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Gewalt und Krieg Konflikt und Frieden
Violence
and WarConflict
and Peace
nasilje
in vojnakonflikt
in mir
violenza
e guerraConflitto
e pace
Werner WintersteinerUniversität Klagenfurt
Hard to imagine peace?
Is this a world of peace?
Is peace really a world …
in perfect
harmony?without
any
conflict?
Is
conflict
only
bad?Is
harmony
always
good?
The
ideal:A nonviolent
society, not
a conflict
free
society!
Conflicts
Necessary
element
of our
lifecan
be
negative or
positive
negative is
violent
way of dealing
with conflict
non violent
conflict
transformationdemocracy
= institutionalising
conflict
transformation
The meanings of violence
DistinguishviolenceviolenzanasiljeGewalt
powerpoteremoč,
sila, oblast
Macht
Three major forms of violence (Johan Galtung)
direct
violence
structural
violence
cultural
violence
War as the extreme form of violent conflict
What
is
war?
Picasso: War and Peace
A classic definition of war
organised, violent
conflict
with
use
of weaponsbetween
states
(state
war) resp.
between
social
groups
of the population
of a state
(civil war)
a certain
length
and durationa certain
degree
of victims
Historic change of war
Forms
of war depend
on purposes, social
relationships, technical
standards
“War is
not
merely
a political
act, but also a real political
instrument, a
continuation
of political
commerce, a carrying
out of the
same
by
other
means“Von Clausewitz
War among
states: preconditions
Since
1648 (Peace
of Westphalia)For the
first
time: The
sovereign
rules
over
a geographically
delimited
territoryState monopoly
of warfare
War as a legal status
between
states: „inter pacem
et bellum
nihil
est
medium“
(Grotius)Enemy
as „iustus
hostis“
War among states I
„Diplomatic wars“
(„Kabinettskriege“) 18th
C. (instead
of disastrous
wars
of 17th
C.)„Gehegter Krieg“
= fostered
and
contained
warStanding armies
–
professional
military
cultureBarracks as „schools
of the
nation“
War among states II
Republican people‘s war („Volkskrieg“) since
French Revolution
„democratized“
war (levée
en masse)Militarisation
of society
National enthusiam
as resource
in war= background
of Napoleon‘s
success
War among states III
Total war (concept
of Ludendorff) Racial-national
justification: next
war
(after
WW I) will be
the
war for
national survivalCensorship
and police
for
„inner peace“
Centralisation
of power; president
= highest
commander
War of aggression
as apokalyptic
„final battle“
Nuclear war
A new
kind
of war?Still a kind
of war?
The
end (= impossibility) of war?„Is
the
frightening
threat
of today
just a
war? Can
we
still call
it
war? After the total annihilation
there
will be
nobody
left
to lament
or
to start again.“Austrian cardinal König
The nuclear threat
The
nuclear
danger
can
just be contained, but
never
be
canceled
„The
possibility
of our
final annihilation
is the
final annihilation
of
our
possibilities“(Günther Anders)
Civil war
„intrastate“
war„violent
conflict,
no international character“long
lasting, massively
violent
action,
strategically
planned
by
organisationsbasically
in „weak
states“, failed
states
Two
thirds
of all armed
conflicts
after 1945 are
civil wars
Guerrilla war
Archetype of violent
conflictsAsymmetric
power
constellation
Unconventional
warfare: not
abolition of the
enemy, but
breaking
its
political
willPartisan war; guerrilla-tactic, terrorirregular
forces
–
mixed
up with
civilians
„New wars“
Reprivatisationof violence
Asymmetric
warsUnpolitical
wars: robbery
Barbarisation
of violent
actionsIdentity
politics
Retrograde ideologies
–
post-modern character
of war
„Armament mania“
Doubling
military
budgets 1997-2007
2007: + 6% to 858 Mrd
€USA 350 Mrd
€
EU (25) 160 Mrd
€
= Russia, China, Middle
East,
Africa
& Latin Americadesaster
of armament
control
War as a business
The
biggest
export
nationsEurope 7.821 mill. U$ USA 7.101 mill. U$Russia
5.771 mill. U$
Quelle: SIPRI 2006
The military expenses of the industrial states are higher then the foreign depths of all developping countries together
Nuclear armament
10.200 nuclear
warheads8 states: USA, Russia, China, England, France, India, Pakistan, IsraelPreventive
strikes
> wish
of nuclear
armament
in order to protect
themselvesRisk
of proliferation
into
potentially
dangerous
hands
A new
attempt
to abolish
nuclear
weapons
Achieving the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons will require effective measures to impede or counter any nuclear-related conduct that is potentially threatening to the security of any state or peoples.
Henry A. Kissinger, Sam Nunn, William J. Perry,George P. Shultz, 2007
Barbarisation of war
World War I85-90% victims
=
soldiers
Source: Emergency
( 2005)
Today85-90% victims
=
civiliansAfrica
today
7 % victims = soldiers93 % victims = civilians35 % victimes = children
Privatisation
of War
PMCs
(Private Military Companies): Blackwater
Private-Public-PartnershipRumsfeld
Doctrine
A very
dynamic
business: 2/3 of US- secret
service
spending
for
private firms
They are allowed to do what regular forces are not allowed!
Without
legal or
democratic
control
„War“ against terror?
Is
WAR an appropriate
term?Is
this
a kind
of counter-terror?
Geostrategic
aims
under
the
pretext
of fighting
against
terror
A today‘s war balance
1990 -2003: 4 million
wardeads, 90 % civilians
18 million
refugeesConsequences: poverty
and illness
3 billion
people
(more
than
50% of humanity
) less
than2.-
€/day
45 million
deads/year
by
hunger
and malnutrition
Europ. Security Strategy 2003
Regional partition of wars
Today‘s types of war
Reasons of war I
Reasons of war II (3 levels)
Reasons for war III (State level)
The „democratic
peace“
theoryMistaken
assessments, loss
of control
of the
elites
(Misperception
theory) Distraction
of inner difficulties
of a
society
(Substitution theory)Conscious
calculation:
distribution
of
lacking
material or
ideal goods
(theories of interest
, of imperialism, revolution,
ideology)Dieter Lutz
Reasons for war IV (Deep
culture)
„Identity
wars“Ethnic
or
religious
Motivated
warsReactivation
of
myths
or
traumata: e.g. battle
of KossovoConnected
to interests
of domination
War and patriarchy: is
war a male thing?
Wars – since ever?
Ninive, Assyrian
War
chariot, 7th
C. b.c.Campaigns
up
to 500 kmSpeed
unequaled
until 20th
Century
Is it possible to abolish war?
War –
in the
nature of humankind?War –
in the
logic
of (unjust) systems
of
power?War –
anarchy
internat. Relations
War –
a historic
phenomenonCompare to slaveryCompare to apartheidExamples Switzerland, Sveden, Post-War
Germany
What
is
Peace
I: a state
A positive utopia, a regulative idea
Picasso: War and Peace
What
ist peace
II: a process From
war to peace
Picasso: War and Peace
Definitions of peace
Pace, peace
> pactumFrieden > friendsMir (russ.) world, communitySalaam, shalom
> including
inner
peace, peace
with
god
(the
universe)Eirene
> (goddess): koiné
eiréne
as
stable
peace
„Negative“
versus
„Positive“
Peace
War >
Injustice
>exploitatationstructural
violence
cultural
violence
Absence
of War
Justiceequitydemocracyculture
of peace
„Negative“ peace
Absence
of war„Peace
prevails
in an international
system, if
its
conflicts
are
continuosly solved
or
at least dealt with
without
the
use
of organised
military
violence.“Ernst-Otto Czempiel
Disarmament: Way to positive peace
Fact
ofdisarmament:No arms
Process
of Disarmament: cultureof peace
Peace is more than non-war
On the
way to a culture
of peace
„Positive“ peace“A culture of peace will be achieved when
citizens of the world understand global problems, have the skills to resolve conflicts and struggle for justice non-violently, live by international standards of human rights and equity, appreciate cultural diversity, and respect the Earth and each other. “
Hague Appeal for Peace, Global Campaign for Peace Education
War-Peace-continuum
Culture
of peace:Peace
begins
where
violence
stops
and cooperation
starts
war/violence peace
Historical
Steps towards
Peace
Civilisation
of War: Hague Convention respecting the Lawsand Customs
of War on Land (1899)
(= ius in bello)
Proscription
of war: League of nations (between WW I and WW II)UNO founding documents
Peace
politics: UNO-Charter Collective Security„Agenda for Peace“
Peace through the rule of law
Jurisdiction
as peaceful
form of conflict management/settlement
Nonviolence
and justice
Delegitimation of violence
Peace
does
not
mean„abolition
of violence“
Peace
means: „Violence
is
not
legal anymore!“„It
is
an absolute utopia
that
nobody
will
kill, but:That
the
murder
is
not
anymore
legal, is
a much
more
realistic
utopia.“Albert Camus
League of nations
Mutual
respect
of sovereigntyWar only
as ultima ratio
Each
war regards
all member
countriesArticle 11.1
Briand-Kellog-Pact
1928/29Renouncement of war as a means of politicsRenouncement of war of aggression
„Copernican turn“
UN-Charter: Prohibition not
only
of war but
also of use
of military
violence
All members
shall
refrain
in their international relations from
the
threat
or
use
of force against
the
territorial integrity
or
political
independence
of
any
state, or
in any
other
manner inconsistent
with
the
purposes
of the
United Nations. (Art. 2, 4)
Peace through organisation
System of collective
securityAbbé de Saint-Pierre (1658-1743): Union of States
Renouncement
of violence
and peace only
through
cooperation
Conflicts
between
members
states
= impulse
to reduce
violence
Special institutions
for
conflict management
The UN-SystemAbolition
of war as final goal
linking peace
through
justice
withpeace
through
organisation
with
culture
of peace
(UNESCO)
Peace strategies
Individual
Society International System
Education
Democratisation
Collective
security
From negative to positive peace
War reducing
violence, increasing
justice peace
Agenda for
peace Boutros Ghali 1992
preventive
diplomacy peace
making
peace
keeping
peace
building
Peace missions
Peace through
peace movement
Since
19th C.Peace
Movement
Peace
EducationPeace
studies
catalysator
for
political
and cultural change
Promotor of a culture
of peace
Success
of non violent movements
Ahimsa
=Active
nonviolence
The
Hague
Peace
Conference 1899
Independence of IndiaFoundation
of UN
End of Vietnam warEnd of Apartheid South AfricaPeaceful
separation
Czech Republic – Slovakia
Abolition of the institution of war
From
Utopia to thepolitical
agenda
Peace als the moreintelligent solution„La guerra
non può
essere
umanizzata,
la guerra
può
solo essere
abolita“Gianni Strada, Emergency