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grani qavTariagrani qavTaria
etruskebi da romaelebi
apeninis naxevarkunZulis civilizacias etruskebma Cauyares
safuZveli. TavianTi arsebobis Sesaxeb am legendarulma xalx-
ma sakmaod vrceli informacia datova, magram mTavari, vin
iyvnen da saidan gaCndnen italiaSi, gaurkvevelia. etruskebis
Sesaxeb TiTqos bevri ram cnobilia (ase Cans garegnulad), ma-
gram sinamdvileSi mTeli maTi mravalsaukunovani istoria Te-
Tri laqebiTaa dafaruli.
apeninis naxevarkunZulis arqeologiuri siZveleebi adas-
tureben, rom etruskebi vilanovas kulturis memkvidreebi
iyvnen (vilanovas kultura daTariRebulia Zv.w. IX s-iT).
etruskebis dasaxlebebi farTod Cans Zv.w. VIII saukunidan
toskanis teritoriaze, im sivrceSi, romelic adre vilanovas
kulturis matarebel tomebs ekavaT. italiaSi etruskTa ba-
tonobis periodi moicavs Zv.w. VII-IV meoTxe ss-s.
etruskebma (laT. tuski, etruski; berZ. tireni, tirseni;
TviTwodeba _ rasena) TvalsaCino roli Seasrules romam-
deli italiis istoriaSi, miaRwies kulturuli da poli-
tikuri ganviTarebis maRal dones, Seqmnes xelovnebis sayu-
radRebo Zeglebi. agebdnen qalaqebsa da cixe-simagreebs,
taZrebs, farTod iyenebdnen damwerlobas. etruskebi CarTuli
iyvnen saerTaSoriso movlenebSi da mniSvnelovan rols as-
rulebdnen xmelTaSua zRvis auzis politikur cxovrebaSi.
mecnierebaSi varaudis doneze gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom-
lis Tanaxmadac, egvipturi warwerebis zRvis xalxebis („tur-
Sa“) mokavSireebad naxsenebi unda iyon etruskebi.
materialuri kulturis Zeglebis garda etruskebma Ta-
vianTi arsebobis Sesaxeb aTi aTasze meti werilobiTi doku-
135etruskebi da romaelebimenti datoves, magram maT istorias legendebis saburveli
ar Sordeba. gaurkvevelia mTavari: vin iyvnen, saidan movidnen
italiaSi, rogor moxda maRali kulturis Semqmneli xalxis
daviwyebis ferfliT dafarva.
etruskebis istoriiTa da warmomavlobiT dainteresebu-
li iyo antikuri mwerloba. „istoriis mamam“ herodotem
etruskebi lidielebis STamomavlebad gamoacxada. herodotes
Tanaxmad, lidielebis italiaSi gadasaxleba ganapiroba stiq-
iurma ubedurebam (gvalvam da mousavlianobam). istorikosi
wers,gansacdelSi Cavardnili adamianebis bediT Sewuxebulma
mefis Zem tirsenma (tirenma) mamas Txova, rom mosaxleobis
naxevars gaiyvanda lidiidan da daasaxlebda sxva qveyanaSi.
herodotes versias mravali momxre hyavda berZnul-romaul
mwerlobaSi da, rac mTavaria, popularulia dResac.
herodotesagan gansxvavebuli versia wamoayena Zv.w. I s-Si
mcxovrebma istorikosma diodore sicilielma.misi mtkicebiT,
etruskebi italiis aborigenebi iyvnen.
romauli mwerloba iziarebda etruskebis warmomavlobis
aRmosavlur Teorias, magram miTologiuri gadmocemebis gaR-
rmavebiT Seecada garkveul movlenasTan mis dakavSirebas. amis
naTeli dadasturebaa vergiliusis poema „eneida“, romelSic
etruskebi warmodgenilni arian troelebis STamomavlebad.
axali periodis antikologiaSi etruskebs saidumloebis
saburveli ar CamoxsniaT. etruskologia rCeba `tera ink-
ognitad~ da SesaniSnav niadags iZleva, kvleva realobidan
warmosaxvebSi gadaizardos. legendaruli etruskebi legen-
debis samyaroSi rCebian. ifrqveva fantastikuri warmodgene-
bi, etruskebi Tamamad mogzauroben ukidegano dedamiwaze da
saocrebebs sCadian. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebuli gabedulebiT
gamoirCeva Sveicarieli mecnieris h. miulenStainis hipoTeza,
romlis Tanaxmadac, etruskebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo iyo
ara mcire azia, aramed saharis udabno. misi varaudiT, dedami-
waze momxdarma geologiurma kataklizmebma gamoiwvia saha-
ris gaudabnoeba. ganviTarebis maRal safexurze mdgomi xalxi
iZuleboli gaxda, daetovebina afrika da axali sacxovrisi
moeZebna. adamianebis talRa moadga xmelTaSua zRvis sana-
piroebs da gaifanta sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. erTma jgufma
136 grani qavTariadaikava iberiis naxevarkunZuli, meore damkvidrda italiaSi,
danarCenebi ganawildnen egeosis zRvis napirebze, pelasgebis
saxiT, da saqarTveloSi.
h.miulenStainis „mignebas“, rogorc gadaWarbebiT fantas-
tikurs, iberebis, etruskebis, pelasgebis da qarTvelebis na-
Tesauri kavSirebis dadgenaze gavlena ar mouxdenia. etrus-
kologTa yuradRebis gareT darCa, agreTve, n.maris aranakleb
fantastikuri versia. misi msjelobiT, xmelTaSua zRvis
xalxebisa da qarTvelebis naTesauri siaxlove momdinareobs
Soreuli warsulidan. am SemTxvevaSic movlenebis centrSi
aRmosavleTi dgas.gadasaxlebis mizezad n.mari, herodotes
msgavsad, gvalvasa da mousavlianobas asaxelebs. mecniers
warmodgenili aqvs ramdenime gzis aRwera,romliTac moxda
ltolvilTa gadaadgileba kavkasiidan espaneTamde. n. maris
daskvniT, qarTvelebi, iberebi, pelasgebi da etruskebi, saer-
To warmomavlobis xalxebi arian da am erTobis safuZveli iyo
maTi Tavdapirveli samSoblo. n.maris uzarmazari avtorite-
tis miuxedavad, mis etruskologiur Studiebs problemis kv-
levis arsSi araferi Seucvlia.
sensaciebis moyvarulebi etruskebs CaZiruli atlantidis
gadarCenil nawiladac ki warmosaxaven.
etruskebis Sesaxeb legendebis Seqmnas aZlierebs is realo-
ba, rom xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi maT enas analogi ver mouZe-
bnes. legendis saTave mainc maTi damwerlobaa, romlis wakiTx-
va siZneles ar warmoadgens (ZiriTadad berZnul damwerlobas
iyenebdnen), magram Sesrulebulia ucnob enaze. etruskuli
arc erTs, arc cocxalsa da arc mkvdar enas ar uaxlovdeba.
etruskebma TavianTi istoria da enis saidumloeba saflavSi
Caitanes. saocrad mwiri iqneboda maTi amqveyniuri arseboba
berZnul-romauli werilobiTi wyaroebis gareSe. mecniere-
bas etruskTa eTnogenezisa da maTi enobrivi kuTvnilebis
erTaderT imedad maTi damwerlobis gaSifrva miaCnia, magram
jerjerobiT Sedegi ar Cans. antikur avtorebs Cawerili aqvT
etruskuli sityvebi mcire raodenobiT, magram mecnierebas
saidumlos amoxsnaSi fragmentulma Canawerebma daxmareba
ver aRmouCina. berZnuli anbanis mcodnisaTvis etruskuli
teqstebis wakiTxva sirTules ar warmoadgens. cnobilia aTi
137etruskebi da romaelebiaTasze meti etruskuli warwera (maTi raodenoba yovelwliu-
rad izrdeba). warwerebis grafikuli moxazuloba gasagebia
da kargad ikiTxeba, magram Sinaarsi aris gaugebari. Tumca am
uzarmazari korpusis didi nawilis warwerebi saflavis qvebis
epitafiebs warmoadgenen da maTi Sinaarsi cnobilia.
warwerebi aris lapidaruli (sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelo-
biT). is gvauwyebs, vin aris dakrZaluli, ramdeni wlis iyo
gardacvalebis dros. sxva informacias epitafia ar iZleva.
warwerebi Sesrulebulia, agreTve, saflavis firfitebze,
Sromis iaraRebze, vazebsa da freskebze. isini gvauwyeben gar-
dacvlilTa sakuTar saxelebs, asaks. amis gamo arian mokle,
Tumca aris gamonaklisebic. vrceli teqsti aRmoCnda qalaq
tarkviniusis warCinebulis (lart punelas) sarkofagis sax-
uravze, romelzec gamoqandakebulia xandazmuli kaci da
warwera (59 sityva), albaT, mis damsaxurebaTa CamonaTvali.
sakuTari saxelis garda teqsts siaxle ar moutania. qalaq
molianoSi napovni tyviis firfita orive mxridan dafaruli
iyo warwerebiT (120 sityva). vrceli teqstis miuxedavad, arc
mis kvlevas mohyolia Sedegi.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monapovarTa Soris gansakuTrebul
imeds amyarebdnen kapuis maxloblad aRmoCenil Tixis fir-
fitaze, romelzec garkveviT ikiTxeba 300 sityva. vrceli te-
qstis gamo, firfitas mxsneladac ki miiCnevdnen (da miaCniaT
dResac). mecnierebi energiulad Targmnidnen (da Targmnian),
magram aRiareba veravin moipova. etruskebi ar Tmoben brZolis
vels, jiutad dganan da fexs ar icvlian dakavebuli simaR-
lidan.
me-19 s-is bolodan etruskologia imedis TvaliT Sehyurebs
zagrebis mumias. balzamirebis yovelgvari wesebis dacviT Ses-
rulebuli mumia, 1848 wels egvipteSi mogzaurobisas SeuZe-
nia siZveleTa moyvarul xorvat mixeil bariCs. naxevari s-is
Semdeg, rodesac bariCi gardaicvala, misma Zmam mumia gadasca
zagrebis muzeums. muzeumis TanamSromlebma mumiis saburvel-
ze SeamCnies damwerlobis ucnobi niSnebi. kvlevaSi CaerTnen
specialistebi da dadginda, rom naWerze, romelSic gaxveuli
iyo mumia, daculia etruskuli damwerloba (Tu gaviTval-
iswinebT mumificirebis siZvires, mumificirebulia mdidari
138 grani qavTariaetruski mandilosani). teqsti Sedgeba 1200 sityvisgan, Ses-
rulebulia Zv.w. II-I ss-is mijnaze (etruskologias arafers
hmatebs is faqti, rom mumificirebuli qalis simaRle aris
162 sm). etruskuli enis saidumloebis amocnobas ver daex-
mareba imis kvleva, Tu rogor moxvda etruski qali egvipteSi.
zagrebis mumia jerjerobiT etruskologiis imeds ver amar-
Tlebs.
aRmoCenilia ramdenime etruskul-finikiuri bilingva.fini-
kiuri gasagebia, etruskuli ar Tmobs saidumloebas.
etruskul enaze berZnuli anbaniT Sesrulebuli warwera
aRmoCenilia kunZul lemnosze.
etruskul werilobiT masalebSi, maTi SezRuduli dan-
iSnulebis gamo, saistorio Sinaarsis teqstebi TiTqmis ar
fiqsirdeba, erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgens finikiur-
etruskuli bilingva, romlis aRmoCenasac araviTari cvli-
leba ar gamouwvevia mojadoebuli wris garRvevaSi.
romaul periodSi mcxovreb ganaTlebul etruskebs, romleb-
sac SesaniSnavad SeeZloT wera (laTinurad da berZnulad),
erTi striqonic ar dauweriaT, rom mSobliuri qveynis war-
suli misawvdomi gaexadaT berZen-romaeli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
nuTu yvelaferze Tanaxmani iyvnen, rac maT Sesaxeb iwereboda?
romanizebul etruskebs ar gasCeniaT survili, TavianTi isto-
ria farTo asparezze gaetanaT. maT xom etruskuli teqstebis
Targmna ar dasWirdebodaT, yvela epigrafikuli Zeglis Si-
naarsi maTTvis gasagebi iqneboda. etruskebi, romlebsac See-
ZloT, magram ar daweres mSobliuri istoria, iyvnen: sat-
irikosi poeti avlus perseus flakusi, ciceronis megobari
avlus cetina da yvelaze gamoCenili etruski gaius cilnius
mecenati.
romaul periodSi etruskebis istoriaze msjelobdnen im
wyaroebiT, rac berZenma da romaelma avtorebma miiCnies xaz-
gasmis Rirsad. raoden saintereso iqneboda TviT etruskebis
informaciebi, rogor uyurebdnen isini TavianT istorias.
ra Tqma unda, maT ar eqnebodaT gabmuli istoria, magram
ucxoelebze (berZnebze da romaelebze) metad rom miuwvde-
bodaT xeli etruskul wyaroebze, saeWvo ar aris (Zneli
dasajerebelia, rom istoriiT dainteresebul berZnebsa da
139etruskebi da romaelebiromaelebs etruskuli ena codnodaT. berZnebi laTinursac
iSviaTad swavlobdnen). am saerTo gulgrilobis fonze Cnde-
ba garkveuli gamonaTeba, imperator klavdiusis (41-54) sax-
iT. dabadebidanve avadmyofi klavdiusi saimperatoro karma
politikuri moRvaweobisTvis uvargisad miiCnia da rogorc
arasrulfasovans, ise ganixilavda. garegnuladac imdenad
Seuxedavi iyo, rom masTan urTierTobas naTesavTa viwro wrec
ki Tavs aridebda. aTvalwunebuli da moZulebuli cxovrob-
da ganmartoebiT. imdenad Clungis STabeWdilebas tovebda,
rom sisxlianma imperatorebma (tiberiusi, kaligula) masSi
konkurenti ver dainaxes da sicocxle SeunarCunes. klavdi-
usi imperatori gaxda sruliad SemTxveviT. aRmoCnda, rom
Tavisi uCinari cxovreba klavdiuss uqmad ar daukargavs. ijda
rogorc gandegili da muSaobda saistorio mwerlobis nak-
lebad cnobil problemebze. werda berZnul enaze. klavdi-
usis biografis gaius svetonius trankvilusis gadmocemiT,
imperators mravali Txzuleba dauweria, romelTa Soris aR-
saniSnavia, karTagenis istoria rva wignad da etruskebis is-
toria oc wignad. am udavod saintereso dasaxelebis naSrome-
bidan fragmentebic ar aris moRweuli.
etruskebis istoriis moculobiT Tu vimsjelebT (oci
wigni),klavdiusis TxzulebaSi aRwerili iqneboda gadaSenebis
piras misuli xalxis mravalsaukunovani warsulis sruli
suraTi. mis dros etruskul qalaqebSi etruskuli ZiriTadi
saurTierTobo ena iqneboda. saeWvo ar aris,etruskebi mrav-
lad icxovrebdnen romSic (klavdiusis pirveli meuRle plav-
cia laurgulanila etruski iyo).
klavdiusis etruskebis istoria iqneboda mwignobruli da
zepiri gadmocemebis nazavi.savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom ganaTle-
bul imperators ganxiluli eqneboda cocxali etruskuli
enis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. samwuxarod, RvTis mier ganwir-
uli etruskebi verc imperatoris keTilganwyobam gamostaca
daviwyebas.
etruskebi asparezze gamoCenisTanave kulturuli da eko-
nomikuri doniT maRla idgnen italiis danarCen tomebze. maTi
gabatonebuli mdgomareobis damadasturebelia arqeologi-
uri aRmoCenebi laciumis, kampaniis da italiis sxva arae-
140 grani qavTariatruskul teritoriebze.
etruskebis istorias antikuri avtorebi romTan mimarTeba-
Si ganixilavdnen. TviT etruskebs TavianTi warsulis Sesaxeb
werilobiTi cnobebi ar dautovebiaT (epitafiebi da sakulto
daniSnulebis warwerebi sakiTxis garkvevevas daxmarebas ver
uwevs).
berZnul-romauli mwerlobis yuradRebis centrSi idga
romi. berZeni istorikosebi, herodotes garda, romaul peri-
odSi werdnen. rac Seexeba herodotes, igi garkveuli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi samxreT italiaSi, qalaq TuriumSi cxovrobda
da, rogori gasaocaric ar unda iyos, romi naxsenebi ar aqvs.
ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi? nuTu herodotes dros (Zv.w.
485-425) romi imdenad umniSvnelo qalaqi iyo, rom istoriis
mamam misi xseneba zedmetad CaTvala? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ro-
mis mexotbeebSi damkvidrebul tradicias, aRniSnul periodSi
romi didi da Zlieri qalaqi iyo.
wyaroebSi miTiTebulia, rom etruriis vrcel da nayofier
miwebze gabatonebuli iyo etruskebis Tormeti qalaqi. am qa-
laqTa gaerTianeba ar momxdara da mTlianobaSi es iyo maTi
sisustis mizezi.
Zv.w. VII s-dan italiis sagareo politikas etruskebi warmar-
Tavdnen. adgilobrivi tomebi (maT Soris laTinebi) farTo
masStabis kontaqtebs ver wvdebodnen. maTi daqsaqsulobisa
da primitiulobis gamo etruskebs gauCndaT ambicia, daemyare-
binaT kontroli mTel naxevarkunZulze. etruskTa aRmavlobas
daemTxva berZnuli kolonizacia.italiis samxreT sanapiroe-
bi daifara elinuri axalSenebiT, romlebic mokle xanSi mniS-
vnelovan politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul centrebad
gadaiqcnen.
italiaSi berZnuli qalaqebis daarsebas saocari winaaRm-
degobiT xvdebodnen etruskebi. isini ar aZlevdnen moaxalSe-
neebs gavlenis sferos gafarToebis saSualebas. es iyo ZiriTa-
di mizezi imisa, rom etruskebis kontrols daqvemdebarebul
olqebSi berZenma moaxalSeneebma fexi ver moikides da iZule-
bulebi gaxdnen mimarTuleba SeecvalaT (aman ganapiroba ma-
saliisa da samxreT safrangeTis kolonizacia).
dapirispirebis miuxedavad, etruskebi farTod uRebdnen
141etruskebi da romaelebikars elinur kulturas. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom
berZnebisgan gadaiRes damwerloba. didia berZnuli gavlena
etruskul xelovnebaze (mxatvroba, qandakeba, samkaulebi).
mibaZvebisa da elinuri motivebis garda, gvxvdeba wminda ber-
Znuli nakeTobani. berZnuli xelosnobis nawarmiT mofenil-
ia mTeli etruria. cnobilia isic, rom berZeni xelosnebi
etruskul qalaqebSi qmnidnen aRniSnuli periodisaTvis pop-
ularul produqcias. berZnebis SeRwevam etruriaSi gaacxove-
la xelosnoba da vaWroba. gare samyarosTan savaWro siaxlove,
aRmosavluri warmomavlobis nivTebis simravle, ZiriTadad
berZnuli keramika, vazebi, vercxlis nakeTobani siriidan,
kviprosidan, finikiidan, spilos Zvali da xelovnebis sxva mra-
vali Sedevri moxatulia miTologiuri scenebiT. etruskul
qalaqebSi aRmoCenili nivTebi naTlad metyvelebs berZeni da
etruski vaWrebis sagareo kontaqtebze. xazgasmiT unda aRin-
iSnos maTi urTierToba karTagenelebTan.
karTageni warmoadgenda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi yvelaze
mnivnelovan sazRvao da savaWro saxelmwifos. karTagenelebi
saSuamavlo vaWrobis didostatebi iyvnen, erTmaneTTan akav-
Sirebdnen xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebs, agrZelebdnen finikiur
tradiciebs, awarmoebdnen pireneis naxevarkunZulis kolo-
nizacias, gadiodnen atlantis okeaneSi. mtkiced hqondaT
Caketili gibraltaris srute da berZnebs, rogorc mTavar
konkurentebs, ar aZlevdnen miaxloebis saSualebas. karTage-
nis umTavresi amocana iyo, xmelTaSua zRvis strategiuli
punqtebis xelSi Cagdeba. karTagenelebi ver urigdebodnen si-
ciliaSi berZnebis gabatonebas da etruskebTan kavSiriT cdi-
lobdnen maT gandevnas.
etruskebsa da karTagenelebs ekonomikuris garda politi-
kuri miznebic amoZravebdaT. berZenTa gaaqtiureba zRudavda,
rogorc karTagenelebis, ise etruskebis savaWro interesebs;
karTagenisas siciliaSi (romlis mitaceba misi mTavari oc-
neba iyo), xolo etruskebisas italiaSi. karTagenelebi ibr-
Zodnen siciliisTvis, etruskebi _ italiisTvis.
mokavSireebma yvelaze xelsayrel drod miiCnies qserqses
laSqroba saberZneTSi. maTi floti ganlagda himerasTan. br-
Zola moxda Zv.w. 480 wels (herodotes Tanaxmad, himerasa da
142 grani qavTariasalaminis brZola erT dRes gaimarTa). dasavleTis berZnebma
brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves da daicves saerTo elinuri
interesebi.
berZnebi agrZelebdnen etruriis kulturul eqspansias.
etruskebis istoriaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula romTan
urTierTobam. romma etruskebi im gzaze gadaiyvana, romelzec
TviTon idga. legendaruli epoqidan moyolebuli, romi
mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli Tavis uaxloes mezobelTan da
mterTan.
antikuri avtorebis Tanaxmad, adreuli romis istoria (mefe-
Ta xana) etruskebTan brZolebis istoriaa. ar aris safuZvels
moklebuli mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom romis ramdenime mefe,
maTi sakuTari saxelebidan gamomdinare: tarqvinius Zveli,
tarqvinius amayi,etruskebi iyvnen. etruskad moixsenieben wy-
aroebi servius tuliussac. etruskebis adrindeli istoria
ucnobia, magram arc romis istoriaSia yvelaferi naTeli.
antikuri avtorebi garkveviT aRniSnavdnen Tormeti etrusku-
li qalaqis arsebobas. sayuradReboa, am qalaqTa Soris ar ar-
sebobda pirveli, romelic saTaveSi Caudgeboda erTianobas.
wyaroebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileben etruriis
samxreTiT mdebare qalaqebze, radgan maT xSiri urTierToba
(umetesad saomari) uxdebodaT romTan. amitomaa, rom mefe-
Ta xanis romis istoriaSi farTod figurireben veis, ceres,
kluziumis, tarqviniusis mefeebi.
romis aRmavloba etruskTa Zlierebis xanaSi daiwyo. ro-
maelebis mTavar mtrebad etruskebi rCebodnen. yvela wyaro
miuTiTebs, rom taxtis dasabruneblad mebrZoli tarqvinius
amayis ZiriTadi mxardamWerebi etruskebi iyvnen. ismis kiTx-
va, etruskebs mefis taxtze dabruneba ainteresebdaT Tu sxva
miznebi amoZravebdaT? xom ar cdilobdnen gamoRviZebul romze
aRedginaT adrindeli gavlena? faqtia, rom etruskebi ar
cnobdnen romis damoukideblobas, mas ganixilavdnen sakuTar
nebas damorCilebul mouwesrigebel teritoriad, romelsac
ar gaaCnda damoukidebeli poziciis gamovlenis unari. romau-
li tradicia icnobs etruskebTan brZolis mraval epizods.
maT Soris dasaxelebulia aTwliani (Zv.w. 406-396 wlebi) omi
qalaq veisTan.romis armias meTaurobda diqtatori markus ka-
143etruskebi da romaelebimilusi.romaelebma gaimarjves da veis samflobeloebze kon-
troli daamyares.
etruskebisa da romaelebis brZolebze mravali legenda
Seiqmna. legendebi dganan romauli maxvilisa da gmiruli
SemarTebis samsaxurSi (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mucius scevolas
Tavganwirva, romelic maradiuli qalaqis ukvdav xatad iqca).
ramdenime seriozuli marcxis Semdeg etruskebma Sewyvites
brZola, rac niSnavda romis damoukideblobis aRiarebas.
samefo xelisuflebis damxobam da respublikuri wyobilebis
damyarebam arsebiTi gavlena moaxdina romauli saxelmwifos
saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobaze. daiwyo arsebiTad axali
periodi italiis istoriaSi. damoukideblobis mopovebisTa-
nave gamoikveTa romauli diplomatiis sayovelTaod cnobili
niSnebi, romelTa daxvewac saukuneTa manZilze mis upirate-
sobas warmoadgenda.
romaelebi garTulebul politikur situaciaSi, TavianTi
gegmebis Sesabamisad, iviwyebdnen mtrobas da gamodiodnen maTi
interesebis damcvelebad.
etruskebze upiratesobis mopvebas daemTxva axali mtris
gamoCena apeninis naxevarkunZulze. V s-Si galebma (keltebma)
gadmolaxes alpebi, daikaves CrdiloeT italia da Seudgnen
etruskebis Seviwroebas. antikuri avtorebis Tanaxmad, galeb-
ma alya Semoartyes etruskebis qalaq kluziums (Zv.w. 390 Tu
387 wels). romma elCoba gagzavna galebTan. molaparakeba
uSedegod damTavrda. romis elCebi ar Semoifarglnen misiiT
da brZolaSi Caebnen. diplomatebis es nabiji gaxda galebis
romze galaSqrebis sababi. galebma tibris Senakad alias na-
pirebTan daamarcxes romaelebi, mihyvnen damarcxebulebs, ai-
Res da gaZarcves qalaqi. galebis mier qalaqis aReba (alias
dRe) romaelTa xsovnaSi darCa, rogorc warsulis yvelaze
tragikuli furceli (aRniSnul faqtTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna
legenda batebis mier romis gadarCenasTn dakavSirebiT).
romis mier italiis dapyrobis procesi (Zv.w. V-III ss) ital-
iis mravalricxovan tomTa mkveTri winaaRmdegobis fonze
mimdinareobda. (TvalsaCinoebisTvis sakmarisia davasaxeloT
sami omi samnitebTan, berZnul polisebTan). italiur tomebs
araviTari saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigi ar gaaCndaT, romaul
144 grani qavTariaagresias ebrZodnen stiqiurad. damoukideblobisken ltolva
italikebSi romaul periodSic ramdenime saukune ar Camqra-
la, romi yovelTvis dampyrobelad hyavdaT miCneuli.
etruskebTan yvelaferi SebrunebiT moxda. maRali kul-
turiTa da saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigiT aRWurvili, saerTa-
Soriso asparezze angariSgasawevi Zala ucnobma romaelebma
ise Caferfles, rom maT qalaqTa nangrevebSi erTi naperwkali
ar gaRvivebula.hanibalis italiaSi laSqrobis dros, rode-
sac romis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi sasworze ido, arcerTi
etruskuli qalaqi karTagenis mxares ar gadasula.
etruskebisa da romaelebis urTierToba, antikuri avtorebis
informaciebis miuxedavad, burusiTaa moculi. sainteresoa
erTi realobis xazgasma,karTagen-etruskebis kavSirisa da
berZnebis dapirispirebisas romaelebi saerTod ar figuri-
rebdnen.
etruskebis daqveiTebas da romaelebis aRmavlobas ramden-
ime faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT
galebis gamoCena apeninis naxevarkunZulze.CrdiloeTidan gad-
mosulma tomebma seriozuli dartyma miayenes romsac, magram
mTavari simZime etruriam ganicada, romelsac mTeli ZaliT
daatyda barbarosi tomebis amaoxrebeli Semosevebi. galeb-
ma gadmolaxes ra alpebi da daikaves md. padusis (pos) sana-
piroebi, miadgnen etruskebis sazRvrebs. antikuri avtorebi
amis Sesaxeb fragmentulad mogviTxroben, magram faqtia, rom
etruskebis saomari potenciali galebma Seiwires. galebma
romaelebs gauTavisules samoqmedo asparezi. sisxlisgan da-
clili, gaZarculi da dasustebuli etruria aRmoCnda aRmav-
lobis gzaze mdgomi romis pirispir. galebis gamoCenis Semdeg,
etruskebi welSi veRar gaimarTnen (rac SeexebaT romaelebs,
maT male moiSuSes Zv.w. 390 Tu 387 wels miyenebuli Wriloba).
etruskebis dasustebaSi garkveuli wvlili miuZRviT dasav-
leTis berZnebsac. xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi mimdinare proceseb-
Si kargad informirebulma sicilielebma, rodesac dainaxes,
rom italiaSi maTma mTavarma konkutentebma adrindeli Zal-
mosileba dakarges, daiwyes aqtiuri moqmedeba. sicilielTa
laSqrobas saTaveSi edga sirakuzis tirani dionise. Zv.w. 384
wels berZenTa flotma gaanadgura italiis sanapiroebi, aiRo
145etruskebi da romaelebida nangrevebad aqcia ceres porti pigri. sagareo faqtorebma
etruriis poziciebis dasusteba daaCqara da brZolis velze
movlenebs romaelebi warmarTavdnen. etruskebisa da ro-
maelebis dapirispirebis bolo etapze adgili hqonda sao-
car daundoblobas erTmaneTis mimarT.titus liviuss aRwer-
ili aqvs Semzaravi scenebi, romlebSic adamianis sicocxle
gaTanabrebulia usulo arsebebTan. faqtis damadastureblad
mematianes motanili aqvs brZolebi romsa da tarqviniuss So-
ris. brZolebi xangrZlivi da mZime iyo orive mxarisaTvis. da-
pirispirebisas gamovlinda omis kanonebis sruli uaryofa. ro-
maelebis gansakuTrebuli gaRizianeba da gaafTreba gamoiwvia
tyveebisadmi araadamianuri sisastikiT mopyrobam. etruskebma
samasze meti tyve romaeli msxverplad Seswires TavianT Rmer-
Tebs. ramdenime wlis Semdeg msgavsi ukeTuri qmedeba Caidines
romaelebmac.
gamarjvebis saswori romis mxares iyo gadaxrili. etruskebs
aRsasruli uaxlovdeboda. imedgadawurulni ukanaskneli
gabrZolebisTvis emzadebodnen. gadarCenis gzebis Ziebam
etruskebi TavianT Zvel mtrebTan, berZnebTanac ki miiyvana.
maT kavSiri gaabes siciliasTan,romelic eomeboda karTagens.
berZnebTan kavSirs Sedegi ar mohyolia. berZen-karTagenelTa
konfliqtSi CarTviT etruskebma moikveTes karTagenisken mima-
vali gzebi. apeninis naxevarkunZulze darCa ori dapirispire-
buli Zala.
romaelebs sruli upiratesoba hqondaT mopovebuli xmele-
Tze. zRvis sanapiro zols etruskebis floti flobda, magram
romma am upiratesobasac mouRo bolo.
Zv.w. III s-is dasawyisSi etruskebi SeukavSirdnen galebs da
romauli politikiT ukmayofilo italiel tomebs. ganwiru-
lis ukanasknel gabrZolebas Sedegi ar mohyolia. gamarjve-
bebiT ganebivrebulma romis legionebisagan Sedgenili ko-
aliciuri laSqari apeninis naxevarkunZulis umetesi nawilis
erTpirovnuli mflobeli gaxda. etruskebma brZoliT datoves
asparezi. ukanasknneli etruskuli qalaqi volsini romaeleb-
ma aiRes Zv.w. 265 wels. damTavrda etruskebis mravalsauku-
novani istoria. etruskebTan brZolaSi damtkicda romauli
samxedro organizaciis upiratesoba, romelmac sruliad
146 grani qavTariagaanadgura winamorbedTa samxedro Zalebi.
etruskebis mzis Casveneba da romauli varskvlavis amobrwy-
ineba erTdroulad moxda. etruskebTan erTad romma,xangrZlivi
brZolebiT, Tavis Zalauflebas daumorCila italiis mraval-
ricxovani tomi da maRalkulturosani elinuri polisebi.
mTeli naxevarkunZuli romis saxelmwifod Camoyalibda.
etruriis dapyrobis kvaldakval daiwyo misi nayofieri
miwebis mitaceba.farTod amuSavda romauli sakolonizacio
sistema. etruskul qalaqebSi mravlad Casaxldnen romis mo-
qalaqeebi. laTinurad molaparake mosaxleobis ricxvis gaz-
rdam ganapiroba etruskuli enis funqciebis Seviwroeba da
droTa ganmavlobaSi misi gandevna xmarebidan. etruskuli qa-
laqebi gadaiqcnen romaulad.
saurTierTobo enad laTinuris damkvidrebam daaCqara
etruskebis romanizacia. mSobliur enasTan kavSiris gawyvetam
pirdapiri zemoqmedeba moaxdina sakuTari qveynis warsulis
daviwyebaze.etruskebis romanizacia imdenad Rrmad warimar-
Ta, rom etruskebs ax.w. I s-Si sakuTari qveynis istoriasTan
kavSiri TiTqmis gawyvetili hqondaT da Tavs romaelebad Tv-
lidnen. romauli periodis romanizebul etruskebs mcdelo-
bac ki ar hqoniaT, daeweraT mSobliuri qveynis istoria (Zvel
samyaroSi amis saukeTeso damadasturebelia maneTonisa da
berosis istoriebi (egviptisa da babilonis). ramdenad karg
mdgomareobaSi iqneboda etruskologia, maneTonis da berosis
interesebis mqone etrusks rom ecxovra Zv.w. I s-Si).
aRsaniSnavia erTi mniSvnelovani movlena, meore punikuri
omis dros (Zv.w. 218-201) hanibalma mowodebiT mimarTa ital-
iaSi mcxovreb xalxebs, gaerTianebuli ZaliT ebrZolaT dampy-
robeli romaelebis winaaRmdeg. galebi da ramdenime itali-
uri tomi gadavidnen hanibalis mxareze. etruskebma TavianTi
istoriuli mokavSireebis,karTagenelebis, mxardaWeraze uari
ganacxades.
etruskebi kulturiTa da ekonomikuri cxovrebis doniT
romze maRla idgnen. maTi gavlena moicavda sazogadoebrivi
yofis farTo sferos. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom berZnuli
damwerloba etruskebis gavliT damkvidrda romSi. romaulma
xelovnebam berZnulze adre etruskulis gavlena ganicada.
147etruskebi da romaelebimsoflioSi gavrcelelebuli mravali sityva etruskuli-
dan momdinareobs. varaudoben, rom sityva tirani, romelic
homeross naxsenebi ar aqvs, berZnulSi Sesulia etrusku-
lidan (Tu lidiuridan ?). etruskebisgan isesxes laTineb-
ma lukumoni. cnobilia, rom etruskuli da berZnuli enebi
amdidrebdnen laTinurs da amkvidrebdnen saerTaSoriso as-
parezze. etruskuli da berZnuli sityvebi romis istoriis
gariJraJze damkvidrda da Seesisxlxorca msoflios momavali
mpyrobelebis bunebas. romaelebma popularuli gladiato-
rebis brZolebi etruskebisgan memkvidreobiT miiRes.sadavod
ar migvaCnia, rom gamarjvebuli romaelebi farTod uRebdnen
kars berZnul-etruskul kulturas.
romauli maxvilis qveS moqceuli etruskebi droTa dine-
baSi Seurigdnen beds, gawyvites kavSiri sakuTar fesvebTan da
SeuerTdnen msoflios mpyrobelebs. romanizebuli etruskebi
mkrTalad sCanan romis politikur cxovrebaSi. erTaderT gam-
onakliss warmoadgens imperiis dasawyisis romauli didmpy-
robeluri politikis aqtiuri ideologi, kulturis Tval-
saCino figura gaius cilnius mecenati (Zv.w. daaxl. 74 _ 8).
oqros saukunis romauli literatura warmoudgenelia me-
cenatis rolis gareSe (da ara marto literatura).
etruskuli warmomavlobis romaeli aristokrati gaius
cilnius mecenati Zv.w. I s-is ganaTlebuli romaelis tipu-
ri warmomadgenelia. Cans, misma winaprebma romanizacia adre
ganicades da mecenatis saxiT,antikurobam miiRo romauli
didebis mexotbe, romlis saqmianobaSi araromaelis kvali
saerTod ar SeimCneva.
mecenati asparezze gamovida romis samoqalaqo omebis da-
mamTavrebel etapze. es iyo Zveli msoflios istoriis sisx-
lisRvriT gamorCeuli epoqa. epoqa, romlis ConCxi gamokveTa
genialurma iulius cezarma, xolo xorci Seasxa misma naS-
vilebma (diswulis Svilma) oqtaviane avgustusma.
patara italiuri qalaqis interesTa moTxovniT Seqmnili
mmarTvelobis respublikuri sistema ver pasuxobda msoflio
saxelmwifos winaSe dasmul amocanebs.xmelTaSua zRvis auz-
ze gabatonebam naTeli gaxada respublikuri mmarTvelobis
formebis ukmarisoba. romauli saxelmwifos momaval bedze
148 grani qavTariapirveli gamosvla dakavSirebulia grakxusebis saxelTan.
grakxusebi damarcxdnen.
lucius kornelius sulas diqtaturam respublika miwasTan
gaaswora, magram gadadgomiT sicocxle SeunarCuna.
gaius iulius cezarma respublikas momakvdinebeli laxvari
Casca. misma diqtaturam arsebiTad daamTavra misi arseboba.
cezaris erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas respublikis damcveleb-
ma teroriT upasuxes, magram micvalebulis gacocxlebas
sisxlis mdinareebmac ver uSvela. cezari mokles SeTqmuleb-
ma. misi anderZiT memkvidrem,axalgazda gaius iulius oqta-
vianem, saocari sibrZniT da windaxedulobiT gaagrZela
didi winamorbedis ideebi da romis Zlevamosili saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis axal formaze gadaiyvana, Tumca garegnulad re-
spublikuri samkaulebi SeunarCuna.
iulius cezars didebis Saravandedi Seuqmna galiis omebma,
uZlevelad miCneuli pompeus didis damarcxebam da mravali
brZolis brwyinvaled warmarTvam.
oqtavianes biografiaSi sabrZolo efeqtebi ar figuri-
rebdnen. misi mTavarsardlobiT warmarTuli brZola wyaroe-
bSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. am mxriv misi cezarTan Sedare-
ba SeuZlebelia, magram oqtavianes gaaCnda iseTi Rirsebebi,
romlebiTac aRemateboda Tavis did maswavlebelsa da gzis
gamkvalavs. avgustusi flobda unars qveSevrdomebSi gamoer-
Cia calkeuli dargis mcodneni da xeli Seewyo maTTvis, ekeTe-
binaT is, rac icodnen. avgustusis dasayrdens warmoadgenda
armia, romelsac saTaveSi edgnen samxedro xelovnebaSi gan-
swavluli pirebi. maT SerCevaSi avgustusi Seudarebeli iyo
da am alRom didad Seuwyo xeli gamarjvebis mopovebaSi.
ra programa hqonda cezars, ucnobia. am fonze oqtaviane
warmogvidgeba farTo masStabis dinj saxelmwifo moRvawed
(misi devizi iyo: „iCqare nela“), romelmac romi axal si-
maRleze aiyvana da safuZveli daudo uzarmazari imperiis
marTva-gamgeobis formas, principats, garegnulad respubli-
kurs, SinaarsiT monarqiuls. principati, mravali uaryofiTi
gadaxris miuxedavad, sami saukune arsebobda romSi.
avgustusi mkacric iyo da samarTlianic. politikuri mowi-
naaRmdegeebis mimarT iCenda ukidures sisastikes (Tumca `saq-
149etruskebi da romaelebimenSi~ xazgasmiT aqvs miTiTebuli, rom damnaSaveTa mimarT
iCenda lmobierebas). meore triumviratis TavaSvebulma mZvin-
varebam uamravi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira; maT Soris, ro-
mauli azrovnebisa da oratoruli xelovnebis mSveneba markus
tulius ciceroni.avgustusi cdilobda mis Svelas, magram
ver SeZlo.
oqtaviane Zv.w. 31 wels markus antoniusis tragikuli aRsas-
rulis Semdeg romis erTpirovnuli gamgebeli gaxda da Seudga
samoqalaqo omebiT dangreuli qveynis aRdgenas. gamarjvebul-
ma oqtavianem diplomatiuri TavdaWerilobiT moxibla ZmaTam-
kvlel sisxlisRvrebs gadarCenili romaeli aristokratebi.
“maradiul qalaqSi“ triumfiT Sesuli, mokrZalebuli titu-
liT, „pirveli senatori“ (Princeps senates), dakmayofilda.re-
spublikur romSi pirveli senatori ganmasxvavebel niSnebs
atarebda. oqtavianes moqmedeba warmoadgenda Wkvianurad mo-
fiqrebul nabijs, rom ar gaeRizianebina naomari romaelebi,
romelTac simSvides pirdeboda.amave dros, senatorebma icod-
nen, rom oqtavianes ukan uzamazari armia idga. amitom umaR-
lesi xelisufalis survils Seupasuxeblad akmayofilebdnen.
amas mohyva oqtavianes religiur, samxedro titulaturaTa
kaskadi: umaRlesi qurumi, RvTaebrivi, samSoblos mama; mis
xelSi iyo samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisufleba, iTvleboda
mudmiv konsulad da tribunad.
imdroindeli literaturul-filosofiuri ideebis Rrma
codniT aRWurvil oqtavianes mravali ganaTlebuli megobari
edga gverdiT, romelTa rCevebs didi yuradRebiT epyroboda.
samecniero literaturaSi aseT pirebad dasaxelebuli arian:
valerius mesala korvini, misi Txzulebebidan araferia moR-
weuli; asinius polioni, mravali literaturuli da saisto-
rio Sinaarsis naSromis avtori, misi Txzulebebic dakargu-
lia; mesame piri iyo gaius cilnius mecenati.
imperatoris saganmanaTleblo politika romauli kul-
turisa da azrovnebis yvela sferos moicavda. gansakuTrebiT
didi aRmavloba ganicada literaturam. avgustusis peri-
odis romauli poezia dResac sayovelTao mowonebas imsax-
urebs (svetoniusis Tanaxmad, imperatoric werda leqsebsa
prozaul Txzulebebs. fragmentebi moRweulia). principatis
150 grani qavTariaistoriisaTvis upirveles wyaros warmoadgens oqtavianes
„saqmeni~, romelSic moTxrobilia yovelive imis Sesaxeb, rac
`samSoblos mamam“ gaakeTa qveynis sakeTildReod. „saqmenis“
teqstidan kargad Cans, raoden daxvewili literatori iyo
misi avtori.
oqtavianes garSemo Semokrebil ganaTlebul personaTa Soris
gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava literaturisa da xelovnebis
aRiarebul mfarvels, gaius cilnius mecenats (romanizebul
etrusks).
cnobebi mecenatis Sesaxeb fragmentuladaa moRweuli.an-
tikuri avtorebi ZiriTadad msjeloben romael poetebTan mis
urTierTobaze. magram arsebobs fragmentebi, wminda politi-
kuri datvirTvis Semcveli teqstebiT, romlebSic kargad Cans
misi damsaxureba romauli saxelmwifos winaSe.
mecenati romis istoriis mRelvare epoqaSi cxovrobda. es
iyo epoqa, rodesac orad gaTiSuli romaelebi daundoblad
Rvridnen erTmaneTis sisxls da es ukeTuroba did gmiro-
bad da patriotobad saRdeboda. mecenati asparezze gamovida
respublikisa da imperiis dapirispirebis yvelaze daZabul
etapze. romi omebSi iyo CarTuli. omi iyo qveynis SigniTac da
qveynis gareTac.
mecenati iyo didi romaelebis Tanamedrove (ciceroni,
cezari, oqtaviane avgustusi, vergiliusi, horaciusi, ovid-
iusi) da CarTuli iyo aqtiur politikur cxovrebaSi. mas
Tavidanve hqonda gansazRvruli barieris romel mxares dam-
dgariyo da mTeli sicocxle mis msaxurebaSi gaatara; igi
monarqistuli ideebis erTguli iyo da aseTad darCa.
mecenati gavlenian romaelTa Soris gamonaklisia. igi uy-
oymanod dadga axalgazrda oqtavianes gverdiT. wyaroebSi
xazgasmulia, rom mecenati saxelisuflo Tanamdebobis da-
kavebis gareSe warmarTavda romaul sulierebas. avgustusTan
megobroba iyo is ganZi, romlis wyalobiTac igi udidesi av-
toritetiT sargeblobda. mis gavlenas gansakuTrebiT zrdi-
da is faqti, rom xSirad uxdeboda avgustusis mniSvnelovan
davalebaTa Sesruleba, xelmZRvanelobda diplomatiur mis-
iebs, awarmoebda molaparakebebs avgustusTan dapirispirebul
politikur ZalebTan.
151etruskebi da romaelebi mecenatis avtoritetets emsaxureba kornelius tacitusis
Txroba. ̀ analebSi~ igi iwers, krispusi iyo romis saxelovani
istorikosis salustius krispusis dis SviliSvili, romelic
iSvila da misca Tavisi saxeli. krispuss gza xsnili hqonda
maRali magistraturebisken, magram gahyva mecenatis kvals da
miaRwia iseT gavlenas, rom aRemateboda mraval konsuls da
triumfgadaxdils. masSi imaleboda didi sulieri Zala im-
isaTvis, rom gadaeWra mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.
tacitusis gadmocemiT, avgustuss ori megobari hyavda, vip-
sanius agripa, brZolis velisaTvis da gaius mecenati, aranak-
leb sapasuxisbgeblo saqmeebis mrCevlad. am asparezma mou-
tana mecenats imperatoris ndoba da avtoriteti.
oqtavianesa da antoniusis dapirispirebis dros, maT Soris
molaparakebas mecenati warmarTavda (erTi aseTi Sexvedris
Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdis horaciusi, romelic misiis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda).
cnobilia, rom avgustuss iulius cezarisgan gansxvavebiT,
samxedro saqmeSi sakmaod mdare monacemebi gaaCnda. Tavis sust
mxares kargad grZnobda da arcerT seriozul saomar opera-
cias saTaveSi ar Cadgomia.aRniSnuli sfero mindobili hqonda
mis megobars da siZes agripas. am naklis miuxedavad, avgustusi
Seudarebeli diplomati da qveynis administraciuli mowyo-
bis didostati iyo. mas politikuri azrovnebis sul sxva ta-
lanti gaaCnda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs imperatoris mier ital-
iaSi gatarebuli reforma, romelmac udidesi roli Seasrula
imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis istoriaSi.
oqtavianem calkeul tomebad dayofili italia romauli
gaxada. misi gegmis mixedviT, msoflio imperias unda Seeqmna
mTavari dasayrdeni da es roli unda SeesrulebinaT ital-
ielebs. dion kasiosis Tanaxmad, reformis ideis avtori iyo
mecenati. reforma iTvaliswinebda italiis dayofas TerTmet
regionad. italiaSi mcxovrebi yvela araromaeli cxaddeboda
romis moqalaqed (savaldebulo iyo laTinuri enis codna).
italiis rigiT mcxovrebs unda erwmuna, rom misi samSoblo
iyo romis imperia da igi cxaddeboda am imperiis moqalaqed.
reformis mizani iyo romanizaciis procesis dasruleba.
ufro zusti iqneba Tu vityviT, es iyo italiis mravalerovani
152 grani qavTariamosaxleobis romanizaciis programa SemuSavebuli araromae-
lis (mecenatis) mier imperatoris aqtiuri TanadgomiT (avgus-
tusis droindel italiaSi, italikebis garda cxovrobdnen
xmelTaSua zRvis auzis sxva xalxebic.mravali berZeni da
finikieli inarCunebda mSobliur enas siciliaSi. finikiele-
bi iyvnen agreTve sardiniasa da korsikaze. berZnebma ena di-
okletianes epoqamde SeinarCunes. am faqts Tavisi axsna aqvs.
berZnuli romSi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis enad iTvleboda).
mecenatisa da oqtavianes axlo megobrobis damadasturebe-
li mravali faqti arsebobs. svetoniuss daculi aqvs cno-
ba, romlis Tanaxmad, imperatori avadmyofobisas yovelTvis
arCevda, yofiliyo mecenatis saxlSi,eskvilinumze (romelic
garSemortymuli iyo SesaniSnavi baRebiT).
mecenati erTaderTia romis istoriaSi, romelsac Tanamde-
boba ar ekava, magram imperatorze zemoqmedebiT mraval maRal-
Cinosans aRemateboda. iyo niWieri kariskaci da icoda, sad ra
unda eTqva da ra gaekeTebina.am gziT miiqcia man imperatoris
yuradReba, romelic bolomde SeinarCuna.cnobilia, rom moR-
vaweobis adreul etapze oqtavianem uzarmazari ZalmosilebiT
aRWurva, magram Seasrula ra droebiT dakisrebuli funqcia,
uari ganacxada am sferoSi saqmianobaze da imperatoris sa-
gangebo davalebebis SesrulebiT Semoifargleboda.
mecenatma saxeli da dideba moixveWa literaturisa da xe-
lovnebisadmi gamoxatuli siyvaruliTa da mzrunvelobiT.
mecenatis Tanamedroveni iyvnen romauli azrovnebisa da mw-
erlobis gigantebi: ciceroni da cezari. politikur saqmi-
anobas CamoSorebuli mecenati kulturisa da literaturis
sferos ganviTarebas Caudga saTaveSi. mis garSemo Camoyalibda
berZnul-romauli poeziis TayvanismcemelTa mozrdili jgu-
fi, romelic literaturis istoriaSi mecenatis wris saxel-
iTaa cnobili.
Zv.w. I s-is meore naxevari iyo RvTaebrivi niWiT dajildoebul
poetTa epoqa (vergiliusi, horaciusi, ovidiusi), mecenatis
roli rom ara, bevri poeti miRweul didebas ver moipovebda.
oqtavianes msgavsad, leqsebs werda mecenatic. misi liter-
aturuli Semoqmedebidan araferia moRweuli, magram anti-
kuri avtorebis kritikul gamonaTqvamebs Tu vendobiT, sxvaTa
153etruskebi da romaelebiTxzulebebis RirsebaTa brwyinvale Semfasebeli sakuTari
SemoqmedebiT ver daitrabaxebda. am naklis miuxedavad, ar
Surda sxvebis warmateba. mas gaaCnda unari, SeemCnia poeturi
niWiT dajildoebuli ucnobi personebi. daxmareboda maT gzis
gakvalvaSi(zogjer finansuradac). gaweul qvelmoqmedebaTa
gamo, misi saxeli istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc literaturis,
xelovnebisa da mecnierebis mfarvelisa.
mecenati epoqis Svili iyo. wesrigi, romelic avgustusma
Camoayaliba da daakanona, mis politikur Sexedulebebs See-
sabameboda. monarqiis erTguli msaxuri energiulad iRvwo-
da imisTvis, rom romauli literaturis centrSi RvTae-
brivi avgustusi mdgariyo. misiis mxatvrulad gamoxatva,
xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan gansxvavebiT, SeeZlo poezias da
imdroindelma didma poetebma uzarmazari xarki gadauxades
epoqis moTxovnebs. Seiqmna saxotbo poeziis mravali Sedevri,
romlis ideologiur wamxaliseblad mecenati unda miviCnioT.
amis naTeli damadasturebelia is faqti, rom „oqros sauku-
nis~ poetebi avgustusis gverdiT xSirad uZRvnidnen leqsebs
mecenatsac.
„oqros saukunis“ udidesi poeti publius vergilius ma-
roni (Zv.w. 70-19) mecenats uaxloes megobrad da mfarvelad
miiCnevda. siaxlovis mravali faqti daculi aris poetis Tx-
zulebebSi. vergiliusis uzarmazari memkvidreobidan gamo-
hyofen sams:“bukolikebi“,“georgikebi“, „eneida“. poetma „geor-
gikebi“ miuZRvna mecenats. vergiliusi poemaSi gvauwyebs, rom
Txzuleba dawera mecenatis davalebiT, igi TiTqmis Tanaavto-
radac ki gamohyavs. svetoniuss daculi aqvs aseTi epizodi:
aqciumis brZolaSi gamarjvebidan dabrunebul avgustuss, sami
dRe Seusveneblad ukiTxavda vergiliusi „georgikebs“, roca
daiRala da xma dakarga, kiTxva gaagrZela mecenatma. „geor-
gikebSi“ gamokveTilad aris daxatuli patriotuli ideebis
upirvelesi daniSnuleba. misi azriT, samSoblos dasayrdeni
aris miwaTmoqmedi, romelic xnavs miwas da mohyavs mosavali.
analogiuri ideebis gaRrmavebisken mouwodebda oqtaviane av-
gustusi.
romauli poeziis mwvervali „eneida“ uSualod impera-
toris dakveTiT aris dawerili. poetma gaaRrmava miTi iu-
154 grani qavTarialiusebis gvarisa da romaelebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb
.“eneida“datvirTulia berZnul-romauli legendarul-lit-
eraturuli motivebiT. es aris ganaTlebuli romaelis war-
modgeniT Seqmnili warsulis suraTebis poeturi asaxva (ver-
giliusi antikur avtorebs homerosis donis poetad hyavdaT
warmodgenili).
vergiliusisa da avgustusis miznebi gansxvavebuli iyo.
aRniSnaven, rom vergiliusi dakveTas didi xalisiT ar Sex-
vedria, magram faqtia, rom imperatoris surviliT Seiqmna
msoflio literaturis mSveneba da am gamarjvebaSi mecenatis
rolic unda vigulisxmoT (dakveTiT rom mravali nawarmoebia
Seqmnili, kargadaa cnobili msoflio literaturaSi).
mecenatisa da vergiliusis axlo urTierTobis damadasture-
belia poetis anderZi. svetoniusis Tanaxmad, vergiliusma Ta-
visi qonebis meTormetedi mecenats dautova. vergiliusisa da
mecenatis megobrobam da oqtavianes keTilganwyobam udidesi
roli Seasrula „oqros saukunis“ poeziis ayvavebaSi.
„oqros saukunis“ meore didi poeti iyo kvintus hora-
cius flakusi (Zv.w. 65_8). horaciusis aRmomCenad antikuri
tradicia Tvlis vergiliussa da variuss, romlebmac Zv.w. 38
wels SeamCnies igi da warudgines TavianT mfarvel mecenats.
axalgazrda horaciuss SesaniSnavi ganaTleba hqonda miRebu-
li aTenSi. leqsebs werda berZnuladac.
filipTan cezaris winaaRmdeg mebrZolma horaciusma uari
Tqva Tavis respublikur ideebze da mecenatis gavleniT aqtiu-
rad Cadga avgustusis mexotbeTa rigebSi. horaciusi iyo lib-
ertinis Svili. mecenatis daxmarebiT brwyinvale warmateba
moipova da „oqros saukunis“ poetebis mSvenebad gadaiqca.
mecenati zrunavda horaciusis piradi cxovrebis mowyo-
baze. cnobilia, rom mecenatma mas saCuqrad gadasca sak-
maod mozrdili vila. horaciusi Tan axlda mecenats
brundiziumSi,rodesac igi molaparakebas awarmoebda markus
antoniusTan. mgzavrobisa da molaparakebis siZneleebze
moTxrobili aqvs poets.
vergiliusis gardacvalebis Semdeg romauli poeziis
„mefe“poeti iyo horaciusi. amitom bunebrivia, rom qalaqis
daarsebisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo himnis dawera avgustus-
155etruskebi da romaelebima horaciuss daavala. davaleba poetma SesaniSnavad Seasrula.
himniT horaciusma ganimtkica mfarvelTa keTilganwyoba da
misma poeturma didebam ramdenime safexuriT aiwia maRla.
horaciusi maRalfardovani sityvebiT mimarTavda Tavis mfarve-
lebs: mecenatsa da avgustuss. poeti ar erideboda TvalTmaq-
cobas. mliqvnelobas moiTxovda imperiis msaxurebis etiketi.
horaciusi da mecenati gardaicvalnen Zv.w. 8 wels. sveto-
niusi wers,horaciusi gardaicvala mecenatis sikvdilidan
59 dRis Semdeg. dakrZales mecenatis gverdiT eskvilinumze.
„oqros saukunis“ mesame didi poeti iyo publius ovidius
nazoni (Zv.w. 43 _ ax.w. 18). igi tragikuli bediT gansxvavde-
boda mecenatis wris ganebivrebuli panegirikosebisgan. saeWvo
ar aris, rom ovidiusi ar emxroboda mecenatis wris lit-
eraturul mimarTulebas. Sors idga imperatoris RvTaebrivi
niSnebiT Semkobisgan. nazonis gansxvavebuli xedva miuRebeli
iyo avgustusis politikisTvis da amis gamo ver miiRebda me-
cenatic. SeuTanxmebloba gabatonebul ideologiasa da Ta-
visufal azrs Soris gaxda nazonis samudamo gadasaxlebis
mizezi. varaudis doneze SeiZleba iTqvas, mecenats rom ecocx-
la, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom igi miaRwevda avgustusis
gulis molbobas da poetis gaTavisuflebas, an mdgomareo-
bis Semsubuqebas. ra danaSauli Caidina ovidiusma, ucnobia.
zogierTebi danaSaulad miiCneven dapirispirebas mecenatis
wresTan, romelic aidealebda avgustusis saxels. meore ver-
siiT, poeti Seewira sasaxlis intrigebs. imdroindel romSi
ovidius nazonis dasacavad xma aravis dauZravs (mecenati gar-
dacvlili iyo, romelsac SeeZlo tvirTis Semsubuqebac da
damZimebac), misTvis veravin moicala da sasjels avgustusis
gardacvalebis Semdegac ixdida.
ovidiusis sikvdiliT Caqra „oqros saukunis“ didi sameu-
lis ukanaskneli varskvlavi. ver vityviT, rom ovidiusze
risxvis damtexi ver erkveoda poetis sidideSi, magram surda,
es sidide Tavis morCilebaSi Caeyenebina.
avgustusis momdevno cezarebma literaturas saerTod amo-
acales suli da momakvdavis mdgomareobaSi ganusazRvres sao-
crad Sekvecili asparezi.
romauli samyaro kacTmoZuleobis epoqaSi Sevida. sisxlis
156 grani qavTariamdinareebis adidebam literaturisa da mSvenierebis Tay-
vaniscemis xati daamsxvria da meore rigSi gadaisrola. didi
romauli poezia warsulis sakuTreba gaxda da rCeulTa vi-
wro wreSi hpova TavSesafari. romSi aRar darCa adgili hora-
ciusis „odebisa“ da ovidiusis „siyvarulis xelovnebisTvis“.
es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos muzebma uari Tqves „maradi-
uli qalaqis“ msaxurebaze, magram simaRle, romelsac adgili
hqonda avgustusis epoqaSi, darCa“oqros saukunis“ poeziis
tkbil mogonebad. romSi moxda saocreba, romlis warmmarTve-
li iyo saSualo donis poeti, etruskebis mefeTa STamoma-
vali, gaius cilnius mecenati.
marTalia, mecenati ar gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli Semoq-
medebiTi monacemebiT, magram, rogorc vTqviT, mas sxva unari
hqonda: gaaCnda daxvewili kariskacis niWi, romelmac icoda,
sad unda eTqva da sad gaCerebuliyo. am unaris wyalobiT Sein-
arCuna man saxeli da dideba.rom ar yofiliyo mecenati, ad-
vili SesaZlebelia, rom arc romauli literaturis mravali
Sedevri Seqmniliyo. am kuTxiT igi msoflio literaturaSi
uiSviaTesi movlenaa da amitomac iqca misi saxeli poeziis
mfarvelis kognomenad.
b i b l i o g r a f i a
sanikiZe l., antikuri qveynebis istoria (punikuri omebi),
1965.
qavTaria g., hanibali, 1979.
wereTeli al., Zveli romi,1957.
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