“GETTING UNDER YOUR SKIN”

What do you think this means...?What do you think this means...?

Right now you are wearing an Right now you are wearing an air-conditioner, a blanket, a air-conditioner, a blanket, a

thermometer, a garbage thermometer, a garbage disposal, a waterproof suit, disposal, a waterproof suit, a chemical factory and an oil a chemical factory and an oil

refinery.”refinery.”

Two Layers of SkinTwo Layers of Skin

11 Epidermis Epidermis (outermost covering)(outermost covering)

Made of epithelial cells

Is avascular (no blood vessels)

2. Dermis (true skin)

Made of connective tissue

Is vascular (has blood vessels)

Layers of the Layers of the EpidermisEpidermis

1. Squamous Germination Innermost epidermal layer Active layer of cell division (mitosis) Continually reproduces and new cells move

toward the surface (allows skin to self-repair)

2. Stratum Corneum (outermost layer) Horny layer of skin (cells are dead) Keratin replaces cytoplasm in the cells as they

approach the surface (waterproofs the skin) Slightly acidic – destroys many organisms –

first line of defense against surface bacteria

Layers of the Epidermis Layers of the Epidermis (continued)(continued)

3. Pigment Layer3. Pigment Layer Layer that contains

melanocytes which produce the brown pigment melanin that give the skin its color

Ultra-violet rays produce an increase in melanin = tan or sunburn

Albinism – absence of melanin

Freckles – patches of melanin

We get a new outer skin layer We get a new outer skin layer every 27 days!every 27 days!

Flat and scale-like cells of the Flat and scale-like cells of the stratum corneum flake offstratum corneum flake off

Dermis Layer Dermis Layer (Corium or True Skin)(Corium or True Skin)

Thicker, inner layer of skin Framework of elastic connective tissue

(enables skin to stretch) Number of elastic fibers and collagen

decrease with age = wrinkles, sags, and lines Contains blood vessels, nerves, involuntary

muscle, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles Sensory nerves end in nerve receptors which

are sensitive to heat, cold, touch, pain, and pressure

Dermal PapillaeDermal Papillae

Ridges and grooves in upper layer of dermis that push into the stratum germinativum (Unique to each person)

Create permanent ridges in fingers, palms, and soles of feet

Provides maximum resistance to slipping when grasping and holding objects

Ridges create fingerprints used in identification

Subcutaneous Tissue or Subcutaneous Tissue or Hypodermal LayerHypodermal Layer

Lies under the dermis and carries major blood vessels and nerves to the skin above it

Made up of loose connective tissue (adipose) and contains about ½ of the body’s stored fat

Connects skin to underlying muscles

Adipose Tissue

3 Function of Subcutaneous 3 Function of Subcutaneous TissueTissue

1.1. Cushions the bodyCushions the body

2.2. Insulates the bodyInsulates the body

3.3. Site of Site of subcutaneous subcutaneous injections (large injections (large blood vessels)blood vessels)

Sudoriferous (Sweat Glands)Sudoriferous (Sweat Glands) Approximately 3 million sweat glands

throughout the body Most are found under the arms (axilla),

palms of hands, soles of the feet, and forehead

They are tubular with a coiled base in the dermis and a tube-like duct which extends to form a pore in the epidermis

Water filters through the thin walls from surrounding tissue

Water is mixed with small amounts of waste material such as ammonia and uric acid

Sudoriferous (Sweat Glands)Sudoriferous (Sweat Glands)

These glands can be activated by heat, pain, fever, and nervousness

On an average summer day, these glands will pump out about 2 quarts of fluid

Sudoriferous Glands – Two Sudoriferous Glands – Two TypesTypes1.1. Eccrine – Eccrine –

Produces perspiration and functions throughout life

Assists in body heat regulation

Perspiration is 99% water and average

fluid loss is 500 ml.per day2. Apocrine – (larger than eccrine

glands) Found in axilla and genitalia Enlarges and begins to function

during puberty Secretes a thick milky secretion Skin bacteria breaks these secretions

and causes the odor you smell

Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)

Secretes oil or sebum for hair and skin which protects your hair and skin from drying out

Makes skin waterproof These glands increase five-

fold between ages 10-19 Usually opens onto a hair

follicle

Plugged Sebaceous GlandsPlugged Sebaceous Glands

Plugged sebaceous glands (oil glands) will produce blackheads or pimples

Acne Vulgaris is an inflammation of sebaceous glands

HairHair Millions cover the body Anatomy of a hair: Root – part of the hair

implanted in the skin Shaft – part of the hair

which projects from the skin Hair Follicle – epidermal

tube-like structure that holds the hair root (extension of the epidermis deep into the dermis)

Papilla – tuff of tissue at the bottom of the follicle that contains blood vessels

Hair Bulb – Where hair growth starts

Hair FollicleHair Follicle

Outer layer = cortex Inner layer = medulla

How Hair Grows (Cycles)How Hair Grows (Cycles)1.1. Hair is produced in the hair Hair is produced in the hair

bulbbulb2.2. Blood vessels in the papilla Blood vessels in the papilla

supply the hair bulb with supply the hair bulb with nourishmentnourishment

3.3. Division of cells in the hair Division of cells in the hair follicle gives rise to new hairfollicle gives rise to new hair

4.4. These cells divide and These cells divide and undergo keratinizationundergo keratinization

5.5. Hair grows longer as cells Hair grows longer as cells are added to the base of the are added to the base of the hair roothair root

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking

Based on your Based on your knowledge of hair knowledge of hair growth cycles, why growth cycles, why does your hair grow does your hair grow back when you use back when you use products such as Nair products such as Nair to get rid of hairs on to get rid of hairs on your body?your body?

How Hair GrowsHow Hair Grows

As long as cells in As long as cells in the papilla of the the papilla of the hair follicle remain hair follicle remain alive, new hair will alive, new hair will replace any that is replace any that is cut or plucked.cut or plucked.

How Hair GrowsHow Hair Grows

Alopecia Alopecia

Hair loss of Hair loss of any kind.any kind.

Arrector Pili MuscleArrector Pili Muscle

Involuntary muscle that attaches to the lower end of the hair follicle near the bulb and the other end is attached to connective tissue in the dermis

Produces “goose pimples” or “goose bumps” to trap heat and keep the body warm

NailsNails

Nail is formed in the nail bed or matrix

Epidermal cells fused together and fill with keratin

7 Functions of the 7 Functions of the Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

1.1. Protective coveringProtective covering

2.2. Regulates body temperatureRegulates body temperature

3.3. Manufactures Vitamin DManufactures Vitamin D

4.4. Sensory FunctionSensory Function

5.5. Temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and Temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, and saltssalts

6.6. Screens out harmful ultraviolet readiationScreens out harmful ultraviolet readiation

7.7. Absorbs certain drugsAbsorbs certain drugs

Skin and MicroorganismsSkin and Microorganisms Intact skin = best protection

against pathogens, toxins and water loss

Skin generally too dry for microbial growth – they do grow in moist areas

Most skin bacteria associated with hair follicles or sweat glands

Underarm perspiration odor caused by bacteria and perspiration

The best way to prevent the The best way to prevent the spread if disease is by hand spread if disease is by hand

washingwashing

First Degree BurnsFirst Degree Burns Involves only the Involves only the

epidermisepidermis Sunburn is an exampleSunburn is an example Symptoms: redness, pain, Symptoms: redness, pain,

and small amount of swellingand small amount of swelling Treatment – apply cool Treatment – apply cool

water and analgesics for painwater and analgesics for pain Healing Time: 3 – 6 days Healing Time: 3 – 6 days

and tissue destructions is and tissue destructions is minimalminimal

Burns

BurnsBurns Second Degree BurnSecond Degree Burn May involve the epidermis and May involve the epidermis and

the dermisthe dermis Symptoms: Pain, swelling, Symptoms: Pain, swelling,

redness and blisters (Skin may redness and blisters (Skin may be exposed to infection)be exposed to infection)

Treatment: Pain medication Treatment: Pain medication and dry sterile dressing over and dry sterile dressing over open skin areas (DO NOT open skin areas (DO NOT POP THE BLISTERS!)POP THE BLISTERS!)

Healing Time – 2-3 weeks with Healing Time – 2-3 weeks with minimal cosmetic defects minimal cosmetic defects ( May have change in skin ( May have change in skin color or pigmentation)color or pigmentation)

BurnsBurns

Third Degree BurnsThird Degree Burns Destruction of the epidermis, Destruction of the epidermis,

dermis and sometimes the dermis and sometimes the subcutaneous layersubcutaneous layer

Can involve underlying muscles Can involve underlying muscles and even bonesand even bones

Symptoms: loss of skin, eschar, Symptoms: loss of skin, eschar, and there may be no pain due to and there may be no pain due to damaged nervesdamaged nerves

May be life- threatening damage May be life- threatening damage depending on the amount of skin depending on the amount of skin and fluid loss, as well as plasmaand fluid loss, as well as plasma

Treatment:Treatment: Immediate hospitalization Immediate hospitalization Prevent infection and skin Prevent infection and skin

contracturescontractures Fluid replacementFluid replacement Skin grafts as soon as possibleSkin grafts as soon as possible

BurnsBurns

Rule of NinesRule of Nines

Treatment and possibility of Treatment and possibility of recovery from burns recovery from burns depend on the total body depend on the total body area affected and the area affected and the severity of the burnseverity of the burn

It is used to measure the It is used to measure the percent of the body burned.percent of the body burned.

Rule of Rule of NinesNines

The body is divided into 11 The body is divided into 11 areas and each area areas and each area accounts for 9% of the total accounts for 9% of the total body surfacebody surface

Major Burns:Major Burns: Second degree over 25% Second degree over 25%

of adult body surface area of adult body surface area (b.s.a.) or more than 20% of (b.s.a.) or more than 20% of a child’s body surface areaa child’s body surface area

Third degree burn over Third degree burn over more than 10% of adult more than 10% of adult body surface area.body surface area.

Practical ApplicationPractical Application

Patrick was involved in a fire when his Patrick was involved in a fire when his race car crashed. He burned his face, race car crashed. He burned his face, entire right arm, back, buttock, and front of entire right arm, back, buttock, and front of right leg. What percent of his body was right leg. What percent of his body was burned?burned?

40.5%40.5%

Now, do you know what this Now, do you know what this means…?means…?

Right now you are wearing an Right now you are wearing an air-conditioner, a blanket, a air-conditioner, a blanket, a

thermometer, a garbage thermometer, a garbage disposal, a waterproof suit, disposal, a waterproof suit, a chemical factory and an oil a chemical factory and an oil

refinery.”refinery.”