Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Getting to the Bottom of Shallow Tillage
Jodi DeJong-Hughes Extension Educator Soils and Crops
320-235-0726 ext 2006 [email protected]
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Vertical vs. Horizontal Tillage
Horizontal tillage • Chisel • Cultivator • Strip tiller • Ripper
Vertical tillage
• Super coulter • Straight shank
swiderskiequipment.com, clarkagequipment.com
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Differences in Equipment
fxtimes.com
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. (mixing, depth and aggressiveness)
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Individual vs. Gang Mounted (down pressure and rocks)
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Straight vs. gangs
(mixing, aggressiveness and area covered)
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Harrows, Rolling Baskets,
…
beavervalleysupply.com
(Finishing and smoothing)
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Vertical Till
Classified as mulch till (shallow, full field tillage)
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Benefits of Vertical Tillage:
Can get into wet fields
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Chops and sizes residue
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Leaves some residue intact
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Speed - 7 to 10 mph
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Primary and secondary tillage
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Challenges for VT ~ Incorporation
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Weed pressure
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
VT in Dry Soil Disk
Wavy Coulter
* 1 inch of rain in 3 months, late July to October, 2011
September, 2012
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Vertical Tillage Management
10 hp per foot More for hills, dry soil, …
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Get up to Speed! • Too slow won’t get enough mixing • Too fast – float up out of ground
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
In Line VT?
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Field Cultivator
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
3-4” Depth
Even mixing of soil
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Good fertilizer and weed
incorporation
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Challenges: 30% residue remaining
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
FC in a wet soil
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Soil Finisher
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Even mixing of soil and residue
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Chops and incorporates a lot of residue
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
dot.ca.gov
Level and firms the seedbed
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Great at sizing residue and clods
Too good
deere.com
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Buries more residue than other 2o tillage tools
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Disks in dry soil
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
• Fall of 2009 • Carlisle and Clarkfield, MN • Looking at varying residue levels
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Soybean Data - Clarkfield
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Corn Data - Clarkfield
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Corn Data - Carlisle 2 Year Average Residue Yield
Tillage Rotation (%) (bu/ac)
Field Cultivation (prev. tillage NT) 37.3 157.2
Strip Till (prev. tillage NT) 62.3 163.7
Salford at 3” Depth (prev. tillage VT) 60.0 145.3
Summers Super Coulter at 1” (prev. tillage VT)
73.7 134.5*
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Tillage too Shallow
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Soybean Data - Carlisle Residue Yield
Tillage Rotation (%) (bu/ac)
No Till (prev. tillage Field Cultivation) 81.0 57.7
No Till (prev. tillage Strip Till) 78.3 56.9
Salford VT (prev. tillage VT) 70.0 57.8
Summers Super Coulter (prev. tillage VT) 71.0 58.1
LSD (0.10) 7.2 NS
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Importance of Good Soil Structure
Soil structure is your #1 defense against future compaction
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Create Soil Structure by:
• Build or maintain organic matter
• Maintain >30% residue coverage
• Increase crop rotation
• Add organic inputs (compost, livestock and green manure, cover or companion crops)
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Destroy Soil Structure by:
• Tillage (recreational, aggressive)
• Tight crop rotation
• Compaction
• No carbon or residue input (ex. burning)
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
KSU Pilot Study
VT at 2” depth - Case 330 Turbo Till NT field since the 1980’s (beautiful soil properties) No density increase below the depth of tillage (2”)
Pressley, KSU, 2009
Bulk Density Infiltration (mm/hr)
Corn Yield (bu/ac) 0 - 2” 2 - 4”
Vertical Till 1.13 1.29 21.4 167.1
No-Till 1.21 1.30 44.0 165.9 P Value/T test 0.08 NS 0.04 NS
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Where to Try Vertical Tillage
• Good at sizing residue and introducing air to a shallow depth
• Wet Spring or Fall
• Shallow tillage = works well with rotational tillage
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Where to Try Vertical Tillage
• Decrease residue build-up in reduce till systems
• 1 Pass leaves 50-60% of corn residue = good on slopes and all soil types
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Where to Avoid Vertical Tillage
• In very dry soils
• In long term No-till fields
© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Questions?