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GhettosThe Holocaust
Ghettos in History
• From the Word Geti meaning Foundry
• Jewish Ghetto in Rome/Venice
• Established by Pope Paul IV in 1555
• Jews forced to live in the Ghetto and wear distinctive Yellow Hat
Forced to Relocate
• Jews were forced to Locate to pre established Ghettos in larger cities.
• Most Jews lived in rural communities called Shtetls
Segregating Jews from Non Jews
• German and Polish police were used to ensure only Jews were allowed into the Ghettos
Sealing the Ghetto
• Jews were put to work sealing their own ghetto.
• Not all Ghettos were sealed
Forced Labor
• Most able bodied Jews were forced to work, many outside of the camp in support of the war effort
• Some work was purely to exhaust Jews
Struggle to Survive
• Children were often on their
• Many resorted to pan handling and street peddling
• Others participated in resistance activities
• Some were runners outside the Ghetto
Ghetto Diet
• No sanitation• Restricted to 800
calorie a day diet• Inequalities quickly
pronounced in ghettos• Disease and hunger
killed over 75,000 in Warsaw alone
Children Dying of Starvation in the Warsaw Ghetto
Victor Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning
• During the latter part of our imprisonment, the daily ration consisted of very watery soup given out once daily, and the usual small bread ration. In addition to that, there was the so-called "extra allowance," consisting of three-fourths of an ounce of margarine, or a slice of poor quality sausage, or of a little piece of cheese, or a bit of synthetic honey, or a spoonful of watery jam, varying daily. In calories, this diet was absolutely inadequate, especially taking into consideration our heavy manual work and our constant exposure to the cold in inadequate clothing. The sick who were "under special care"--that is, those who were allowed to lie in the huts instead of leaving the camp for work--were worse off. When the last layers of subcutaneous fat had vanished and we looked like skeletons disguised with skin and rags, we could watch our bodies beginning to devour themselves. The organism digested its own protein, and the muscles disappeared. Then the body had no powers of resistance left....
Resistance
• Active v. Passive Resistance
• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943)
• Survival as Resistance– Self help groups
– Maintaining Religion and Culture
Jewish Newspapers In Lodz
• A ghetto newspaper published in Yiddish in the Lódz ghetto from March 4, 1941 to September 21, 1941
Liquidation to Death Camps
• Ghettos were slowly liquidated until all 6 camps were complete
• Final liquidation happens in 1943
• Some Ghettos remain in operation throughout 1944
What tactics did the Nazis use to get the
Jews to leave the Ghettos?
Tactics
Starvation
The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto were
only fed a 1000 calories a day .
A Human being needs 2400 calories a day to maintain their weight
Terror
The SS publicly shot people for smuggling food or for
any act of resistance
Deception
The Jews were told that they were going
to ‘resettlement areas’ in the East.
In some Ghettos the Jews had to purchase their
own train tickets.
They were told to bring the tools of their
trade and pots and pans.
Hungry people are easier to control
New arrivals at the Death camps were given postcards to
send to their friends.
