git merge one two�o topus�

A

B C

D

E F

Gone two

three

H





Rebasing$ git rebase <bran h>

◮ moves new work onto a new baseline◮ an ause on�i tsie: require user intervention



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

Atake two identi al trees



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

$ git merge master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

that's easy



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

$ git rebase master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

E’

D’

$ git rebase master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

E’

D’ e

d

$ git rebase master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

E’

D’ e

d

$ git rebase master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

E’

D’ e

d

$ git rebase master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

E’

D’ e

d

$ git rebase master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

E’

D’ e

d

$ git rebase master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

E

D

master

test

A

F

E’

D’

$ git rebase master



RebasingC

B

E

D

master

test

A

merge rebase

C

B

master

test

A

F

E’

D’





Cloning$ git lone <remote>

◮ repli ates remote repository◮ populates new repository◮ he ksout new working tree



Git URLs◮ lo al repo/home/git/proje t.git/file:///home/git/proje t.git/◮ http proto olhttp://repo.or. z/r/git.git◮ native git proto olgit://repo.or. z/git.git◮ ssh proto olssh://bart�jukie.net/~git/proje t.git/bart�jukie.net/~git/proje t.git/












Working with remotesA v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

repo.or.cz

git://repo.or. z/proje t.git




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

repo.or.cz

$ git lone ssh+git://repo.or. z/proje t.git




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

repo.or.cz local

$ git lone ssh+git://repo.or. z/proje t.gitInitialize proje t/.gitInitialized empty Git repository in /tmp/proje t/.git/remote: Counting obje ts: 77575, done.remote: Compressing obje ts: 100% (26407/26407), done.remote: Total 77575 (delta 55750), reused 71007 (delta 49775)Re eiving obje ts: 100% (77575/77575), 22.87 MiB | 798 KiB/s, done.Resolving deltas: 100% (55750/55750), done.Che king out files: 100% (1396/1396), done.




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

repo.or.cz local





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

repo.or.cz local

$ git lone ssh+git://repo.or. z/proje t.git build-treeInitialize build-tree/.gitInitialized empty Git repository in /tmp/build-tree/.git/remote: Counting obje ts: 77575, done.remote: Compressing obje ts: 100% (26407/26407), done.remote: Total 77575 (delta 55750), reused 71007 (delta 49775)Re eiving obje ts: 100% (77575/77575), 22.87 MiB | 798 KiB/s, done.Resolving deltas: 100% (55750/55750), done.Che king out files: 100% (1396/1396), done.




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

repo.or.cz local





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

repo.or.cz local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

repo.or.cz local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master

/tmp/project/|−− .git/|−− bar‘−− sub/ ‘−− foo$ git lone ssh+git://repo.or. z/proje t.gitInitialize proje t/.gitInitialized empty Git repository in /tmp/proje t/.git/remote: Counting obje ts: 77575, done.remote: Compressing obje ts: 100% (26407/26407), done.remote: Total 77575 (delta 55750), reused 71007 (delta 49775)Re eiving obje ts: 100% (77575/77575), 22.87 MiB | 798 KiB/s, done.Resolving deltas: 100% (55750/55750), done.Che king out files: 100% (1396/1396), done.




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master

/tmp/project/|−− .git/|−− bar‘−− sub/ ‘−− foo$ git bran h -a* masterorigin/master $ git tag -lv0.1.0v0.2.0




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master

/tmp/project/|−− .git/|−− bar‘−− sub/ ‘−− foo$ git bran h -a* masterorigin/master $ git tag -lv0.1.0v0.2.0




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master

/tmp/project/|−− .git/|−− bar‘−− sub/ ‘−− foo

G

H




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

$ git fet h




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

$ git fet hremote: Counting obje ts: 236, done.remote: Compressing obje ts: 100% (190/190), done.remote: Total 190 (delta 170), reused 0 (delta 0)Re eiving obje ts: 100% (190/190), 69.53 KiB, done.Resolving deltas: 100% (170/170), ompleted with 40 lo al obje ts.From mail.jukie.net:work/o lug/intro-to-git573ff80..06e3703 master -> origin/master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

. . . no disk hanges?




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

git fet h only updates DAG




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master

/tmp/project/|−− .git/|−− bar‘−− sub/ |−− fi ‘−− foo

G

H

G

H

git merge origin/masterfast-forwards master to mat h origin/masterand updates the working tree




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

git fet h + git merge=git pull




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

git fet h + git merge=git pull




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

let's make some lo al ommits




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

$ git ommit -a -m``I''




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

I

$ git ommit -a -m``I''Created ommit b618aed: I2 files hanged, 11 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

I




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

I

$ git push




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

II

$ git pushCounting obje ts: 9, done.Compressing obje ts: 100% (5/5), done.Writing obje ts: 100% (5/5), 810 bytes, done.Total 5 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0)refs/heads/master: 9dd 135 -> 15b67 0To ssh+git://repo.or. z/proje t.git9dd 135..15b67 0 master -> master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

II

$ git pushCounting obje ts: 9, done.Compressing obje ts: 100% (5/5), done.Writing obje ts: 100% (5/5), 810 bytes, done.Total 5 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0)refs/heads/master: 9dd 135 -> 15b67 0To ssh+git://repo.or. z/proje t.git9dd 135..15b67 0 master -> master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin" local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

origin/master

master


G

H

G

H

II




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

foo.com

. . . meanwhile, elsewhere on the internet . . .




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

foo.com

Fred lones the proje t.




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

foo.com

G

H

I

Fred lones the proje t.




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

foo.com

G

H

I

J

. . . and makes some hanges.




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

foo.com

G

H

I

J

Fred annot push.




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

foo.com

G

H

I

J

From: fred�foo. omSubje t: I fixed a bugPlease pull fromhttp://foo. om/proje t.git/-Fred




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

foo.com

G

H

I

J

local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

ori

gin

/maste

r

master


G

H

I

K

From: fred�foo. omSubje t: I fixed a bugPlease pull fromhttp://foo. om/proje t.git/-Fred




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

foo.com

G

H

I

J

local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

ori

gin

/maste

r

master


G

H

I

K

$ git remote add fred http://foo. om/proje t.git/




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

foo.com

G

H

I

J

local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

ori

gin

/maste

r

master


G

H

I

K





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F


G

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K





B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F


G

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K

$ git fet h fred




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K

$ git fet h fred




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred

/maste

r

$ git fet h fred




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred

/maste

r




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

$ git log fred/master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

$ git log fred/master$ git log fred/master ^master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

$ git log fred/master$ git log fred/master ^master$ git log -p fred/master ^master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

$ git he kout -b fred-fix fred/master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

fred−fi

$ git he kout -b fred-fix fred/master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

fred−fi

$ git he kout master




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

fred−fiL

$ git he kout master$ git merge fred-fix




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

L

$ git he kout master$ git merge fred-fix$ git bran h -d fred-fix




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

L

$ git push




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

Hori

gin

/maste

r

master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

L

K J

L

$ git push




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

H

ori

gin

/maste

r master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

L

K J

L

$ git push




B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"origin"

G

H

I

A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

F

master

"fred"

G

H

I

J

local


A v0.1.0

B

C v0.2.0

FG

H

ori

gin

/maste

r master

I

K J

fred/m

aste

r

L

K J

L





GUI tools◮ gitksexy view of your revision tree◮ git guiperform trivial tasks from a GUIex: add/rm �les, make ommits, bran h, et



GUI tools◮ gitksexy view of your revision tree◮ git guiperform trivial tasks from a GUIex: add/rm �les, make ommits, bran h, et



gitkhow sexy?



gitk



git-gui




Git the basi sBartTrojanowski,bart�jukie.netCon eptsSCM omponentsSCM operationsDe entralizationGIT HistoryRepositoryStru tureObje tsUsing GITCommandsCommitInspe tionBran hingMergingRebasingRemotesGUI toolsLoose ends-Remember loose obje ts ?



Loose obje ts.git/obje ts|-- 23| `-- d4bd826aba9e29aaa e9411 175b784ed 399|-- 76| `-- 49f82d40a98b1ba59057798e47aab2a99a11d3|-- 4| `-- aaefaa8a48ad4ad379d 1002b78f1a3e4 eab |-- e7| `-- 4be61128eef713459 a4e32398d689fe80864e|-- info| `-- pa ks`-- pa k|-- pa k-b7b026b1a0b0f193db9dea0b0d7367d25d3a68 .idx`-- pa k-b7b026b1a0b0f193db9dea0b0d7367d25d3a68 .pa k



Loose obje ts$ git g Counting obje ts: 636, done.Compressing obje ts: 100% (635/635), done.Writing obje ts: 100% (636/636), done.Total 636 (delta 486), reused 0 (delta 0)Removing dupli ate obje ts: 100% (256/256), done.◮ GC happens automati allywhen you get to 6700 obje ts( on�gurable)



Loose obje ts$ git g Counting obje ts: 636, done.Compressing obje ts: 100% (635/635), done.Writing obje ts: 100% (636/636), done.Total 636 (delta 486), reused 0 (delta 0)Removing dupli ate obje ts: 100% (256/256), done.◮ GC happens automati allywhen you get to 6700 obje ts( on�gurable)


Git the basi sBartTrojanowski,bart�jukie.netCon eptsSCM omponentsSCM operationsDe entralizationGIT HistoryRepositoryStru tureObje tsUsing GITCommandsCommitInspe tionBran hingMergingRebasingRemotesGUI toolsLoose ends-Stash



Stashing◮ you're ha king◮ got debug ode you don't want to ommit◮ need to work on something else









Stashing◮ git stash �des ription�◮ do that other thing◮ git stash apply











Further readinggit.or. zgit.or. z/gitwikiGitCasts. om(S ott Cha on)









Further readinghttp://www.jukie.net/~bart/blog/git://ta hyon.jukie.net/intro-to-git.git/



Further readinghttp://www.jukie.net/~bart/blog/git://ta hyon.jukie.net/intro-to-git.git/


Git the basi sBartTrojanowski,bart�jukie.netCon eptsSCM omponentsSCM operationsDe entralizationGIT HistoryRepositoryStru tureObje tsUsing GITCommandsCommitInspe tionBran hingMergingRebasingRemotesGUI toolsLoose ends-Thank you.


Git the basi sBartTrojanowski,bart�jukie.netCon eptsSCM omponentsSCM operationsDe entralizationGIT HistoryRepositoryStru tureObje tsUsing GITCommandsCommitInspe tionBran hingMergingRebasingRemotesGUI toolsLoose ends-Q & A


Documents

Git the basics - Excessedgyu.excess.org/git-tutorial/2008-07-09/intro-to-git.pdf · Git the basics Ba rt T rojano wski, ba [email protected] Concepts SCM comp onents SCM op erations Decentralization