Getting to Know Your NECAP Science Reference Sheet

Plate Movements

Mantle Layers: LithosphereThe thin outermost shell of the upper mantle is similar to the crust, though cooler and more rigid. Together with the crust, this layer is called the Earth’s lithosphere.

Mantle Layers: AsthenosphereThe lithosphere is actually broken up into several large pieces, or plates. They “float” on a softer mantle layer called the asthenosphere. Their very slow motion is the cause of plate tectonics, a process associated with continental drift, earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of mountains.

Mantle Layers:Upper MantleBelow the asthenosphere lies another layer, stronger and more solid than the asthenosphere. All layers below the crust down to a depth of about 670 kilometers (416 miles) are known as the upper mantle.

Lower MantleThe rest of the mantle between the upper mantle and the core is known as the lower mantle. It is denser and hotter than the upper mantle.

Plate Tectonics

Types of Boundaries• Divergent Boundaries: At divergent boundaries new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other. Oceans are born and grow wider where plates diverge or pull apart.

• Convergent Boundaries: Here crust is destroyed and recycled back into the interior of the Earth as one plate dives under another. These are known as Subduction Zones - mountains and volcanoes are often found where plates converge.

• Transform-Fault Boundaries: Transform-Fault Boundaries are where two plates are sliding horizontally past one another. These are also known as transform boundaries or more commonly as faults.

Ionization Energy

Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.

Periodic Table Trends--Ionization Energy

The element potassium has 19 total electrons

So remember kids the more electrons down the column the easier it is to lose them (lower energy)

Formulas

Velocity

• VELOCITY IS THE SPEED AND DIRECTION IN WHICH SOMETHING MOVES.

• Velocity is the distance an object travels per unit of time, in a specific direction

• The distance an object travels per unit of time, without regard to its direction of travel, is called Speed.

• Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration

Acceleration

Here’s something better than Phil Collins…

• Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Electromagnetic Spectrum Song

DNA 101

• DNA and RNAstart @ 10 minutes

DNA and RNA Part 2

Fast Types of RNA