giao trinh bo tro 3

Phuongdong University supplementary exercises 3

Class 1

Introductory paragraph

I/ Thesis statements

Not a thesis: “ Smoking in restaurants in New York is illegal.”

A thesis: “ Not allowing smoking in the restaurants in New York is highly unfair to

the smokers and give too much power to the nonsmokers.”

The underlined italic phrases of the thesis statement are called controlling ideas that will

be used in the topic sentences of the body paragraphs of the essay. A controlling idea is a

word or phrase that the reader can ask questions about: How, Why, In what way? What

does it mean?

Exercise 1: Which of the following sentences is a thesis? If the sentence is a thesis, put a

T in the space provided next to it. If it is not a thesis, put a NT in the space provided.

1 ---------- Washington, D.C., is the capital of the USA.

2.---------- There are two basic reasons for the rise of divorce: The lack of communication

skills and the financial problems.

3.---------- Divorce is not legal in my country. Some people think it should be, some

don’t.

4. ---------- Walking is the best exercise: it is great for one’s health, and it doesn’t cost

anything.

5.---------- Traveling for fun and education.

6. ---------- Because I wanted to learn how to speak English fluently, it was essential that I

move to an English speaking country.

7. --------- Financial woes and lack of free time are the major causes of stress today.

8.---------- The Beatles sold million records in the 1960s.

9.---------- The Beatles and Rolling Stones were far more talented than the popular rock

bands of today.

10. -------- Now, I’m writing about the reasons I moved to the United States.

Class 1

Compiled by Nguyen Thi Giang Writing skills 3- Essay Writing 1


Exercise 2: Circle the controlling ideas of the following thesis statements.

1. The greatest sculpture works of Michelangelo- the Pieta, David, and Moses –

demonstrate his lifelong artistic genius.

2. My neighbor, Mrs. Brown, owns four cats; these animals present a serious health

hazard in our neighborhood.

3. This essay will show how corn is planted and why this method of planting is

successful.

4. Riding a bicycle is preferable to driving a car.

5. Computers may be considered the most important tool in modern society.

6. Coffee houses in Turkey are really extraordinary places because of their history

importance, their functions and their customers.

Exercise 3: Complete the following thesis statement by adding your own ideas.

1. The life expectancy of the average person is increasing because of…………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Technology is changing our lives in three important areas:…………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Foreign students have a difficult time taking notes in class due to…………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. A teacher must have the following qualities:………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. The purpose of this paper is to………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. Television commercials are insulting to the average viewer because………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. The basic causes of inflation are ……………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Living together before marriage is becoming increasingly popular for three reasons:..

Class 2

Introduction paragraph (Cont.)



II/ Opening statement

Opening statements are to attract the reader’s attention, to introduce and to give

background information on the topic. Each subsequent sentence should become more

specific than the previous one and finally lead into the thesis statement.

Example: Of all the religions in the world today, Islam ranks second in number; The

Koran, the Holy Book of Islam, is the basis of the Islam spiritual community. It is the

basis for the life style of millions of people.

Introduction paragraph

Exercise 1: Write opening sentences from the following thesis statements.

1. Capital punishment should be abolished not only because it deprives another person of life but also

because it doesn’t stop crime.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Women generally live longer than men for two main reasons: they tend to take better care of their

health, and they lead less stressful lives.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Drug and alcohol abuse among teenagers can be traced to the following causes: lack of parental

supervision, lax enforcement of drug laws and the social and psychological problems of teenager

themselves.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. In choosing a major, a student has to consider various factors, such as personal interest, job

opportunities and availability of training institutions.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 2: Write the introduction paragraphs: Class 2

1. If you had a choice, would you like to live forever? Explain why this does or does not appeal to you.


Opening statements

Thesis


…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Students attend a university or college for a variety of reasons. In your opinion, what should be the

main purpose of a university education?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. It is necessary to be wealthy in order to be successful. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why

not?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Most people experience at least some degree of culture shock when they are getting accustomed to a

new culture. What advice would you give to your friend to help him/her get over culture shock?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Computer may be considered the most important tool in modern society. Do you agree?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Traveling is the best way to discover the world where we are living. Do you agree?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. Tertiary education is of greater benefit to the individual than to the society. Discuss.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Class 3

The body of the essay

I/ The topic sentence and the supporting sentences



All body paragraphs have a topic sentence that states the main idea of the body paragraph, a main sub-

point of your thesis. A topic sentence will:

- Introduce the topic in the paragraph

- Be the most general and important sentence in the paragraph

- Contain controlling ideas that the following sentences in the paragraph will:

+ explain

+ define = supporting sentences that support or prove the topic sentence

+ clarify

+ illustrate

Exercise 1: Read the following paragraphs and underline the topic sentences, then circle the

controlling ideas.

1. Hurricanes, which are also called cyclones, exert tremendous power. These violent storms are often a hundred miles in diameter, and their winds can reach velocities of seventy-five miles per hour or more. Furthermore, the strong winds and heavy rainfall that accompany them can completely destroy a small town in a couple of hours. The energy that is released by a hurricane in one day exceeds the total energy consumed by humankind throughout the world in one year.

2. Albert Einstein, one of the world’s geniuses, failed his university entrance examinations on his first attempt. William Faulkner, one of America’s noted writers, never finished college because he could not pass his English courses. Sir Winston Churchill, who is considered one of the masters of English language, had to have special tutoring in English during elementary school. These few examples show that failure in school doesn’t always predict failure in life.

3. Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words ‘stingy’ and ‘frugal’ both mean ‘careful with money’. However, to cal a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has much more positive connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing word because many so called synonyms are not really synonyms at all.

Exercise 2: Write the topic sentences based on the thesis statements.

1. Travelling is the best way to discover the world where we live.

a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….c

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Class 3

2. Capital punishment should be abolished not only because it deprives another person of life but also

because it doesn’t stop crime.

a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….c

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Women generally live longer than men for two main reasons: they tend to take better care of their

health, and they lead less stressful lives.

a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Drug and alcohol abuse among teenagers can be traced to the following causes: lack of parental

supervision, lax enforcement of drug laws and the social and psychological problems of teenager

themselves.

a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….c

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. In choosing a major, a student has to consider various factors, such as personal interest, job

opportunities and availability of training institutions

a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….c

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Modern technology has improved the world in three important ways.

a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….c

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. I believe that building a large factory near my community has advantages as well as disadvantages.

a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. For several reasons, which I will explain bellow, I think that children should not study at a very early

age.

a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

c…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Class 3

Exercise 3: Write the topic sentences for the following paragraphs.

1…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Art forms people's spiritual sense, views and personalities. People learn history, the traditions of their



country trough the art. We also watch movies that entertain and at the same time extend our range of

interests. Another important aspect of this is that art is an ancient means of communication. In old times,

people depicted the herds of mammoths on the walls of their caves. They performed different rituals

around the fireplace asking their gods for health, good harvest and weather. Our language is a result of

people's need to communicate.

2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

All humankind is indebted to the scientists because of their work and achievements. Scientists make our

life easier. We have cars and airplanes to move fast from one place to another. We have microwaves and a

bunch of preprocessed food to make the cooking much easier. We have different devices that simplify all

we do. Finally, scientists are making great achievements in medicine that make our life longer and

happier.

3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Entertainment plays an essential role in our everyday’s life. We need to relax, watching TV with our

favorite TV stars or favorite football players. Entertainment is one of the best ways to eliminate stress and

tension and leave all troubles behind. For example, I cannot stay home all day long without watching TV.

Famous athletes and entertainers are like doctors for our souls. Therefore, basically, I believe that they

have such high salaries because we need them.

4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

People can have access to the latest news, weather, traffic, bid-and-asked quotations, etc. Another

important benefit is that the Internet is a great means of communication. A few years ago it was rather

difficult to imagine that it would be possible to communicate with people from all around the world.

Students have the opportunity to speak to the professors from prestigious universities, ask their opinions

and extend their range of interests. People have the opportunity to communicate with the people from

other countries, find out their customs, traditions and even visit each other. I think that the Internet makes

our world smaller and friendlier. We have the chance to learn more about the world's history, our

ancestors and gain more knowledge.

The body of the essay (cont.) Class 4

II.\Basic organization (organization within a paragraph and organization of all body paragraphs)

1. Chronological ( ordered by time. It is used: to describe historical events, to write biographies and

autobiographies, to explain physical, chemical, biological and mechanical processes , to give direction or

instruction.



2. Spatial (according to logic in space): descriptions

3. Importance order: From the least important to the most important supporting idea or vice versa. Used

in argumentative, cause and effect, and comparison and contrast essays.

Exercise 1: Decide how to organize the paragraphs developed from the following topics and explain by listing at least three supporting points for each in the chosen order.:1. Swimming is good for health………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The New World is a majestic and luxury hotel………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need. Do you agree?...................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. How to study for a test, take a test or find a book in the library……………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Ways to improve your speaking skills.. ……………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. The most important freedoms in your country. ………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Qualities of a marriage partner. …………………………….

Class 4

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

8. How a solar hot water works?.............................

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. A college education is a necessity in today competitive world…………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. What can be done to increase cross cultural awareness and understanding in the world………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. Two cultures, or one aspect of two cultures………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. Discuss the causes of alienation in modern society……………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

13. It should be compulsory for all secondary school pupils to learn computer skills. Do you agree?.........

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

14. People in the modern society live under too much stress………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

III. Essay types ( Essay development methods ) Class 5

1. Chronological ( process essay)

2. Spatial ( descriptive essay)

3. Logical Division ( or Classification) ( grouping related items according to qualities they have in

common.). It can be useful in planning a paper because a broad subject can be divided into several

categories or groups that will narrow the topics for discussion

4. Argumentative essay



4.1 Persuasive essay

4.2 Advantages and/or disadvantages essay

4.3 Problem and solution essay

4.4. Cause and effect is used to discuss the reasons for and results for something. There are two

subtypes of organization by cause and effect: block organization and chain organization.

4.5. Comparison and contrast

Chronological

Exercise 1: Read the following model essay that describes a process in chronological order, and then

fill in the general outline of a chronological process essay with specific information from the reading

text.

HOW A SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEM WORKS

(1)A solar hot water system collects and converts solar radiation into usable energy for heating water. (2)The use of solar radiation for heating water is an inexpensive and environmentally responsible substitute for heating by gas or electricity. (3)The main parts of a solar hot water system are a collector, a hot water storage tank, and a distribution system. (4)The main steps in the process of heating water by using the sun’s ray are trapping the sun energy, heating and storing the hot water, and dispensing the water at points of use.

(5)The first step is to capture solar radiation. (6)That is, the sun’s energy must be absorbed by a solar heat collector, which is usually built on a south-facing roof. (7)The collector has several layers of material. (8)It has a glass plate and a metal absorber plate, which is painted black to increase its ability to absorb heat. (9)Next to the absorber plate are copper tubes, which are filled with transfer fluid. (10)The tubes are surrounded by foam insulation and aluminum casing to help hold the heat in them. (11)The process of trapping the sun’s radiation is as follows. (12)As the sun shines through the glass plate, its thermal energy is absorbed by the copper absorber plate. (13)This heat is conducted from the plate to the tubes. (14)The heat from the tubes is then conducted to the fluid flowing through them.

(15)After trapping heat from the sun, the second step is to transfer this heat to water that is stored in an insulated tank. (16)The hot fluid from the collector is circulated by a pump through copper colls inside the tank. (17)The heat is conducted by the colls to the water. (18)When the supply of solar radiation is reduced on cloudy days, an auxiliary system can take over.

(19)Dispensing the hot water is the final step in the process. (20)The water flows from the outlet valve through pipes to faucets throughout the house.

(21)In summary, the process of collecting and converting solar energy for use in a solar hot water system involves three steps. (22)First, collectors absorb the sun’s energy, which is then transferred to fluid in copper tubes. (23)These tubs run from the collector to a tank, where the water is heated and stored. (24)Finally, the hot water is distributed through the pipes to wherever it is needed. (25)Although initially expensive to install, solar heating systems are economical in the long run – at least until utility companies figure out how to charge us for sunshine.

Outline Class 51. Introduction

a. Give a definition of the process.( explain why the process is performed, by whom it is performed, and in what way it is performed-This information gives the reader an overview of the whole process) ………Ex: (1), (2)…………….

B. List the equipment, supplies, etc. needed in the process…………………….C. List the main steps of the process in order they are performed………………………..

2. BODYA. The topic sentence to introduce the first step…………………….

1. Define the step and state its purpose………………………..2. Describe the apparatus or equipment used………………..3. Divide the main step into substeps ………………………



4.Explain the action in details………………………………..B. The topic sentence to introduce the second step………………………..

1. Define the step and state its purpose………………………….2. Describe the apparatus or equipment used………………………….3. Divide the main step into substeps ……………………………4.Explain the action in details…………………………………

C. The topic sentence to introduce the third step…………………………1. Define the step and state its purpose……………………………….2. Describe the apparatus or equipment used………………………..3. Divide the main step into substeps ……………………………..4.Explain the action in details……………………………………..

3. CONCLUSION…………………………..Summarize the essay by restating what steps of the process are, what the purpose of the process is,

how it operates, and why it is important.

Exercise 2: Add appropriate chronological transition signals to the following essay and punctuate them. Consult the list in the table No …in the appendix.

How to reduce the danger of smokingThe department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) has outline some steps to take some of the

danger out of smoking for those people who are unable to quit smoking outright.(1)………………choose a cigarette with less tar and nicotine to reduce your intake of these pollutants.

(2)…………..don’t smoke your cigarette all the way down. Smoke halfway, and you will inhale only about 40 percent of the total tar and nicotine. Remember, 60 percent of these substances is contained in the last half of the cigarette. (3) ……………..take fewer draws on each cigarette: that is, reduce the number of puffs on each cigarette. This will cut down on your smoking. (4)…………..reduce your inhaling. Don’t open your lungs by inhaling deeply. Take short, shallow puffs. (5)…………….smoke fewer cigarettes each day. This may be the most difficult step of all. However, just follow these directions:

1. Pick a time of day to start, and don’t smoke before that time.2. Don’t think of it as cutting down; think of it as poisoning.3. Carry your cigarettes in a different pocket, or put them in a different place so that you can’t reach

for them automatically.(6)…………….think about the terrible diseases you are opening yourself up to each time you smoke a cigarette.

(7)…………..If, you follow each of these stops without cheating, you should be able to at least control the number of cigarettes you smoke daily. Who knows, this might be the beginning of the end of your smoking. That is!

Exercise 3: Match the items on the right to the items on the left. Class 5

In this the next step. About 500ml of blood will be taken.

Donating blood is the next step is donating.

After donating blood, it is refrigerated.

Registration is the next step. You will give your name and ID.

After the blood is donated, screening.

The first step is step, you will be asked some questions about your health.

The final stage in giving blood is you will rest for a few minutes.

You may be given a rubber ball to squeeze while your blood is being withdrawn.



After screening, recovery. You will be asked to rest for a while.

Exercise 4: Match the items on the right to the items on the left.

The next step is put a label on the spine or the cover with your name and the course

name

First, is an important part of being a student.

The first step is is to find all the papers from your course.

The first thing to do buying a folder and some dividers.

The next thing is to label you should put them in different sections in the binder.

After you have sorted the papers, try them and give them to the teacher for marking.

Don't forget to type a contents page.

It's important to have first drafts as well as final drafts.

Finally, sorting your papers into reading, writing, and listening.

If any assignments are missing, the dividers

Keeping a good portfolio buy a folder and some dividers.

Exercise 5: Fill in the blank with the best word given in the box.

are then applied charged emerges enables is given is then transferred to produce

Static electricity (1)……………. a photocopier (2)……………….. almost instant copies of documents.

At the heart of the machine is a metal drum which (3)……………… a negative charge at the beginning of the copying cycle. The optical system then projects an image of the document on the drum. The electric charge disappears where light strikes the metal surface, so only dark parts of the image remain (4)………………….

Positively charged particles of toner powder (5) …………………. to the drum. The charged parts of the drum attract the dark powder, which (6) ………………….. to a piece of paper. A heater seals the powder to the paper, and a warm copy of the document (7)……………………… from the photocopier

Class 6Exercise 1: Read the following carefully. Write the correct verb forms for each blank. Then add transition signals and write an essay outline for the topic: How paper is made.

1. Paper( make)……………..from wood, and many of the world’s paper mills(find)…………………in those countries which have great forests like Canada, Sweden and Finland.

2. The trees (fall)…………… or (cut down)……………………..3. The branches and leaves (remove)…………………….4. The trees ( transport)………………….to the sawmill.5. The bark ( trip)…………………… from the trunks.6. The trunks (saw) ………………into logs.7. They(conveyed)…………to the paper mill.8. They( place)………………..in the shredder.9. They ( cut) …………….into small chips.



10. They (mix)………….with water and acid.11. They (heat)…………..and (crush) ………….into heavy pulp.12. This wood pulp (clean)………….13. It is also chemically bleached (whiten)……….. it.14. It (pass)…………..through rollers ( flatten) it.15. Sheets of wet paper( produce)………………..16. The water (remove) ………………from the sheets.17. These sheets (press)………….., (dry) and ( refine)……………….until the finished paper is

produced.OUTLINE:1. Introduction

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. BODY

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

3. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 2: Base on exercise 3, fill in the blanks with appropriate words (verbs, prepositions, relative pronouns)First, the logs……………in the shredder. Then they …………..into small chips……………..water and acid. Next they…………….to a heavy pulp……………It …………also chemically……………………to whiten it. After this, it ……………..roller to flatten it. Then, sheets of wet paper…………………Finally, the water………….from the sheets……………..until the finished paper…………….

Class 6Exercise 3: Write outlines for the following topics based on the model outline of a chronological essay in exercise 1- class 51. How the education system in your country works?

1. Introductiona. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..B. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..C. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. BODYA. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..B. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..



2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..C. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..

2. How to prepare for a traditional dish in your country?1. Introduction

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..B. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..C. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. BODYA. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..B. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..C. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..

Class 7Exercise 1: Write the sentences below in the correct order. Then write an outline for the essay describe how a breakfast cereal is made.

how a breakfast cereal is made.

(a) It is stored in the silos………….(b) These are woven into biscuits……..(c) The wheat is harvested from the field……..(d) Each biscuit is baked until brown…….(e) It is cut into thin strips………….(f) The grain is cooked to soften it……….


http://images.google.com.vn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.invitationsandboxes.com.au/img/productImages/SUCB01-S.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.invitationsandboxes.com.au/categories.asp%3FcID%3D249&h=94&w=80&sz=8&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=c9rOhOEugj7dTM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=68&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcake%2Bpack%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den

http://images.google.com.vn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.geocities.com/yummyphysics/imgconvection/lconvection2.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.geocities.com/yummyphysics/convection.html&h=730&w=619&sz=64&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=unBzJwWF21IUgM:&tbnh=141&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doven%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den

http://images.google.com.vn/imgres?imgurl=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~epederso/Photo/Gallery/Things/Silo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~epederso/Photo/IR/Test.html&h=430&w=354&sz=150&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=6Ezs5uoTmB91pM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsilo%2B%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den

http://images.google.com.vn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.waxmansrugs.com/images/dumptruck.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.waxmansrugs.com/shapes5.htm&h=305&w=463&sz=23&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=aPKu9JyUMqVrNM:&tbnh=84&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtruck%2Bshape%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den

http://images.google.com.vn/imgres?imgurl=http://www.inra.fr/hyppz/DESSINS/8039089.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.inra.fr/hyppz/CULTURES/6c---052.htm&h=400&w=400&sz=4&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=luEIMI24RlRWPM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwheat%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

http://images.google.com.vn/imgres?imgurl=http://oregonstate.edu/dept/EOARC/kids/fire.gif&imgrefurl=http://oregonstate.edu/dept/EOARC/kids/fire.html&h=719&w=959&sz=89&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=ts9hy9ZwsOaykM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=148&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfire%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den


(g) It is packed ready to be eaten……….(h) The wheat grain is transported to the silos…Ex: (1)…OUTLINE:1. Introduction

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. BODY

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

3. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 2: Choose the best word to fill in the blank.How the atomic reactor works

The center of the core of an atomic reactor………….. constitutes/containsa mass of fissile substance such ……… as/likeelement Uranium -235. An instrument releases a free neutron…… who/whichstrikes the nucleus of an atom of…………fissile material. a/theThe nucleus splits and………..three other free neutrons, releases/is releasedwhich strike other nuclei and split…….in turn. it/them…….,no destructive explosion occurs because Although/Howeverthe pile is moderated…………a non-fissionable material such as by/ofgraphite or heavy water. …………..absorbs most of the free neutrons This/These……prevents them from splitting too many nuclei too quickly. and/alsoThe process releases great quantities of energy……the form of heat in/outThis heat can be used….electric power. generating/to generate

Spatial order

Class 7

Exercise 3: Each of the following sentences could be a thesis statement of a spatial order essay. Decide the best kind of spatial order to use in the description: right to left, left to right, top to bottom, far to near, outside to inside, etc. Finally, write your details in the line below in spatial order.1. After my sister has spent two hours getting ready for a date, her room looks as is it has been bit by a magnitude 8.5 earthquake.

a. From the doorway, you see nothing but a mountain of clothes all over the floor. .

b…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

d. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. The park near my house is full of activity on a sunny weekend afternoon.a…………………………………………………………………………………………………………



b. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

d…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. An experienced teacher can almost predict the final grade of students by where they choose to sit in the classroom.

a…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

d…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 4: Complete the essay with the present continuous or simple present tense of the verb.Behind my house there (be)……a large piece of land that is surrounded by banana trees This place

(be) …….very wild and disorderly. Crowds of banana trees (grow)……..freely everywhere. Their green leaves(be)………so thick that sunlight cannot pass through. The ground underneath the trees (be) …….so moist that wild mushrooms and plants (grow)………….all year around. In the center (be)……..a wild field where the children of my village often ( fly)………….kites.

Every evening, just before the sun(set)………, some birds (arrive)………to look for a place to rest their tired wings. They (want)…….to land in the dark banana garden, but the banana leaves (be)……too wide to made into nests. The birds (cry) …….out and(fly)……..away, seeking a better place to nest. During the rainy season, it (rain)……for days and days, and the rain (make)……….the banana garden produce a very strange melody. Whenever I (be)………bored, I (sit)……….near my window and (listen) ……..to this wonderful song.

Right now, I (sit)………in my window watching the children fly kites in the meadow. The children’s colorful kites (fly)…………happily in the wide open sky, but the wind (become)………stronger. And it (blow)………the children’s kites toward the banana trees. The air (feel)………heavy – a sure sign of rain. Now the sky (darken)………..and( start ) ………….to sprinkle. The children (run)……….into the banana garden and (hide)……….under the thick leaves to keep from getting wet. They (want) ………the rain to end quickly so that they can continue flying their kites. I (see)…..a beautiful rainbow in the distance, so I (know)……..the rain will stop soon.

Cause and effect Class 8 Block organization: In block organization, you first discuss all of the cause as a block, then you discuss all of the

effects together as another block. There is often a short paragraph that separates the cause part from the effect part. This is called a transition paragraph.

Chain organization: In chain organization, you discuss a first cause and its effect, a second cause and its effect, and a third cause and its effect, in a chain


BLOCK

causes

effects

CHAIN

Cause

Effect

Cause

Effect

Transition paragraph


Exercise1: Underline the thesis statement and the transition paragraph. Then write topic sentences for paragraph 2,3,4,6,7,8 based on the thesis statement and the transition paragraph

(1) Since the middle of this century, women around the world have been seeking greater independence and recognition. No longer content with their traditional roles as housewives and mothers, women have joined together to create the so-called “women’s liberation movement”. While the forces behind this international movement vary from culture to culture and from individual to individual, the basic causes in the United States can be traced to three events: the development of effective birth control methods, the invention of labor-saving devices for home, and the advent of World War II.

(2)……………………………………………………………………………………………………… As a result of having a choice of when and if to bear children, women acquired the freedom and the time to pursue interests outside of the home. Because of the development of birth control, women could delay having children or avoid having them altogether; consequently, women had the opportunity to acquired an education and/or pursue a career.

(3)……………………………………………………………………………………………………….For example, fifty years ago, a housewife spent an average of twelve to fourteen hours per day doing housework. Due to the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines and dishwashers, a housewife can now take care of her daily housework in about five hours.

(4)……………………………………………………………………………………………………….During the war, most men were serving in the military. Consequently, women had to fill the vacancies in the labor force. Women by the thousands went to work in factories and then took over businesses for their absent husbands. This was a great change for the majority of the American women, for they discovered that they could weld airplanes and manage businesses as well as change diapers and bake cookies.

These three events planted the seeds of great change in society, and the effects of this change are being felt at all levels: in the family, in business, and in government.

(6)……………………………………………………………………………………………………….The traditional husband wife relationship is undergoing a radical transformation. Because so many women are working, men are learning to share the household tasks of cooking, cleaning, and even caring for children. In some families, there has been a complete a reversal of the traditional roles: the husband stays home, while the wife earns the family’s income. It should be pointed out, however, that this is the exception, not the rule. In most families in the US, the husband still earns most of the money and the wife still does most of the housework.

(7)……………………………………………………………………………………………………….More and more women are working, and they are demanding equal salaries and equally responsible positions. It is not uncommon for a woman to be the president of a corporation these days. Many businesses encourage women to advance to high management positions, and every year, the nation’s schools produce more women doctors, lawyers, and accountants.

(8)………………………………………………………………………………………………. Although the United States doesn’t appear ready to accept a woman president as some countries of the

world have, women are being elected to public office in increasing numbers. The United States currently has several women governors, which is the highest office in a state. A few years ago, this would have been unthinkable.

In conclusion, women in the United States are acquiring greater independence, which is causing sweeping changes in society, at home and at work, find in politics. While men may not be happy with these changes, hey should always remember that it was they, the man, who created the conditions leading to the liberation of women: men made war, male scientists developed birth control, and businessmen earned a lot of money selling vacuum cleaners and dishwashers.



Exercise2 Fill in the boxes to complete the flow chart, which illustrates the chain reaction described in SAD

SADWhen winter arrives, some people get sad, even suicidal.

Doctors have recently started to study the causes of a medical disorder which they have

appropriately named SAD, or seasonal affective disorder. People who suffer from SAD become very

depressed during the winter months. Their depression appears to be the result of a decrease in the amount

of sunlight they are exposed to. Doctors theorize that decreased sunlight affects the production of

melatomin, a hormone manufactured in the brain, and serotomin, a chemical that helps transmit nerve

impulses. Depression may result from ensuring imbalance of these two substances in the body. Also,

doctors believe that a decrease in the amount of sunlight the body receives may cause a disturbance in the

body’s natural clock, which could, in turn, result in symptoms such as listlessness, oversleeping, weight

gain, anxiety, and irritability - all symptoms of depression.

Since absence of light seems to be the cause of this disorder, a dally dose of light appears to be the

cure. Doctors advise patients to sit in front of a special light box which simulates natural light for a few

hours every day.

In conclusion, this revelation may help explain the high suicide rate of the Scandinavian countries,

and more importantly, it may suggest a remedy when the days grow short, turn on the lights.

Exercise3: Underline all the transition signals in the essays in exercise 1 and 2

Cause and effect (cont.) Class 9Language patterns in thesis statement, topic sentences:

CausesDrug use and unemployment cause

producebring aboutresult in

Effect

crime

Drug use and inflation occur producingbringing aboutcausing

crime

EffectCrime is caused by

Causes


WINTER

Body prodeces less:…………………….+…………………….+…………………….

SAD


is produced byresults fromis brought about by

drug use

Crime occurs mainly as a result ofbecause ofdue to

drug use

Because, Since, accordingly, therefore, consequently, for this reason, thus, hence

the cause of….., the reason for….., to have an effect on……, to affect……

Exercise1: Use the language patterns to complete the following paragraph:Joggers get foot injuries mainly(1)………………..unequal leg length, weak feet and improper

training. About 15 percent of all runners have unequal leg length. In such runners, the ankle and foot often

rotate abnormally(2)…………………muscular strain in the foot. Next, surveys indicate that 35 to 60 % of

all runners have weak feet.(3) ………………the feet are weak,(4) ……….the force of the feet hitting the

ground (5)………………..abnormal strain on the muscles of the foot (6)……………a jogger is muscular

or skeletal damage to the feet. Finally, improper training often (7)…………….major foot problems. For

example, sudden changes in the duration or frequency of runs place added stress on the feet. Similarly,

changing from running on dirt to running on pavement greatly increases muscular strain inside the feet;(8)

……………….,well-made running shoes should be bought to cushion the feet and reduce strain on them.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using the words given in the brackets.

1. The accident happened because of terrible weather.

The accident…………………………………………………………….…bad weather. (RESULT)

2. The train was cancelled so I missed my appointment.

............................................. …………………… I missed my appointment. (CONSEQUENCE)

3. They decided to buy a new car because of the problems they were having with their old one.

They decided to buy a new car ........ ………………………………………………….. (SINCE)

4. We were unable to contact you as communications were so poor.

We couldn't contact you ........ ………………..communications were so poor. (OWING)

Class 9

5. You have been late every morning this week so we have deducted the lost time from your wages.

We have deducted money from your wages ........ ……………………………………………. (DUE)

6. I was sent home from school because I was feeling sick.

The student was sent home ........ ………………….the fact that he was feeling sick. (ACCOUNT)

7. It was too far to walk so we caught the bus.

We got the bus as ............................................ to walk. (ENOUGH)

8. The film was so boring that we decided to leave early.

................................................... we decided to leave early. (SUCH)



Exercise 3: Underline the clause that states a cause and circle the word or words that introduce the cause

Ex: The computer is a learning too since it helps children to master math and language skills.

1. Due to the ability of computers to keep records of sales and inventory, many big department stores rely on them.

2. A medical computer system is an aid to physicians because of its ability to interpret data from a patient’s history

and provide a diagnosis.

3. Lowering the speed limit to 55MPH has caused a sharp decrease in the number of traffic deaths.

4. Public transportation is becoming popular because the cost of gasoline has been rising.

5. Since carpools cut expenses, many commuters are joining them.

6. Smog results from chemical air pollutants being trapped under a layer of warm air.

7. The patient’s death was the result of doctor’s negligence.

8. Little is known about life on the ocean floor, for scientists have only recently developed the technology to

explore it.

9. One effect of prolonged weightlessness is the loss of muscle tone, which can be a problem for astronauts who

spend long periods of time in space.

Exercise 3: Underline the clause that states an effect and circle the word or words that introduce the

effect

1. The performance of electric cars is inferior to the performance of cars with conventional internal combustion s engines; consequently, some improvements must be made in them if they are to become popular.2. However, electric cars are reliable economical, and nonpolluting, therefore, the government is spending millions of dollars improve their technology. 3. Electric cars use relatively inexpensive electricity for power, thus they cost less to operate than cars that use gasoline.4. His refusal to attend classes resulted in his dismissal from the school.5. The cost of gasoline is rising as a result, many people are using their cars less often.6. The cause of the patient’s death was the doctor’s negligence.7. When he finally arrived, he gave no reason for his tardiness.8. It has been documented that heavy cigarette smoking affects the heart as well as the lungs.9. Cold water is denser than warm water and will therefore sink.10. Fresh water is less dense than salt water, s it tends to float on the surface of a body of salt water.

Exercise 1 Class 10

A. Match the causes with the effects, then build sentences using the word because:

he was showing it around she was running too fast bats eat a lot of fruit they need energy to fly all nightshe fell they took his money

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. Match the causes with the effects, then build sentences using the word since:



gardens need a sunny location the atmosphere does not block small stars it was the Day of the Dead many plants only bloom in full sunthe space telescope can see more relatives hired a mariachi band

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. Match the causes with the effects, then build sentences using the phrase as long as:

I am going to college I get a scholarship he gets to use his Gameboy it was a holiday or a weekendyour dad took you to the movies he does the homework on time

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

D. Are these cause-and-effect sentences correctly or incorrectly built? Write in a “C” for correct, and an “I” for incorrect:

____ The test is difficult, since I want to pass with a good score.____ They made us wait to board the plane because the weather is bad in Indiana.____ Because she was born blonde, she ran very fast.____ Since Carlos loves music so much, he will get an Ipod for Christmas.____ Yumani will appreciate your help, since he is so tired.____ As long as they have a spelling test, I’m singing the loudest.____ This accident does not matter, as long as you pay for the repair.

Exercise 2: Select the appropriate word in the following sentences. 1. The drug seizure will not STEM FROM/CAUSE any foreseen rise in the market price of heroin on the

black market2. The decline in the number of complaints could STEM FROM/ RESULT IN complacency with the existing low level of service quality.3. Privatisation of any facility could RESULT IN/ RESULT FROM the loss of an enormous amount of revenue for the government.4. The judges accepted that the new evidence that surfaced after the trial RESULTED FROM/ MIGHT HAVE RESULTED IN a different jury decision5. The high inflation rate and inaccurate charge submissions by doctors LED TO/ DUE TO the sharp rise of hospital services6. OWING TO/ AS A RESULT opposition from the police, the premises will not be licensed for the consumption of alcoholic beverages.7. Delays in completion must be STEMMED FROM/ ACCOUNTED FOR with factors such as weather or physical conditions being the most common reasons.8. The spokesperson said that bilateral ties between China and the US would not worsen AS A RESULT OF/ AS A RESULT the United States' sale of F-16 jets to TaiwanExercise 3: Using various cause and effect structure words from the chart, combine these sentences to emphasize a cause or an effect relationship as indicated. Use different structure words in each sentences, and circle the words you use. Change nouns to pronouns (and pronouns to nouns) when necessary. Example: The death rate among women from lung cancer is increasing. Women are smoking more.



* Emphasize the cause: Because women are smoking more, the death rate of women from lung cancer is increasing.* Emphasize the effect: The increase in the death rate of women from lung cancer is the

result of their smoking more.1. Cancer is increasing in industrialized nations. Air pollution and the use of chemicals in food are increasing in these countries.Emphasize the cause:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Emphasize the effect: :……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2. Mr. Williams received a promotion last week. Mr. William is a clever administrator, a capable personnel manager, and a financial wizard.Emphasize the cause:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Emphasize the effect: :……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3. The saltiest water is found at the bottom of the ocean. Salt water, being denser than fresh water sinks.Emphasize the cause:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Emphasize the effect: :……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4. Heat energy is carried by electrons. Metals have many free-moving electrons. Metals are good conductors of heat.Emphasize the cause:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Emphasize the effect: :………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Argumentative

Class 11

Persuasive essay

Persuasive essay is a method in organizing ideas in an essay. It is useful when the writer tries either to change the way the reader thinks or to influence the reader to do something. To persuade the reader, the writer gives information to support her/his viewpoint. Then the writer considers the best argument against her/his viewpoint that an opponent might have and tries to refuse that argument by showing why it is wrong, weak, or of less importance. Process of an argument can be summarized:

Proposal = ( writer’s ideas + evidence) + ( opponent’s argument + refutation + evidence) Pros Con

Exercise 1: Write three pros and a main con for each of the following proposals.

1. Proposal: Prostitution should not be legalized.



PROS: CON

2. Religion and government should be separate.PROS: CON

3. The world would be better with one language.PROS: CON

Exercise 2 Look back at exercise 2. How would you respond to each of the cons listed there.1. Proposal: Prostitution should not be legalized.CON: ATTACK AND REFUTATION

2. Religion and government should be separate.CON: ATTACK AND REFUTATION

3. The world would be better with one language.CON: ATTACK AND REFUTATION

Exercise 3 Study the following refutations. Which methods* do they use( these are merely refutations, not complete paragraph)?1. Proposal: Worker should not be forced to retire at age sixty-fiveCON and REFUTATION

Those who disagree with this proposal point out that as people grow older their bodies begin to slow down, and it is risky for them to continue working. Actually, this is true only in one respect – the body does slow down. However, accident rates for those over sixty-five are slightly less than those for people under 65. How can we explain this? Simply, workers over 65 have far more experience in their jobs than younger workers, and workers over 65 are far more aware of their own limitations.Method?........................................................................................................................................................2. Proposal: Abortion should be legal CON and REFUTATION

“Pro-life” people argue that abortion is the killing of a potential human being. This is undeniably true. Nevertheless, as has been pointed out, if abortion is illegal, there will be a dramatic increase in unwanted, neglected, and abused children; the number of women who die getting illegal, unhygienic abortions will



increase greatly; and women will lose what they have fought so hard for – the basic right to control their own bodies. These three points outweigh the argument of the pro-lifers.Method?........................................................................................................................................................3. Proposal: Sex education is appropriate for sixth graders in US school.CON and REFUTATION

The opponents of this idea claim that most eleven-year olds have not seen information about sex; therefore, teaching them sex education would put the idea of sex into their minds. Nothing could be further from the truth; most eleven-year olds have been exposed to sex long before the sixth grade. For example, the January 1985 Nielsen TV ratings showed that two of the shows most heavily watched by eight and ten-year olds were the openly sexual “Three’s company” and “Dallas” – both watched by 69 percent of the children this age. These and other TV shows, combined with drugstore sex magazines, “R” – rated movies, and even “sexy” comic books, expose children to sex long before they are in the sixth grade.Method?........................................................................................................................................................

*Note: There are three basic methods of attacking and refusing the opponent’s argument. Ask teachers for further explanation.

Exercise 4: In the thesis statement of an argumentative essay, the general subject is the proposal, and the specific parts are either the pros or the refutation of the con. Identify the proposal, the pro or the refutation of the con in the following thesis statements:

0. Ex: Greater life expectancy rates and lower death rates indicate that women may be biologically

Pro refutation of con proposal

“stronger” than men.

1. All handgun sales should be prohibited because violent crime would decrease and the social environment would improve.2. For several reasons, which I will mention bellow, I think that famous athletes and entertainers have a great impact on our social life and make a big contribution to our society and, hence, deserve high salary.3. Today’s music delivery systems are less bulky, less fragile, and less expensive. 4. Traveling is not a nightmare like some people’s prejudice but acts as the means of education and broadens the mind.5. Assessing students based on learning process is a fair evaluation that makes up for the drawbacks of assessment through formal examination.

Persuasive essay (cont.) Class12Exercise 5: Write thesis statements for the following topics based on argumentative method(the general subject is the proposal, and the specific parts are either the pros or the refutation of the con):

1. People believe that it will be very beneficial if a single language is spoken all over the world. What do you think about this?.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. Parents are the best teachers. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3. Television has destroyed communication among family and friends. What is your opinion?



………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4. When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5. University students should be required to attend classes. Do you agree?.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Exercise 6: Write essay outlines for the topics in exercise 5. Use your thesis statement and write the topic sentences for all supporting paragraphs1. People believe that it will be very beneficial if a single language is spoken all over the world. What do you think about this?

1. IntroductionThesis statement…...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. BODYA. Pro 1: …... …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….A. Pro 2: …... …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….C. Con:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Refutation of the con: ……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Class 122. Parents are the best teachers. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?


2. BODYA. Pro 1: …... …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….A. Pro 2: …... …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….



C. Con:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Refutation of the con: ……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3. Television has destroyed communication among family and friends. What is your opinion?



3. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4. When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?


2. BODYA. Pro 1: …... …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Class 12

Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….A. Pro 2: …... …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….C. Con:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Refutation of the con: ……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Example 1:……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Example 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5. University students should be required to attend classes. Do you agree?



3. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Advantages and/or disadvantages essay Class 13

If the aim of your essay is to give a rough idea the advantages and disadvantages of something, you are not expected to express your own opinion by using personal words or expressions:

Start by making a general statement and than divide the advantages and disadvantages into two separate paragraphs.

An opinion can be expressed in a non-emotional way. e.g. it seems that … it can be seen that …TRANSITION SIGNALS: A… TO INTRODUCE OR LIST ADVANTAGES: The main advantage of ….. The most important advantage of ….One advantage of.. An additional advantage of…One major advantage of…. It is often suggested that …It is often believed that..., A further advantage of …. B… TO INTRODUCE OR LIST DIS ADVANTAGES:The main disadvantage of The most important drawback of..., One disadvantage of..., One major disadvantage of…..



Another disadvantage of..., An additional disadvantage of...C… TO LIST AND ADD POINTS:In the first place, In addition (to this)To start with, Moreover,To begin with Furthermore,Secondly, BesidesThirdly, Finally,What is more, Also, Apart from this/thatD… TO MAKE CONTRASTING POINTSOn the other hand HoweverIn spite of WhileNevertheless DespiteEven though Although,In spite of (the fact that), Despite the fact thatE... TO INTRODUCE EXAMPLES For example For instance LikeEspecially Such as In particularParticularlyG… TO INTRODUCE CONCLUSIONTo sum up, All in all,All things considered, In conclusion,On the whole, Taking everything into account,As was previously stated, Finally, Lastly,H… EXPRESSIONS FOR GIVING OPINIONSI believe/think/feel (that)... My opinion is that...I strongly believe... As far as I am concerned,...In my opinion/view,... I (completely) agree that/with...The way I see it,... I (strongly) disagree that/with...It seems/appears to me (that)... I am totally against...To my mind,... I couldn't agree more that/with...I (do not) agree that/with ... Overall,

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box. Class 13

To begin with For example Furthermore It Finally Instead of

TRAVELING BY A BOATTraveling by a boat is rather old-fashioned. However, ……….. has certain advantages. …………..,

boats are usually much more pleasant. ……….., boats are often cheaper than other forms of travel. ………….., a more comfortable than planes or cars. ………. staying in your seat the whole journey, you can go for a walk on the deck, eat in a restaurant, or even go shopping. Having more space to move around makes a long journey boat ticket usually costs less than a plane ticket. ………….., boats are a safer alternative to cars and planes. There are fewer accidents at sea than in the air or on the roads

First of all – Firstly -In addition - Moreover – Furthermore - So- As a result – Therefore- However –

On the other hand – In contrast- In conclusion – To sum up – On the whole – Overall



THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIVING IN THE COUNTRY.Living in the country is often the secret dream of certain city-dwellers. ……………(1), in reality it

has both its advantages and disadvantages. There are many advantages to living in the country. ……………….(2), you are much closer to

nature and can enjoy more peace and quiet. …………(3), life in the country is much slower and people tend to be more open and friendly. A further advantage is that there is much less traffic, and as a result it is much safer place to bring up young children.

……………….(4), there are certain drawbacks to life outside the city. ……………….(5), because there are fewer people, one has a smaller number of friends. ……………….(6) entertainment, particularly in the evening, is difficult to find. Furthermore, the fact that there are fewer shops and services often means that there are fewer employment opportunities. ……………….(7), one may have to travel long distances to work elsewhere, and this can be extremely expensive.

……………….(8), it can be seen that the country is more suitable for some than others. ……………….(9), it is often the best place for those who are retired or who have young children, ……………….(10), young, single people who are following a career and who want some excitement are better provided for by life in the city. (Success at First Certificate-Robert O’Neill)

Exercise 2: Replace the words underlined with the one of the following. Some may have more than one alternative.

In spite of pros and cons Another point is thatone advantage is that All things consider for instanceTo sum up In my opinion Moreover especiallyOn disadvantage is that finally On the other hand additionallyIn addition lastly However

LIVING in the CITY

Living in a big or small city is usually a hidden dream of certain village-dwellers. 1. Nevertheless, it has both its 2.

advantages and disadvantages /___________.

3.On the plus side/___________, it is often easier to find work, and there is usually a choice of public transport, so

you do not need to own a car. 4. Also______________, there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. 5.For

example, /___________ you can eat in a good restaurant, visit museums, and go to the theatres and to concerts. 6. What is

more/___________, when you want relax, you can usually find a park where you can feed the ducks or just sit on a park bench

and read a book. 7. All in all/___________, city life is full of bustle (hurry, haste) and variety and you need never feel bored.

8. However/___________, for every ever plus there is a minus. 9.For one thing/___________, you might have a job,

but unless it is very well paid, you will not be able to afford many of the things that there are to do, because living in a city is

often very expensive. It is particularly difficult to find food and cheap accommodation. 10. What is more, /___________

public transport is sometimes crowded and dirty, 11. particularly/___________ in the rush hour, and even the parks can

become very crowded, especially on Sundays when it seems that every city-dweller is looking for some open space and green

grass. 12. Last of all, despite all the crowds, it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.

13. In conclusion/___________, I think that city life can be particularly appealing to (attract, interest) young people, who

like the excitement of the city and do not mind the noise and pollution. However , many people, when they get older, and

particularly when they have young children, often prefer the peace and fresh air of the countryside. (Success at First Certificate-Robert O’Neill)

Exercise 3: Use the best transition signal to fill in the blank ADVANTANGES of USING CELL PHONES



(1)……………………….. cell phones is that you can use them almost everywhere without cables or electricity. By using mobile phones, you can communicate with everyone whenever you want and wherever you are. (2)…………….., if there is an urgent situation, such as an accident or a meeting with someone, you certainly need a mobile phone. (3)…………………, you can access the internet by using a cell phone. Recently, the most common way of communication in the world has been the SMS. Cell phones include this system; in this way you can communicate with someone for cheaper than a normal call.

ADVANTANGES of USING CELL PHONES(5)…………………….. using a cell phone is that you can reach people easily. (6)……….., when somebody wants to reach you, he can get in touch with you by touching a few buttons. (7)………………, you can carry a cell phone easily. (8)…………………., cell phones are not only used for communication, but they can also be used for taking pictures, listening to music, playing games, getting onto the internet, and so on.

Exercise 4: Use the best transition signal to fill in the blankDISADVANTAGES of HAVING A CAR

There are …………. to having your own car. ………., you have to maintain and repair your car regularly. ………… you need to spend a considerable amount of money to keep the car in good condition. …………, driving can sometimes be extremely stressful. ………., being caught in a traffic jam is not only irritating but also time-consuming. …………., if you want to have a car, you should consider all the disadvantages.

DISADVANTAGES of USING A COMPUTER…………….. using a computer is that staring at a screen for long periods can be harmful to the eyes . ………, sitting on a chair for hours at a time is certainly not healthy. ……., computers draw one’s attention away from social interactions* such as conversation. ………., people who stay at home to use their computers can become anti-social. …….., computers do many jobs and people do the less. ………, plenty of people lose their jobs.

Class 14Problem and solution essayExercise 1 : Below are seven steps you should follow for writing a problem-solution essay. They are NOT in order. Number them from 1, first, to 7, last.

#______ In the last paragraph, evaluate your possible solutions and make a general comment.

#______ Study the question carefully; take a few minutes to write down all the problems and solutions that you can think of.

#______ Start a new paragraph for the solutions. Introduce it with a topic sentence such as Now I will outline some possible solutions or Although there are many problems, there are also some solutions. For your main points, use expressions such as a) One solution is (that) … b) Another possibility is (that) … c) A final alternative is (that) …

#______ Choose strong main points: three (or more) problems and supporting details (extra information) and three or more solutions and supporting details (extra information). The problems and solutions should be connected (don't write a solution for a problem that you didn't mention).

#______ Check your essay again (e.g. spelling, grammar). Have you written 4 paragraphs? Have you reached the 250 word count?



#______ Start a new paragraph for the problems. You may wish to introduce it with a topic sentence such as There are many problems with (global warming). For your main points, use expressions such as a) One problem is (that) … b) Another issue is (that) … c) A final difficulty is (that) …

#______ Start your essay with a general introduction: this can be one or two sentences. After that, identify the problem. You may wish to write a thesis statement: Below I will outline some problems and solutions connected with (global warming).

Exercise 2 : Reorder the following paragraphs to make a problem and solution essay.

(A)………….Many problems could result from global warming. One of the biggest is rising sea level. This could result in the flooding of low lying coastal areas and cities, such as Egypt, the Netherlands, and Bangladesh. Another problem is changes in weather patterns. Many areas of the world are experiencing increased hurricanes, floods, and other natural disasters. A final issue associated with this phenomenon is the negative effect on animals. Fish populations could be effected, while some insects which spread disease might become more common.

(B……….One of the biggest problems facing the world today is global warming. Many experts believe that our production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is heating the atmosphere, and this could be very dangerous for human life. This essay will examine the problem of global warming and suggest some solutions for it.

(C)………In conclusion, making small changes now in the way we live means avoiding huge changes in the future. Scientists, governments and individuals must work together to overcome this serious threat.

(D)………There are several things we can do to deal with global warming. One answer is to stop making C02. We can do this by switching from oil, coal and gas to renewable energy. A second solution is to plant more trees. Trees absorb C02 and produce oxygen, which is not a greenhouse gas. A third idea is to use less energy and recycle more products. If we use less energy and are more environmentally friendly, the earth’s temperature may not rise too much.

Exercise 3 Read the following problem and solution essay and fill in the blanks with the suitable words.

The word television comes from Greek and means "seeing far away".(1) __________, the more we watch it, the more short-sighted and narrow-minded we become. Unfortunately, TV. is fast becoming as popular and dangerous as drugs. In this essay, I will (2)………… some (3)__________ linked to TV. addiction and suggest some viable (4)…………………

__________ (5) with the dangers, health is one of the biggest. To ………….. (6), people who watch too much TV. frequently develop problems with their eyes and back and, too, may become obese. A further negative __________ (7) is that a lot of time is wasted. In ……… (8), statistics show that frequent viewers watch an average of three or more hours daily and also report feeling less productive after this activity. A __________ (9) issue is that TV. addicts may become antisocial, spending little quality time with family and friends. .……… (10), this is particularly detrimental for children who need to learn good social skills.

Fortunately, there are __________ (11) for this dangerous addiction. One ……….. (12) is to budget the amount of time spent watching TV. For __________ (13), people can set aside one hour a day and schedule other activities, such as sports or reading, in their leisure time. Yet another ………..



(14) is to limit the number of televisions in the household, even covering screens with a sheet or blanket when they are not in use. __________ (15), the best solution of all could be to kill the contraption! If you don't have a TV., you won't watch one!

To ……… (16), addiction to TV is a widespread disease, but with the right medicine, it can be cured. Individuals must take a long view towards the future, recognizing that short-term actions have long-term consequences.

Exercise 4 Read the following problem and solution essay and fill in the blanks with the suitable words.

Water is life: life is water. Indeed, water shortage is a serious _________. Unfortunately, many countries in the Middle East are now facing this problem. Below I will outline some reasons for this and suggest some possible __________.

Starting with causes, one of the greatest is the growing population in the region. This means there are more demands on the water supply. For ________, more land is used to supply food and so more water is needed for irrigation. Some water comes from desalination plants, but some also comes from scarce underground reserves. A _________ reason is water pollution. To _________, with increased industrialisation comes the increased use of chemicals and this means there is less good water available for human use. A ________ factor is that as countries become richer, people use more and more in their homes. For __________, people like to bathe or shower every day.

Turning to ___________, one is to make more water available. This can be done by building more desalination plants which, in turn, increases the amount of water. Another _________ is to protect existing underground water supplies: we can take steps to prevent them from becoming polluted. A final workable solution is educating people so that they do not waste water. To _________, recycled water can be used to flush toilets and, on a larger scale, to irrigate farms.

In ____________, these are some ideas to help _________ the problem. It is essential that everyone, including governments, become involved in finding a lasting solution.

Comparison / contrast essay Class 15 A Comparison or Contrast essay is an essay in which you either compare something or contrast something. A comparison essay is an essay in which you emphasize the similarities, and a contrast essay is an essay in which you emphasize the differences.

Compare and Contrast Structures

Compare

Sentence connectorsClause connectors Others

Subordinators CoordinatorsSimilarly as and like + N Both …and….Likewise just as just like +N Each Also similar to + N Neither

be + the same as N Neither …nor…

be + alike not only...but also…

to compare to to compare with

Contrast

Sentence connectors Clause connectors Others



Subordinators CoordinatorsHowever In contrast Although but despite +N to compare with

NeverthelessIn/by comparison

Even though yet In spite of +N to be dissimilar

Nonetheless On the contrary Though to be different from to be unlike

Still On the other hand While to differ from As opposed to

Whereas

Comparative

Adj + er than Abu Dhabi is bigger than Ajman.Much adj + er than New York is much bigger than Bani Yas.Much more adj than A Landcruiser is much more powerful than a Smartcar.not as …….as Hanoi is not as humid as Abu Dhabi

Exercise 1: Read the following and fill the blanks with a word or phrase that specifies comparing similarities

1. _______ daikon and asparagus have _____________ growth rates.2. A computer ______________a calculator since ____________has been designed to manipulate numbers. 3. Aluminum is ______________iron in that it is a soft metal. 4. The health value of Vitamin D _______________that of Vitamin B.5. Light passenger aircraft and helicopters ___________________ in terms of the number of passengers they carry at one time.

Exercise 2 : Choose the best answer to fill in the blank Class 15

1 The team haven't been playing too well. ......, they are expected to win this afternoon. (Nevertheless/

In contrast/ On the contrary)

2 ........ in nearly every country in the world they drive on the right, in England they insist on driving on

the left. (On the one hand/ While/ Nevertheless)

3 ........ to the north, which will remain warm and sunny, the south will become cloudy during the early

morning.( On the contrary/ In contrast/ Although)

4 He couldn't get the machine to work ........ following the instructions carefully. (despite/ however/

while)

5 I'm not tired at all. ........, I'm feeling full of energy.(However/In contrast/ On the contrary)

6 ........ the computer had recently been repaired, it still kept crashing. (Although/ Whereas/ In spite of)

7 I know we agreed to raise the issue at the next meeting ........ we simply won't have the time to discuss

it.( although/ whereas/ but)

8 The man was arrested ........ claiming to have been nowhere near the scene of the crime.( whereas/ in

spite of/ while)



Exercise 3: The following sentences discuss the similarities between the British and the American systems of government. Underline the items being compared in each sentence. Circle the comparison signal.

1. The United States operates under two party system; Great Britain does also.

2. Similar to the British Parliament, the US Congress has two separate houses, the Senate and the House

of Representatives.

3. The US House of representatives is like the British House of Commons, and the US Senate is similar

to the British House of Lords

4. The members of the US House of Representatives are elected by district, just as the members of the

British House of Commons are.

5. The method of selecting cabinet members is the same in both countries.

6. In Britain, there is a cabinet appointed by the prime minister; similarly, the US president also appoints

the cabinet.

7. Both the British monarch and the US president have right to veto any law.

8. The US Congress can override a veto by the president. In theory, the British parliament could also

override a veto by the monarch, but this has never happened because the British monarch has never

vetoed a law.

9. The method of getting a law passed in Great Britain is almost the same as the method of getting law

passed in the US.

Exercise 4: Add comparison structure words to the following sentences and connect them. Rewrite each sentence, and use the variety of comparison words. Circle the words you use.

1. A bicycle is an excellent form of transportation. A moped is an excellent form of transportation.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. A bicycle is constructed of metal frame with two wheels, a handlebar for steering, a saddle seat and two pedals. A moped has the same basic construction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. A bicycle is propelled by pedaling. A moped can be pedaled.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. A bicycle requires almost no maintenance. A moped needs little upkeep.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. New York City has a nickname; it is called “the Big Apple”. San Francisco is called “ the City by the Golden Gate”.



…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. New York has several famous bridges that connect Manhattan to the other boroughs. San Francisco has two bridges that connect it to neighboring counties .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. New York is well known for its Chinatown, Harlem, and Little Italy. San Francisco has many ethnic districts such as North Beach (Italian), Chinatown, Japan town, and the Mission District ( Hispanic).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. New York has a financial district called Wall Street. San Francisco’s financial district is called Montgomery Street.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Class 16

Exercise 1 :Underline the items being contrasted in each sentence. Circle the contrast structure words.

1. Whereas the chief executive in Great Britain is called the prime minister, the chief executive in the US is called the president.2. In the US, the president fulfills the functions of both political leader and head of state while these two functions are separate in Great Britain.3. In other words, Great Britain has both a monarch and a prime minister, but the United States has only a president .4. The president of the United States may be of a different political party than the majority of Congress; in contrast, the British prime minister is the head of the political party that has the most seats in Parliament.5. Unlike the US, which has a written constitution, Great Britain has no written constitution.6. The scheduling of elections in the two countries is quite different. 7. In the United States, elections are held in a regular schedule, no matter how popular or unpopular the government is. In Great Britain, on the other hand, elections are held whenever the prime minister loses a vote of confidence.8. The members of the US senate are elected; however, the members of the British House of Lords are appointed or inherit their positions.9. As you can see, the two systems of government, although they are both democracies, differ in several major aspects.

Exercise 2. Add contrast structure words to each of the following pairs of sentences. Choose a signal of the type suggested in each group. Write it in the blank space and add any necessary punctuation marks. Also, change the capitalization, if necessary.

A. Use a sentence connector



1. Junior colleges offer programs that can be completed in two years…………………………..colleges and universities offer programs that take four years to complete.

2. Junior colleges award associate of arts degrees to their graduates…………………………….colleges and universities award baccalaureate degrees, master’s degrees and PhD’s.

3. Many junior colleges are free ………………..almost all colleges and universities charge tuition.

B. Use a subordinator.

1. Active solar heating systems require mechanical means to harness the sun’s energy…………………….

passive systems rely on natural forces to collect solar radiation.

2. Passive systems work well only in hot dry climates………………………active systems can work effectively in any area.

3. ……………………….passive systems are limited by seasonal conditions, active systems work throughout the year.

C. Use a coordinator

1. An electric car is designed to carry a maximum of four people………………………………….a medium sized gasoline-powered car can carry up to six passengers comfortably.

2. It takes 6 hours to recharge the battery of an electric car …………………………………it takes less than five minutes to fill up the gas tank of a conventional car.

D. Use any type of contrast signal, and rewrite the sentences.

1. The analog computer is used mainly for scientific work. The digital computer is useful in business.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. The analog computer is used to measure temperatures, flows and voltages. The digital computer can count, print, reproduce facts, sort data into numerical order, etc.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. The output from the analog computer is represented as a continuous, unbroken flow. The output fro the digital computer is the form of discrete letters and numbers.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..



……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

E. Write four sentences of your own, using contrast structure words from the group labeled “other” in the table on page 33.

1. computers/humans

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……

2. English/ your language

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……

Taking public transportation/ driving a car

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……

City life/ country life

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……

Iv. Techniques of support Class 17The sentences that support a topic sentence may do so in variety of ways:1. facts2. physical description3. ExampleThe techniques you use will depend on the topic sentence and your audience. However, whichever technique of support you use, the information you select must be specific.1. FactsExercise 1:The following paragraph is developed by facts: numbers, statistics, and other pieces of information that can easily be verified. Underline the topic sentence and circle all facts supporting that topic sentence

Based on the Recommended Daily Allowances set by the National Food and Nutrition Board, the

basic fast food meal in America provides adequate protein. The meals from McDonald’s, Burger Chef,

and Wendy’s – hamburger, French fries and milkshake – provide more than two thirds of the 56 grams of

protein recommended per day for an adult male; 38 to 40 grams. However, half of a ten- inch pizza from

Pizza Hut was the protein champion. When ordered with cheese, sausage, mushrooms, pepperoni, onions

and green peppers, it provides 72 grams of protein and also contains less fat than any of the other meals.



The least amount of protein is in a fish sandwich, fries, and cola meal from Arthur Treacher’s Fish and

Chips, but its 22 grams are still adequate.

Exercise 2 : Use the technique explained above to write the supporting ideas to the following topic

sentences.

1. The population in Vietnam has been increasing considerably in recent years………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The economy of Vietnam has grown by an impressive annual growth rate. ………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The infant death rate in some Asian developing countries has been decreasing dramatically.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Physical description Class 17

The five senses – sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch offer writers a source of detail about the world

around them.

Exercise 3: Read the following paragraph and underline all the phrases written based on one or more

of the five senses

Once I went hiking with a group from my school to the mountains near Riyadh. Before we started

the hike, the sunlight was shining brightly. When we went into the woods it was quite dark like the sun

was no longer in the sky. We felt that we were walking in hallways because the trees were so big and tall

that they prevented sunlight from coming through. It was absolutely quiet and silent like a sad and grim

night. In the distance we heard some birds cackling and some turkeys gobbling as if they did not want us

to be in this place. Also small brooks were bubbling here and there. Although the weather was extremely

hot, the water of brooks was almost too cold to touch. After hiking four miles, we became exceedingly

tired. We felt that we had accomplished a great journey.

Exercise 4: Write a paragraph from the topic sentence below, using expressions from five senses :



The terrorist attacks on New York are thought as a nightmare of America.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Example

Examples are often used to support the topic sentence. The example often makes the topic sentence or a

general statement understandable on a more concrete level. Personal experience can be considered as a

supporting example.

Exercise 5: Underline the examples in the following essay:

Some people think that famous athletes and entertainers have too high salaries for their work. However, others believe that these people deserve such high salary. Personally, I think that it is a controversial question and it is open for debate. For several reasons, which I will mention bellow, I think that famous athletes and entertainers have a great impact on our social life and make a big contribution to our society and, hense, deserve high salary.

Class 17The first reason why I think that such high salary is deserved by famous athletes and entertainers because we all need them. Entertainment plays an essential role in our every day’s life. We need to relax, watching TV with our favorite TV stars or favorite football players. Entertainment is one of the best ways to eliminate stress and tension and leave all troubles behind. For example, I can not stay home all day long without watching TV. So, basically, I believe that famous athletes and entertainers have such high salaries because we need them. They like doctors for our minds and soles. Scientists say that people usually spend the same amount of money for their food and entertainment. I think this fact tells a lot.

The second reason for this is that famous athletes have to work hard in order to get good results. I am sure that achievements they make is the result of hard work, persistence and pain. They sometimes risk their lives and health. For example, I am a big fun of L. Armstrong, the most famous cyclist in world's history. He faced probably, the most challenging difficulty in his life, cancer. He was very young for this disease. Armstrong was in his early twenties when he found out about it. I read a book about his life, and what impressed me were his words after his victory in France. He said: "Cancer was the best thing that ever happened to me ".He defeated the disease only because he believed in himself and did not give up. I think such person deserves to have a high salary and be loved by many people through out the world.

In conclusions, I want to say that if people get high salaries it means they are needed and their contribution to the society is huge.

Exercise 6. Write at least three examples to support each of the following topic sentence:



1. Dormitory food is limited and dull.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2. My friend occasionally dresses strangely.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3. Writing in English requires some skills that are different from speaking in English.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Class 174. General explanation/detail + Example/facts/physical description

A topic sentence can be followed by (a) general statement(s) that give explanation or more details to the

topic sentence. Then the general statement can be illustrated by specific examples/ facts/ physical

description

Topic sentence

General statement 1

Examples/ facts/ physical description

General statement 2


General statement 3


Concluding sentence

Exercise 7: Write general statement(s) and supporting examples /facts to support each of the following

topic sentence:



1. Plants play a very important role in our everyday life.

General statement: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Example/ facts: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The Internet brings us many benefits

General statement 1: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Example/ facts: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

General statement 2: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Example/ facts: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The conclusion of the essay Class 18The conclusion borrow from everything that has gone before, summarizing without repeating

exactly, suggesting, predicting.

The following guidelines can help you improve your concluding paragraph:

- Before writing your conclusion, reread your introduction and topic sentences.

- Begin your conclusion with the paraphrase of your thesis.

- Follow with general statements. These should be a summary or evaluation of previously

mentioned main points.

- Your last sentence should be a prediction/ recommendation or solution related to the topic

discussed in the essay


Paraphrase of the thesis

General statements (summary or analysis of the

prior main ideas)Concluding comment


Exercise 1: Write a paraphrase of each of the following thesis:

1. If you want to live a long and productive life, you must exercise regularly and eat healthy foods.

Paraphrase: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Because of the conveniences and the cultural opportunities available in the city, living there s superior to living in the countryside.

Paraphrase: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. The only ways to become a proficient writer are to read as much as possible and write whenever you can.

Paraphrase: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Class 18

Exercise 2: Write a paraphrase and a summary and a concluding comment for each of the following thesis

1. Movies were always very popular because they are not only a perfect way to relax after stressful day or week but also the easiest way to learn

Paraphrase: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Summary: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Concluding comment: ……………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Music is important to humankind because it is not only one of the best way to relax after stressful day but also plays an essential role in different ceremonies.

Paraphrase: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..



Summary: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..


………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. There is no doubt that every generation is different in many positive ways from the old ones

Paraphrase: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Summary: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..


………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Class 18

Exercise 3: Reread the following topics and write a conclusion for each. Give yourself five minutes to write each conclusion.

1. Certain high schools require that students study foreign languages. Other school let students study

whatever subjects they like. Which of these two policies do you think a school should adopt? Give

specific examples to support your opinion.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and

friends. Other people believe that the best way of learning about life is through personal experience.

Compare the advantages of these two different ways of learning about life. Which do you think is

preferable? Use specific examples to support your preference.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..



………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other

animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? Why or why not? Use

specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Transition signals Class 19



( Adapted from Learning Resourse Center, Leeward Community College )

Exercise 1 Class 19For A and B, rearrange the following sentences (1, 2, 3, 4) so that they form logical paragraphs. Then, rewrite the paragraphs in the correct order. Underline words and phrases that are transitions.

A__ (a) On the other hand, in the convection process, heat moves freely.__ (b) In sum, the ways that heat travels are quite varied. __ (c) In the radiation and conduction processes, for instance, heat moves in one particular direction. __ (d) The ways heat travels from one place to another may be classified in three categories: the process of radiation, the process of conduction, and the process of convection.

B

__ (a) On the other hand, mathematics is usually a non-laboratory course.__ (b) Chemistry is a laboratory course as well.__ (c) Even though there are many kinds of college courses, basic science classes can be divided into two groups: laboratory courses and non-laboratory courses.

__ (d) An example of a laboratory course is biology.

Exercise 2Read the following paragraph and choose the correct transitions.



A microwave is a form of energy that travels in high frequency waves. (Although/In short) we cannot see microwaves, we can easily observe how they affect objects. (On the other hand/For instance) microwaves penetrate food in microwave ovens. (As a result/In addition), the food is cooked. Microwaves are used in both radar and telecommunications (as well/however). (To summarize,/Yet) microwaves are a part of modern life.

Exercise 3Connect the following ideas by writing one or two sentences for a, b, c and d (below). Be sure to use transitions.

(a) There are more and more cars producing exhaust. Acid rain is increasing.(b) Solids are matter. Liquids and gasses are matter.

(c) Dogs, wolves and foxes are canines. Humans are not canines.(d) Digital watches, video cameras, fax machines, and lap top computers are electronics. Electronics are part of our daily lives.

Exercise 4: Fill in each blank with one suitable transition word. Class 19

I.

English is difficult for me: 1 ____________, it is very challenging! I must practice all the time. 2_____________ my friends always speak to me in my own language. 3_____________ I don't speak very much English after class. 4______________, I don't think that I will learn English very fast. 5___________, my teacher says that I am making rapid progress and that I should keep working. 6__________, he told me, it will get easier as I go along.

"7__________", he told me, "you must realize that any new languageis difficult in the beginning. 8 ___________, you shouldn't expect to learn English overnight 9_____________ it takes time and patience. __________, it takes daily practice. You didn't learn your own language overnight,10 ____________ how can you expect to learn English overnight?"

I suppose he's right, 11____________ I still think that English is hard. 12 _____________, I will need to try harder to think and speak in English 13_____________ I can learn faster and move on to studying for my career.

When I came to this college, I wanted to start taking classes in my major right away. 14____________, my counselor told me that I had to meet some requirements. 15 _________, you must take an English proficiency test. 16___________, you will have to take some English classes to bring your level of English up to the level needed for taking college courses. 17_____________, you will have to take a TOEFL test to enter most university programs. 18_____________, you will have to give a writing sample for your university or college application.

19_____________of all these things I would have to do, I had second thoughts about continuing on to 'higher education'. 20_____________, I know that it is hard to get a good job without a good education, I have decided that no matter what difficulties I may encounter, I will have to face them in order to reach my dream of having an interesting well-paying career



II. Should Parents Pay?

Many crimes and social problems are caused by children. 1………. the damage these teenage criminals cause, parents are not held responsible in most countries. This essay will discuss whether parents should be forced to pay for their children's crimes.There are many reasons why parents should not be responsible for crimes committed by teenage children. 2……….., teenagers today are independent. They often move out of the parent's house at 18 years of age or younger. They are expected to learn to take care of themselves and make their own decisions, and not stay like small children attached to their parents. 3…………, parents are working. They cannot watch their adolescent children all the time. 4………. is that even children from good families can sometimes commit crimes. Parents should not be responsible if they have worked hard to raise their children properly.5…….., because of the many problems young troublemakers cause, I feel we should make parents responsible. 6…….., most juvenile crimes are committed by adolescents whose parents do not care or make any effort to control their children. If parents had to pay fines, they might make more effort. 7……….. is that even though the children may seem mature, they are not really able to make good decisions. Parents should be responsible for raising and teaching their children until they are fully grown. 8……….., if children know that their parents will have to pay, they will think carefully before doing getting into trouble9………., there are good reasons both for and against making parents pay for acts committed by their children. 10…………., I feel strongly that if we want to reduce the number of such crimes, we need to make parents take more responsibility

Further practice Class 20I. ExpressionsPresenting an argumentExercise 1:



Cause and effectExercise 2:



General and specificExercise 3







Focusing attention



Opinion or belief

Time











II. Spelling






Documents

giao trinh bo tro 3